利用农作物秸秆发展畜牧业势在必行

针对丰富的农作物秸秆资源，总结了目前利用的渠道，并且认为利用秸秆发展养畜，实现过腹还田是开发利用的主渠道，也是最科学合理的；同时分析了山东省利用秸秆发展养畜业的情况，提出了今后利用农作物秸秆养畜的思路与对策。     

A serological survey of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals in central Italy: comparison of two antigens using an ELISA test

A serological survey of Rhodococcus equi infection was carried out on 602 blood samples collected from foals in central Italy. The assay was performed with an ELISA test using two different antigens prepared with reference strains of R. equi, ATCC 33071 and ATCC 6939. A positive reaction was obtained on 81 serum samples (13.45%) (OD > or = 0.3) using antigen ATCC 33071, and on 73 serum samples (12.12%) using antigen ATCC 6939. Although the frequency of the disease was not high, the serological positivity was about 13%. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females. The ELISA test using either Antigen 33071 or Antigen 6939 is a rapid and reliable tool for detecting antibodies against R. equi in foals.     

Chelex-100法直接提取乳样中奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌DNA方法的建立

为建立一种直接从乳样中快速提取细菌DNA的方法,试验通过人工制备8个倍比稀释细菌的乳样,检测了Chelex-100法提取3种奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌)DNA进行PCR扩增的敏感性,并与苯酚—氯仿法进行了比较分析。结果显示,以Chelex-100法提取乳样中细菌DNA进行PCR扩增具有较高的敏感性,所检测金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌的最小浓度分别为10³、10²、10² CFU/mL;而使用苯酚—氯仿法提取乳样中各细菌DNA的PCR敏感性均为10⁴ CFU/mL。综上所述,Chelex-100法提取乳样细菌DNA的PCR敏感性可以满足临床检测奶牛乳房炎的需要,显现了简单快速、经济、无污染的优点,为从乳样中直接提取细菌DNA提供了新的思路,对PCR快速检测乳房炎致病菌具有重要意义。     

Evaluation of a point-of-care coagulation analyzer for measurement of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and activated clotting time in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a point-of-care coagulation analyzer (PCCA) in dogs with coagulopathies and healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 27 healthy and 32 diseased dogs with and without evidence of bleeding. PROCEDURE: Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and activated clotting time (ACT) were determined, using a PCCA and standard methods. RESULTS: Using the PCCA, mean (+/- SD) PT of citrated whole blood (CWB) from healthy dogs was 14.5+/-1.2 seconds, whereas PT of nonanticoagulated whole blood (NAWB) was 10.4+/-0.5 seconds. Activated partial thromboplastin time using CWB was 86.4+/-6.9 seconds, whereas aPTT was 71.2+/-6.7 seconds using NAWB. Reference ranges for PT and aPTT using CWB were 12.2 to 16.8 seconds and 72.5 to 100.3 seconds, respectively. Activated clotting time in NAWB was 71+/-11.8 seconds. Agreement with standard PT and aPTT methods using citrated plasma was good (overall agreement was 93% for PT and 87.5% for aPTT in CWB). Comparing CWB by the PCCA and conventional coagulation methods using citrated plasma, sensitivity and specificity were 85.7 and 95.5% for PT and 100 and 82.9% for aPTT, respectively. Overall agreement between the PCCA using NAWB and the clinical laboratory was 73% for PT and 88% for aPTT. Using NAWB for the PCCA and citrated plasma for conventional methods, sensitivity and specificity was 85.7 and 68.4% for PT and 86.7 and 88.9% for aPTT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The PCCA detected intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathway abnormalities in a similar fashion to clinical laboratory tests.     

