苹果水心病的防治

苹果水心病的发生与品种、施肥和修剪有关,北斗、新红星等品种发病较重,金帅、国光等品种发病较轻,氮肥用量偏高的园片发病较重。叶果比偏小、果园郁闭容易发病。防治方法是在合理使用杀菌剂的同时,增施钙肥。     

硼与苹果水心病关系的研究

以长富2号苹果为试材,分别采用叶面喷不同浓度硼酸、硼砂加硝酸钙,增施有机肥和测定苹果水心病发病严重果园的土壤、有效硼含量等方法,研究了苹果水心病与硼的关系。结果表明,果实和土壤中硼含量越高,苹果水心病发病率就越高;硼对钙的吸收有明显的抑制作用;硼过量是苹果水心病发生严重的主要因素之一。     

苹果水心病无损检测与防治研究进展

苹果水心病是一种果实生理病害,在所有苹果的栽培生长区域均有发生。品种、果实成熟度、温度、栽培条件、果实大小、矿质营养、贮藏条件等因素影响苹果水心病的发生。目前其无损检测的主要方法有光密度法、X-射线法、质量密度法和磁共振影像法。补充钙素营养、增施有机肥、适时采收、合理修剪等是防治苹果水心病的关键措施。     

叶面喷施钙微肥防止苹果水心病的试验

应用4种钙微肥及组合，于长富2号苹果初花期、幼果期和果实着色期各叶面喷施1次，比较其对苹果水心病的防治效果。结果表明：高效补钙宝与氨基酸钙效果较好，硝酸钙次之，与对照差异极显著或显著。恒温库贮藏半月后调查，喷施高效补钙宝、氨基酸钙和硝酸钙的病情指数和病果率分别为2．2和6．7％，4、4和13．3％、6．7和20．0％，对照分别为17．8和52．0％。贮藏5个月后的调查病情指数和病果率分别为12．8和38，4％、20．6和61．8％、34．3和66．8％，对照为48，2和95．4％。     

几种钙肥防治‘岳冠’苹果水心病试验

该试验以‘岳冠’苹果为试材,研究叶面喷施不同钙肥对果实水心病的防治效果。结果表明,几种钙肥均能降低果实水心病病果率和病情指数,且有随喷施次数的增加效果越好的趋势。4种钙肥中以果蔬钙肥防治效果最好,病果率最低,不同喷施次数依次为10.00%、8.26%、8.15%;病情指数最低,依次为1.85%、1.48%、1.11%;防效最高,依次为68.80%、75.04%、81.28%。其他依次为优钙、卡露里钙和培尔钙。喷施方法依次为套袋前3次,套袋至摘袋前2次,摘袋后1次。     

苹果水心病的发生与防治

苹果水心病,又叫苹果糖蜜病,是一种苹果果实因缺钙导致的生理性病害。近几年各苹果产区普遍发生,尤其2018年部分苹果产区爆发式发生水心病,富士、嘎拉、乔纳金等品种发生较重。现对苹果水心病发病症状、致病机理、防治方法等作以介绍。     

钙肥和砧木对‘岳冠’苹果水心病的影响

该试验以‘岳冠’苹果为试材,研究砧木和叶面喷钙对‘岳冠’苹果水心病发病率的影响.结果表明,以MAC9为砧木的苹果水心病自然发生率最低,为8.75％.叶面喷钙处理发生率最低的是以MAC9为砧木的,为5.65％;次低的是以山定子为基砧、GM256为中间砧的,为8.15％,且喷钙的防效最高.生产上应当选择MAC9为砧木,或山定子作基砧、GM256为中间砧.叶面喷钙对苹果水心病的防效较低,应改叶面喷肥为土壤施用.     

苹果水心病的发生与防治

苹果水心病又称糖化病、蜜果病、糖蜜病。西北黄土高原和秦岭高地果区的元帅系和秦冠苹果受害严重,近几年红富士苹果发病也比较严重,多发生于果实成熟后期及贮藏期。病果内部组织的细胞间隙充满细胞液而呈水渍状,病部果肉的质地较坚硬而呈半透明状。果实品质变劣,不耐贮藏。     

Relationship between early watercore development and leaf photosynthesis or partitioning of photosynthates in apple

