Sequence-related amplified polymorphism primer screening on Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook)

Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook) is one of the most important coniferous tree species used for timber production in China. Here, we conducted a sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP) primer screening assay with a total of 594 primer combinations,using 22 forward and 27 reverse primers on four representative Chinese fir genotypes. The obtained results indicated that Chinese fir genomic DNA has a notable amplification bias on the employed forward or reverse primer nucleotides(30selection bases). Out of the tested primer sets, 35 primer combinations with clearly distinguished bands, stable amplification, and rich polymorphism were selected and identified as optimal primer sets. These optimal primer pairs gave a total of 379 scorable bands,including 265 polymorphic bands, with an average of 10.8bands and 7.6 polymorphic bands per primer combination.The produced band number for each optimal primer set ranged from 7 to 14 with a percentage of polymorphic bands spanning from 33.3 to 100.0 %. These primer combinations could facilitate the next SRAP analysis assays in Chinese fir.     

杉木无性系的遗传变异及优良无性系选择

试验揭示了杉木无性系在树高、胸径、单株材积和开花结果等方面有巨大的遗传差异。从99个参试无性系中选出了6个优良无性系，与种子园实生苗相比较，树高增益19％－26％，胸径增益17％－34％，单株材积增益50％－114％。分析了杉木家系选择和无性系选择的遗传改良潜力。无性系树高、胸径和单株材积的遗传变异系数分别是家系遗传变异系数的2．6倍、3．1倍和3．1倍。在入选率相同的条件下，无性系树高、胸径和单株材积的选择响应分别是家系选择响应的2．8倍、3．6倍和3．5倍。     

杉木生长,材性兼优种源选择的研究

经对杉木中心产区优良种源的中间试验研究表明,种源间生长与木材基本密度性状有一定差异,根据对１２年木材基本密度性状和９年材积生长性状的测定结果,初步选出广西那坡,贵州锦屏,贵州榕江等生长,材性兼优的种源。其木材基本密度与广西融水优良种源相近,材积生长比融水种源增加４７．０％￣８３．６％,遗传增益达１３．４１％￣２３．８６％。     

Genetic analysis of selected almond genotypes and cultivars grown in Turkey using peroxidase-gene-based markers

Peroxidase plays important roles in many stress-related interactions and catalyzes important reactions in various physiological processes. Since peroxidase played critical roles in the evolution of almond(Prunus dulcis Miller(D.A Webb) syn P. amygdalus Batsch), peroxidase-gene-based analyses may increase the understanding of evolution of this species. Peroxidase gene polymorphism(POGP) markers were used to determine genetic diversity and relationships among 69 Turkish genotypes/cultivars and 27 foreign almond cultivars by using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean(UPGMA) analysis. This study is the first evaluation of the use of POGP markers for diversity analysis in almond.Totally, 83 fragments were obtained from eight peroxidase primer pairs, and polymorphism was identified as 94 %.Similarity level among the genotypes ranged between 0.63 and 0.93, and all materials were distinguished. In general,Turkish and foreign genotypes were mixed in clusters since they share a common genetic background and gene migration among the sites. Clusters were not based on geographic regions except for some minor groupings. This study indicated that peroxidase gene markers can be reliably used to determine genetic relationships in almonds.     

杉木细木工板的生产技术

主要阐述了开发杉木细木工板的意义和利用杉木人工速生小径材生产细木工板的成套工艺技术，并对杉木小径材的制材、干燥、配料、芯板胶拼、单板干燥与整理、预热压、尺寸与表面加工等关键工艺技术问题进行了分析研究。该项技术已在松阳得到应用，并已产生良好的社会、经济效益。     

Analysis of genetic relationship among Arbutus unedo L. genotypes using RAPD and SSR markers

The strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) is an underutilized, drought tolerant, fire resistant species with a south western distribution in Europe, and with ecological and putative socio-economical impact in Portugal and Mediterranean countries. Our aim was to develop an appropriate set of molecular markers to enable genetic diversity to be assessed and to fingerprint Arbutus unedo genotypes for breeding and conservation purposes in Portugal. Twenty-seven trees from a broad geographic range were screened with 20 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD primers) and 11 microsatellite markers (SSR). The RAPDs generated 124 bands, 57.3% of which were polymorphic, with an expected heterozygosity of 27%. We cross-amplified 11 SSR primers developed for Vaccinium spp., and 5 were found to be polymorphic in A. unedo, with 75% of expected heterozygosity, a number of alleles of 11.6, a null allele frequency of 7.6% and a polymorphic information content of 71%. Although the SSRs were more polymorphic and informative than the RAPDs, both markers displayed high genetic variability with the gathered data. No geographic pattern was observed in the genetic variation distribution based on both marker systems, and the lack of correlation between genetic and geographical matrices was confirmed by Mantel tests. Likely, no correlation was found between pairwise SSR and RAPD band-sharing matrices. These results and their implications on A. unedo breeding and conservation programs are discussed.     