Comparison of two models to estimate genetic parameters for number of born alive in pigs

The performance of the two‐trait animal model that regards the first parity and later parities as two different traits in estimating genetic parameters for number of born alive (NBA) was examined using real and simulated data. Genetic parameters for NBA were estimated in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs using a single‐trait repeatability model (Model 1) that regards all parities as the same trait and a two‐trait animal model (Model 2) that regards the first and the later parities as different traits. For Model 2, the permanent environmental effect was fitted to only the records of the later parities. Heritability for NBA estimated using Model 1 was 0.12 for Landrace and 0.11 for Large White. Estimated heritability for NBA of the first parity and the later parities was 0.21 and 0.16, respectively, for Landrace; 0.18 and 0.16, respectively, for Large White obtained using Model 2, and higher than those in both breeds obtained using Model 1. Further results based on data simulated using the Monte Carlo method suggest that estimated additive genetic variance could be more biased using Model 2 than Model 1.     

中药修复传染性法氏囊病病鸡免疫器官损伤的病理学观察

本试验旨在检查中药颗粒剂对传染性法氏囊病(IBD)鸡免疫器官损伤的修复作用。采用病理组织学方法检查传染性法氏囊病自然耐过鸡和用中药颗粒剂治疗而康复鸡的免疫器官,采用光学显微镜对其主要免疫器官进行病理组织学观察。即随机抽取中药颗粒剂治疗组和自然耐过对照组25日龄鸡各10只,其中中药治疗康复后35日龄鸡10只,自然耐过35日龄鸡7只,死亡3只。扑杀被检鸡,采集各鸡法氏囊、脾脏和肝脏病料,眼观病变以后,用10%中性福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,切片,苏木素-伊红染色,组织切片,显微镜检查病理组织学变化,并进行显微组织拍照直观比较自然耐过鸡和自制中药颗粒治疗康复鸡的免疫器官病理组织学变化。被检的IBD自然耐过鸡的免疫器官仍呈轻度病理性变化,而采用自制中药颗粒治疗痊愈鸡的病理变化基本一致,表现为免疫增强。中药颗粒剂能够显著修复IBD鸡免疫器官的损伤。     

PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY USING 16 SLICE MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN NORMAL DOGS

We report a canine computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography technique using multidetector CT (MDCT). CT pulmonary angiography using a 16 slice MDCT was performed on five healthy, anesthetized beagles. A helical acquisition with pitch of 1.4 was used. The time delay for the angiographic study was determined using a bolus‐tracking program. A dose of 400 mg I/kg of nonionic contrast medium (Iohexol 300 mg I/ml) was administered to each dog via a cephalic catheter using an angiographic power injector at a rate of 5 ml/s. In two dogs a second study, using a contrast medium dose of 200 and 600 mg I/kg was performed. Arterial enhancement of transverse and reformatted images was classified subjectively as excellent, good, or poor, and assessed objectively by measuring Hounsfield units at the right main pulmonary artery. Angiographic studies were evaluated by two radiologists to determine the number of subsegmental arterial branches visualized. The median number of subsegmental arterial branches identified was five (range: 2–7). Based on the time attenuation curve obtained by the bolus‐tracking program, there was consistent enhancement of the right main pulmonary artery beginning at 6 s and peaking at 8 s in 4/5 dogs. The contrast medium dose of 400 mg I/kg produced good to excellent vascular enhancement in the same 4/5 dogs. A dose of 200 mg I/kg resulted in poor enhancement. CT pulmonary angiography using MDCT and an automated bolus‐tracking program allows rapid, consistent evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature using a single dose of 400 mg I/kg of contrast medium.     

Post-natal growth in the rat pineal gland: a stereological study

The purpose was to observe the changes in a rat pineal gland using stereological techniques during lactation and post-weaning periods. Thirty Wistar albino rats were studied during different post-natal periods using light microscopy. Pineal gland volume was estimated using the Cavalieri Method. Additionally, the total number of pinealocytes was estimated using the optical fractionator technique. Pineal gland volume displayed statistically significant changes between lactation and after weaning periods. A significant increase in pineal gland volume was observed from post-natal day 10 to post-natal day 90. The numerical density of pinealocytes became stabilized during lactation and decreased rapidly after weaning. However, the total number of pinealocytes continuously increased during post-natal life of all rats in the study. However, this increment was not statistically significant when comparing the lactation and after weaning periods. The increase in post-natal pineal gland volume may depend on increment of immunoreactive fibres, capsule thickness or new synaptic bodies.     