Seasonal changes in leaf photosynthetic rate and partitioning of ¹³C taken up by leaves were compared in relation to the development of early watercore using susceptible ‘Orin’ and resistant ‘Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). There was no difference between the cultivars in leaf photosynthetic rate from mid-July to mid-October. The extent of watercore in ‘Orin’ increased from mid-July and peaked in late-August, followed by a decrease through mid-October, while no watercore was detected during the experimental period in ‘Fuji’. Fruit fresh weight and soluble solids content (SSC) were higher in ‘Orin’ than ‘Fuji’ during the earlier stages. Leaf dry weight of ‘Orin’ was higher than that of ‘Fuji’ throughout the experimental period. Accumulation of dry matter in the fruit increased in both cultivars and ‘Orin’ kept significantly higher level than ‘Fuji’ from mid-July to mid-October. The amount of ¹³C distributed to ‘Orin’ fruit at 5 days after labeling was significantly higher than ‘Fuji’ in mid-July just before watercore started to occur. ¹³C taken up by ‘Orin’ fruit with prevalent watercore was also higher than ‘Fuji’ in late-August but the difference was not significant. In mid-October when early watercore was gradually reducing, ¹³C recovered by ‘Orin’ fruit decreased and was significantly lower than ‘Fuji’. The difference of partitioning pattern of ¹³C between the cultivars was associated with the susceptibility to early watercore as well as the changes in fruit growth and SSC. The seasonal changes in the amount of ¹³C distributed to ‘Orin’ fruit were also related to the fluctuations in watercore severity. The results suggest that active phloem transport might be the cause of early watercore in our previous work, which might be induced by the increased partitioning of assimilates to the fruit during summer in susceptible ‘Orin’ compared to resistant ‘Fuji’ and not by the higher potential of leaf photosynthesis.     

苹果苗木及幼树促分枝技术研究进展

具有较好分枝状况的苹果苗木在栽植后更易于形成理想的树形而使果园实现早产和丰产以获得更好的经济效益,因而成为多个国家苹果矮化密植栽培的必要条件.与世界苹果生产水平较先进国家对苹果苗木促分枝技术的研究和应用较为深入和成熟的现状相比较,尽管我国苹果产业发展对苗木的要求越来越高,苗木促分枝方面的研究和应用还较为缺乏.除此之外,...     

Cellular compartmentation and membrane permeability to sugars in relation to early or high temperature-induced watercore in apples

Early watercore was observed in apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from the outer canopy of ‘Orin’, an early watercore susceptible cultivar, while there was no watercore in ‘Orin’ fruit from the inner canopy and resistant ‘Fuji’. Sorbitol content was higher not only in the free space but also in the vacuole and cytoplasm in watercored ‘Orin’ than in other non-watercored fruit. Comparing watercored apples to non-watercored fruit of ‘Orin’, higher fructose and glucose in the vacuole and no significant difference in the distribution rate of sorbitol to each compartment were observed. Watercored ‘Orin’ apples showed significantly higher permeability of tonoplast to fructose, glucose, and sorbitol than those in other non-watercored apples. The permeability of plasma membrane to each sugar was much higher than that of tonoplast but no marked difference was observed among the treatments. The results suggest that metabolism of sorbitol could be active even in watercored ‘Orin’ apples and the accumulated sorbitol in the intercellular spaces might be primarily due to an active unloading from the phloem and not be brought by increased leakage from the cells.     

Pre- and post-storage levels of sorbitol and sugars in ‘Delicious’ apple nursery stock as affected by chemical- or hand-defoliation

‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) nursery stock was hand-defoliated on 1, 15 or 30 October 1977 and 1978, or treated on 5, 5 and 10, or 5, 10 and 15 October with 1.5% Dupont WK surfactant (principle functioning agent the dodecyl ether of polyethylene glycol) alone, or plus 200 mg l⁻¹ ethephon, to observe their effects on sorbitol and sugar levels in selected tissues at digging-time (15 November) and at planting-time after 5 months storage at 3°C. Early hand-defoliation reduced sorbitol at digging-time in both years and multiple-chemical applications reduced sorbitol in the second year only. However, after storage, sorbitol in trees with both hand- and chemical-treatments was equal to or greater than the control. Fructose and glucose were increased by hand-or chemical-treatment, while sucrose was usually decreased. Reduced sorbitol and sucrose levels at digging contributed to an overall reduction in the pool of carbohydrate reserves which would be expected to lead to reduced growth after planting.     

苹果汁生产配方的研究

采用L9(3~3)正交试验法研究苹果汁的配方,在单因素试验的基础上确定生产出色泽淡黄、风味纯正的苹果汁的最佳配方为:苹果加入量2.5kg,糖水浓度6.0%,糖水添加量6.0kg。     

苹果果实套袋对光合同化物积累与转化的影响

 通过建立一定的源库单位,分析富士苹果套双层纸袋后果实库中光合同化物的积累与转化代谢的动态变化。结果表明：套袋45 d（盛花后90 d）后,果实中光合同化物山梨醇的积累量明显高于未套袋的对照,但淀粉、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量低于对照;与糖转化代谢相关的蔗糖合酶（SS）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）、酸性转化酶（AI）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）和淀粉酶的活性均低于对照。套袋降低了果实的库活力,减弱了调运养分的能力。     

果树渗灌试验

１９８９～１９９１年对１０年生国光和金冠苹果品种用多孔陶土管进行渗灌试验。结果表明：能节水和防涝，可增加土壤孔隙度和提高土壤养分含量，增加吸收根数量并促进树体的生长发育；座果率和单株（或单位面积）产量均比漫灌（对照）区高，果品质量有了明显的改善。