杉木无性系繁殖技术

杉木是河南省南部山区主要用材造林树种 ,具有速生、丰产的特点。为保证培育出优质苗木 ,实现林分的快速生长 ,我们经过对杉木优树选择 ,进行无性系的扦插繁殖工作 ,通过实验对比 ,扦插苗的成活率在 95 %以上 ,当年生苗高 30ｃｍ ,侧须根发达 ,苗木生长健壮 ,成本比实生苗降低 2 0 % ,效果很好。1　建立采穗圃1.1　圃地选择选择背风、向阳、光照条件充足 ,水资源丰富 ,紧邻扦插育苗地 ,土质肥沃 ,土壤疏松 ,排水良好的地块。山地应坡度平缓 ,一般不超过 2 0° ,平地前作是茄子、辣椒、烟叶地不适宜 ;谷地宜选择东西走向。1.2　整　地秋、冬…     

温度对杉木林土壤呼吸的影响(英文)

Soil samples collected from the surface soil (0(10 cm) in an 88-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest in Nanping, Fujian, China were incubated for 90 days at the temperatures of 15°C, 25°C and 35°C in laboratory. The soil CO2 evolution rates were measured at the incubation time of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 days. The results showed that CO2 evolution rates of soil samples varied significantly with incubation time and temperature during the incubation period. Mean CO2 evolution rate and cumulative amount of CO2 evolution from soil were highest at 35°C, followed by those at 25°C, and 15°C. Substantial differences in CO2 evolution rate were found in Q10 values calculated for the 2nd and 90th day of incubation. The Q10 value for the average CO2 evolution rate was 2.0 at the temperature range of 15-25°C, but it decreased to 1.2 at 25- 35°C. Soil CO2 evolution rates decreased with the incubation time. The cumulative mineralized C at the end of incubation period (on the 90th day) was less than 10% of the initial C amounts prior to incubation.     

Modeling radiation transfer within the canopy of a Chinese fir plantation

Calculation of radiation transfer within the canopy of a plantation on sloped sites is described. The canopy was assumed to consist of evenly cone-shaped crowns. Within-tree shading by object tree and between-tree shading by tree crowns around the object tree were differentiated. The two-dimensional needle area density (NAD) was introduced in the calculation of radiation transfer and interception. The model was validated with measurements of both daily photosynthetic photo flux density (PPFD) and daily photosynthetic radiation at tens of points within the crown of a 17-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation growing on a sloped site. Simulation showed that modeled data closely matched measurements. Simulation errors likely result from the uneven size of tree crowns, irregular crown shape, grouping of needles to shoots and twigs, etc. Scattering radiation amounted to below 10%, in most cases, of daily radiation, and its uncertainty was relatively small.     

杉木人工林培育研究进展

从杉木种子品质、育苗技术、种植模式、杉木林的培育的抚育管理技术、林分更新以及杉木的经济利用等方面,对杉木林的培育进行总结,初步揭示出当前杉木人工林培育技术已日臻完善,杉木人工林发展应以市场经济为导向,充分发挥资源优势,加强研究的力度和深度,促进杉木相关产业的可持续发展,并步入资源基地化、产品系列化、质量标准化的轨道。     

杉木降解预处理条件的优化

为了更好的利用杉木三剩物,从木质原料获得糖类及其他产品,通过对杉木屑进行稀硫酸预处理条件的分析,主要考察了稀硫酸浓度、处理温度、处理时间对杉木综纤维、纤维素、半纤维、木质素等成分及酶解糖化效果的影响,发现稀硫酸对杉木预处理,以半纤维素的降解为主,纤维素和木质素降解程度不大。确定了的条件为0.3%稀硫酸,160℃,处理50 min是处理效果最佳,还原糖可达38 mg/m L,为后续的杉木降解为单糖并进行高效利用提供了支撑基础。     

杉木五种斑痣盘菌科病菌的识别及学名商榷

经过数年调查发现,安徽省境内的杉木上斑痣盘菌科病原菌共4属5种,它们是杉生小双梭孢盘菌Bifusella cunnighamiicola Korf & Ogimi,皮特拉克散斑壳Lophodermium petrakii Durrian,毁坏舟皮盘菌Ploioderma destruens Y.R.Lin et Hou,汉德尔舟皮盘菌P.handelii (Petrak) Y.R.Lin et Hou和杉木小鞋孢盘菌Soleella cunnighamiae Shao et Zinno.文中描述了各种菌的主要特征,并编制了种的检索表以资识别.对于长期以来杉木落针病病原鉴定中所存在的同物异名问题也进行了商榷.     