Effect of supplemented sericin on the development,cell number,cryosurvival and number of lipid droplets in cultured bovine embryos

Sericin was investigated as an alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS) for bovine embryo culture. In vitro matured oocytes were developed using 0.05%, 0.1% or 0.15% sericin. The developmental rate, cryosurvival rate and blastulation time of these embryos were compared with those of embryos developed using 5% FBS. The number of lipid droplets was compared among the blastocysts developed using 5% FBS, using 0.05% sericin and in vivo. The rate of cleavage and blastocyst formation was similar among all groups. Blastulation occurred significantly earlier in the embryos developed using 5% FBS than in those developed using sericin at any concentration (P < 0.05). At 72 h after thawing, the cryosurvival rate of the blastocysts developed using 5% FBS and 0.05% sericin were significantly higher compared with those developed using 0.1% and 0.15% sericin (P < 0.05). The blastocysts developed using 0.05% sericin and in vivo produced a significantly fewer number of medium and large lipid droplets than those developed using 5% FBS. These results suggest that the blastocysts developed using 0.05% sericin show characteristics similar to those of the blastocysts developed in vivo and that the use of sericin as an alternative to FBS is feasible.     

河源某猪场两种猪瘟疫苗田间免疫效果对比试验

通过在河源某猪场,对不同厂家两种猪瘟疫苗单独使用及混合使用后的的免疫效果对比,得出以下结论：首免和二免均使用猪瘟传代细胞苗免疫的效果最好;首免使用猪瘟脾淋苗,二免使用猪瘟传代细胞苗免疫的效果次之;首免和二免均使用脾淋苗免疫的效果最差。     

COMPARISON OF PER-RECTAL PORTAL SCINTIGRAPHY USING 99mTECHNETIUM PERTECHNETATE TO MESENTERIC INJECTION OF RADIOACTIVE MICROSPHERES FOR QUANTIFICATION OF PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN AN EXPERIMENTAL DOG MODEL

Per-rectal portal scintigraphy using tech-netium-99m pertechnetate (^99mTcO₄^-) was performed in 8 normal dogs before and after surgical creation of a portacaval shunt. Shunt fractions were calculated by computer assisted analysis of dynamic images (IMG) and compared to shunt fractions determined by mesenteric venous injection of radioactive microspheres (MIC). The mean pre-operative shunt fraction was 1.59% using IMG and 3.00% using MCI. The mean postoperative shunt fraction was 64.56% using IMG and 69.56% using MIC. There was excellent correlation between both methods (r² 0.94). Per-rectal portal scintigraphy is an easily performed, inexpensive method to diagnose and quantify portosystemic shunts in dogs.     

Development of treated targets for controlling stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Electrocution techniques were used to determine if treated targets similar to those used for tsetse control could be developed for stable fly control. In a series of two experiments, a half blue and half black (UK) 1 m2 target constructed of trigger cotton poplin was determined to be acceptable for development studies. In the first experiment, an average of 350 stable flies per hour (maximum 794 flies in 1 h) was collected using the UK target. A time-delayed circuit trial using untreated UK targets demonstrated that stable flies remained on or around the targets for at least 30 s. Two experiments were conducted with time-delayed circuits and UK targets treated with 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin. In the first experiment, the number of flies collected using the 30 s on/off treated target treatment was not different from the number of flies collected using the other treatments. In the second experiment, the number of flies collected using the 30 s on/off treated target treatment was not different than the untreated target continuous or 30 s on/off treatments, but was significantly lower than the treated target continuous treatment. The number of flies collected with UK trigger targets was significantly higher than that for alsynite cylinder traps in two experiments. The mean number of flies collected during 22 1h assays using targets was 6.1-fold higher than that for alsynite traps, and the mean number of flies collected during 40 3 h using the targets also was 6.1-fold higher than that for alsynite traps. The results of this study indicate that treated cloth targets may be a viable addition for stable fly control programs.     