Stand basal area modelling for Chinese fir plantations using an artificial neural network model

Artificial neural network models are a popular estimation tool for fitting nonlinear relationships because they require no assumptions about the form of the fitting function,non-Gaussian distributions,multicollinearity,outliers and noise in the data.The problems of backpropagation models using artificial neural networks include determination of the structure of the network and overlearning courses.According to data from 1981 to 2008 from 15 permanent sample plots on Dagangshan Mountain in Jiangxi Province,a back-propagation artificial neural network model(BPANN)and a support vector machine model(SVM)for basal area of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantations were constructed using four kinds of prediction factors,including stand age,site index,surviving stem numbers and quadratic mean diameters.Artificial intelligence methods,especially SVM,could be effective in describing stand basal area growth of Chinese fir under different growth conditions with higher simulation precision than traditional regression models.SVM and the Chapman–Richards nonlinear mixed-effects model had less systematic bias than the BPANN.     

杉木优良种源在苏南低山丘陵地区的推广应用

本文报道了杉木优良源在江苏南部低山丘陵地区推广的背景和依据，组织体系，措施与配套技术，推广情况及其经济，生态，社会效益。     

杉木地膜覆盖除萌技术研究

杉木根际萌蘖条是影响杉木高生长的关键.采用简便易行的地膜覆盖除萌法,抑制了萌蘖条的蔓延,促进了杉木生长.     

杉木浸渍改性材的尺寸稳定性研究

利用聚乙烯醇缩甲醛改性剂对杉木木材进行浸溃改性,对其改性材的尺寸稳定性进行研究。结果表明：改性材的弦向、径向和体积干缩率与素材相比均有不同程度的下降;改性材的弦向、径向和体积湿胀率与素材相比也均有不同程度的下降,但当改性剂浓度超过20％时,下降才较明显;改性材吸水率随改性剂浓度的上升而下降,最大可由改性前的197％下降到改性后的155％;改性材的抗干缩系数（ASE）随改性剂浓度上升而增加,最大可达18．8％。杉木改性材的尺寸稳定性能要明显优于素材。     

杉木SSR-PCR体系优化

SSR-PCR反应体系优化是杉木SSR标记研究的基础.利用正交L16 (45)设计实验对杉木SSR-PCR反应体系的Mg2+、dNTPs、引物、Taq酶和DNA浓度5个因素的4个水平进行优化试验.并在正交直观分析和方差分析的基础上,分别对Mg2+、dNTPs进行单因素确定.获得的最佳反应体系为:在20 μL反应体系中,Mg2浓度为1.0mmol/L,引物浓度为0.25 μμmol/L,dNTPs浓度为0.15 mmol/L,Taq酶为0.05 U/μL,DNA为30 ng,10×PCR Buffer 2μL,不足部分用双蒸水补齐至20μL.在最佳反应体系的基础上,采用单因素实验确定了引物的最佳退火范围为63～53℃.利用此反应体系对10个F1代杉木材料及其亲本,进行4对SSR标记进行PCR扩增并电泳检测,其结果清晰、稳定.说明此体系适合进一步的杉木SSR研究工作.     

杉木杂交育种研究进展

概述了我国杉木杂交育种研究进展,分析了杉木杂交育种存在的主要问题及其对策。建议杉木杂交育种今后应加强生长性状、材性和抗性的联合研究;积极开展种质资源收集、保存、评价工作;采用分子标记技术进行辅助选择育种,为杂交亲本选配提供理论依据。     

杉木容器嫁接苗培育技术

通过对杉木容器嫁接苗培育的试验与生产推广实践,总结出容器制作、基质配比,容器砧木苗定植摆放、嫁接,苗期管理及容器嫁接苗出圃等一整套成功的操作技术。培育出的苗木达到了苗干通直、高度80 cm以上、轻质的理想效果,为新建分步式种子园和原有种子园间伐后补植改造提供了技术保障。