槟榔碱提取分离工艺的研究及其含量测定

用稀盐酸从槟榔生药中提取槟榔碱（Arecoline）,将提取物依次用乙醚、高浓度酒精溶解过滤,然后和适量的氢溴酸反应制成氢溴酸盐,用薄层层析鉴定氢溴酸槟榔碱,用高效液相测定其含量,熔点熔程法鉴定纯度。结果稀盐酸提取法提取槟榔碱在成本和提取率方面均明显优于高浓度酒精提取法。     

Use of interpolated climatic parameters to predict risk of blowfly-strike in Queensland sheep flocks

The risk of blowfly-strike was investigated in 160 sheep flocks in Queensland, Australia. The association between blowfly-strike--measured by the use of pesticides in response to flystrike reported by flock managers during the period 1994-1997--and interpolated rainfall and temperature data was examined using survival analysis and stepwise regression. The statistical model explaining the most variation in risk of blowfly-strike included average maximum temperature and its second-order polynomial 4 months preceding flystrike. The model was validated using reports of blowfly-strike from 87 flocks during the period 1997-1999 (collected using the same method as for model construction) and interpolated maximum temperature data. Although there was overlap of 95% confidence intervals derived for model coefficients estimated using both construction and validation data sets, false-negative and false-positive misclassification percentages were 33.3 and 53.3%, respectively. False-negative misclassification was greater for flocks located in southern Queensland, and false-positive misclassification was greater for northern Queensland flocks.     

Evaluation of an antibody-ELISA using five crude antigen preparations for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle.

Attempts were made to improve the accuracy of an antibody-detection ELISA for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle by improving the method of preparation of the crude antigen used. An IgG-ELISA was performed with five different antigen preparations: crude soluble antigen, soluble and insoluble fractions of crude antigen treated with 0.1% formalin and whole formalin-fixed trypanosomes treated with either trypsin or 2-mercaptoethanol. An IgM-ELISA using crude soluble antigen was also performed. Each ELISA was evaluated using serum from 44 Indonesian cattle infected with T. evansi and 262 uninfected cattle from Australia. There was no significant difference between the sensitivity or specificity of the IgG-ELISA using each of the five antigens. The IgM-ELISA using a crude untreated lysate was significantly less sensitive (p<0.05) than the IgG-ELISA using the same antigen, trypsin-treated antigen or the 0.1% formalin-treated soluble antigen (68, 64 and 64%, respectively). These results show that these modifications to the method of producing crude antigens for the Ab-ELISA does not improve the accuracy of diagnosis of T. evansi infection in cattle.     

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in calves using the contrast medium iodixanol

To develop a simple procedure for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in calves, a three-sample method using iodixanol was first compared to that using the standard agent inulin. Iodixanol and inulin were co-administered intravenously to calves at 40 mg I/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively, and blood was collected 30, 60, 120, and 180 min later. Serum iodixanol and inulin concentrations were separately determined by high performance liquid chromatography and colorimetry. Serum urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine concentrations were also measured. GFR estimated by iodixanol was consistent with that using inulin in clinically healthy calves. Based on GFR estimations in healthy calves and those renal-loaded with iodixanol, it was found that the serum creatinine concentrations became elevated when GFR decreased to 60% of the reference value. In contrast, serum UN concentrations fluctuated widely, presumably due to extra-renal factors. When GFR was estimated using the three-sample method and compared with the single-blood-sample method, 62/69 (90%) of samples tested were within the agreement plots. The results demonstrated that the single-blood-sample method using iodixanol may be useful in monitoring GFR in calves.     

微波炉测定紫花苜蓿含水量的初步研究

采用微波炉加热干燥法测定紫花苜蓿含水量的结果表明．其与烘箱法测定值符合性好，具有精确度高、准确性好的特点。另外，用微波炉法与烘箱法测定值间的回归方程进行苜蓿含水量的预测，不如直接用微波炉测定效果好。     

无卵丘的水牛卵母细胞体外成熟方法的初步探讨

主要探讨无卵丘水牛卵母细胞体外成熟的可行性,以便为研究卵母细胞成熟机理提供模型。无卵丘的水牛卵母细胞随机分为5组,然后分别进行直接成熟培养（M1）,与卵丘细胞单层共培养（M2）,用未扩展的卵丘细胞块包围培养（M3）,与扩展的卵丘细胞团共培养（M4）和用卵巢组织包围培养（M5）。无卵丘的水牛卵母细胞体外成熟培养24 h后检查第一极体（PB1）排出率,随后对这些卵母细胞进行孤雌激活,评定其成熟质量。结果发现,M4组的第一极体排出率明显高于M1组和M5组,其它各组间没有显著差异（P〉0.05）;M5组的孤雌激活卵裂率显著低于M1组和M4组（P〈0.05）,而与M2组和M3组没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,但M3和M4两组的囊胚发育率显著高于M1组和M5组（P〈0.05）。这些研究结果表明：（1）未扩展卵丘细胞包围法和扩展卵丘细胞团支撑法可促进无卵丘水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟,但与卵丘细胞单层共培养没有作用;（2）卵巢组织包围培养不利于水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟。     

Composite faecal egg count reduction test to detect resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica

A faecal egg count reduction test, using composite samples, was developed in order to assess the efficacy of the flukicide, triclabendazole (TCBZ) on commercial sheep farms in England and Wales. First, a comparison between individual counts and composite counts was conducted using sheep on two farms with different levels of infection. Faecal samples were collected from 50 sheep on each farm at the time of TCBZ treatment and 21 days later. The results showed that a composite fluke egg count (CFEC) was as sensitive as using individual samples, and the test was subsequently validated on an additional 18 sheep farms. The pre- and post-treatment CFECs using five composite samples were subjected to bootstrap analysis. The variance in fluke egg counts of composite samples was high, but analyses indicated that 20 individual samples analysed as two composites was as sensitive as using five composites. The two-composite assay was evaluated on another five farms. On seven out of 25 farms sampled, egg counts either did not decrease significantly or increased following treatment, suggesting TCBZ resistance on these farms. This assay represents a practical field test that can be used in the first instance to evaluate the efficacy of TCBZ on sheep farms where resistance is suspected.     

Estimation of variance and genomic prediction using genotypes imputed from low‐density marker subsets for carcass traits in Japanese black cattle

The influence of genotype imputation using low‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker subsets on the genomic relationship matrix (G matrix), genetic variance explained, and genomic prediction (GP) was investigated for carcass weight and marbling score in Japanese Black fattened steers, using genotype data of approximately 40,000 SNPs. Genotypes were imputed using equally spaced SNP subsets of different densities. Two different linear models were used. The first (model 1) incorporated one G matrix, while the second (model 2) used two different G matrices constructed using the selected and remaining SNPs. When using model 1, the estimated additive genetic variance was always larger when using all SNPs obtained via genotype imputation than when using only equally spaced SNP subsets. The correlations between the genomic estimated breeding values obtained using genotype imputation with at least 3,000 SNPs and those using all available SNPs without imputation were higher than 0.99 for both traits. While additive genetic variance was likely to be partitioned with model 2, it did not enhance the accuracy of GP compared with model 1. These results indicate that genotype imputation using an equally spaced low‐density panel of an appropriate size can be used to produce a cost‐effective, valid GP.