广东省四个家鹅群体的遗传变异研究

通过筛选31个多态性较好的微卫星标记检测了广东省狮头鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、马岗鹅4个家鹅的遗传变异。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数、群体间的Nei氏标准遗传距离DS和DA遗传距离,并采用邻近法(NJ)和类平均法(UMPGA)进行聚类。结果表明广东省4个家鹅群体的平均杂合度为0.652,遗传一致性较好,各品种间的遗传距离远近顺序在两种遗传距离DS和DA的结果中是完全一致的,以DA为基础得到的UPGMA和NJ的聚类结果都表明这4种鹅聚为两类,狮头鹅和乌棕鹅聚为一类,阳江鹅和马岗鹅聚为一类。同时表明以DA为基础得到的结果NJ的聚类结果更加准确。表明在应用微卫星标记分析品种的遗传多样性时,使用更多的微卫星位点,才可以获得更准确更具普遍性的结论。     

山东地方鸡种遗传距离与聚类分析方法比较研究

选用5个多态性较好的微卫星标记，检测了山东省仅存的5个地方鸡种：寿光鸡、日照麻鸡、莱芜黑鸡、济宁百日鸡、鲁西斗鸡，以及一个外来鸡种——安卡黄鸡和一个外省地方鸡种——广西黄鸡共7个鸡种的遗传多样性。根据测试结果计算了每个等位基因的频率，并以基因频率为基础计算了Nei氏标准遗传距离(Ds)和DA遗传距离，发现日照麻鸡与济宁百日鸡的距离最近，而鲁西斗鸡与其他6个鸡种距离都较远。根据两种遗传距离分别进行了NJ法和UPGMA法聚类，得到4个聚类图。结果表明：DA遗传距离的UPGMA聚类图比较可靠。     

我国部分地方鸭种的亲缘关系及起源分析

为揭示我国部分地方鸭种的亲缘关系及其起源,选取12对荧光标记微卫星引物,对12个地方鸭种及2个野鸭品种进行遗传多样性检测。利用Microsatellite-Toolkit软件将数据结果导入FSTAT和Dispan软件计算标准遗传距离DS、DA遗传距离,并对12个地方鸭群体与2个野鸭品种之间的遗传距离进行方差分析,最后基于标准遗传距离DS与DA遗传距离对14个鸭品种通过构建UPGMA系统发生树进行聚类分析。结果表明:该12个地方鸭种与绿头野鸭、斑嘴鸭之间的DA遗传距离(配对试验均数差异t检验)差异极显著(P<0.01),基于DS与DA遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统发生树都将14个品种聚为3类,并且斑嘴鸭单独聚为一类;可初步判定这12个地方鸭种起源于绿头野鸭,而与斑嘴鸭的遗传距离相对较远。     

利用微卫星标记对地方鸡种群体遗传结构的聚类分析

利用29个微卫星标记,通过计算亚群体杂合度（Hs）、总群体杂合度（Ht）、遗传分化系数（Gst）和基因流（Nm）,并基于Reynolds遗传距离、Nei遗传距离运用NJ和UPGMA聚类法构建4类聚类图,比较分析国家地方禽种遗传资源基因库保存的7个地方鸡品种（仙居鸡、鹿苑鸡、固始鸡、大骨鸡、河南斗鸡、狼山鸡、萧山鸡）间的遗传分化和亲缘关系。结果表明,7个地方鸡种29个微卫星座位的总群体杂合度、亚群体杂合度的平均值为0.642,0.551;平均遗传分化系数为0.142。7个地方鸡品种间,萧山鸡与鹿苑鸡的基因流动最大,为5.832 7;狼山鸡与固始鸡的基因流动最小,为0.805 3;基于Reyonalds遗传距离运用NJ聚类法获得的7个鸡种间的亲缘关系聚类图较为准确地反映了7个地方鸡种间的遗传分化和亲缘关系。     

中国地方鸡种遗传多样性和品种贡献率分析

利用16个微卫星标记,计算10个地方鸡品种群体位点多态信息含量（PIC）、F-统计量、DA遗传距离,用以评价品种遗传多样性。并基于Dn遗传距离采用NJ法构建系统进化树,通过分析其对品种间遗传关系的重建,检验DA遗传距离度量方法的可靠性,用以计算现实多样性和品种贡献率。结果表明：16个微卫星座位均为中度或高度多态位点（PIC〉0．25,PIC〉0．50）,10个地方鸡种群体总近交系数（Fit）为0．147,群体间基因分化系数（Fst）为0．134,群体内近交系数（Fis）为0．015,且3个指标均达到显著水平（P〈0．05）。DA遗传距离较为准确地反映了10个地方鸡品种间的系统进化。基于DA遗传距离获得的10个地方鸡品种群体现实多样性为1．7932,茶花鸡的品种贡献率最大（16．59％）,其次为固始鸡（14．01％）、白耳鸡（11．44％）、狼山鸡（11．34％）、北京油鸡（11．30％）、大骨鸡（8．90％）、仙居鸡（7．03％）、藏鸡（6．28％）、鹿苑鸡（5．81％）,萧山鸡的品种贡献率（5．00％）最低。研究结果可为更有效地保护我国地方鸡种资源遗传多样性提供理论基础。     

遗传距离聚类法和模型聚类法在地方鸡种群体遗传结构分析中的比较

利用16个微卫星标记,计算品种间DA遗传距离和基因流（Nm）,并基于DA遗传距离运用NJ算法和基于Structure程序构建2类聚类图,比较分析10个地方鸡品种群体间的遗传结构和亲缘关系。结果表明：基于DA遗传距离运用NJ算法构建的聚类图将10个地方鸡品种总体上分为2大类：轻体型的鸡种（包括茶花鸡、藏鸡、仙居鸡、固始鸡和白耳鸡）和重体型的鸡种（包括狼山鸡、大骨鸡、北京油鸡、鹿苑鸡和萧山鸡）;在轻体型的类别中,茶花鸡和藏鸡、仙居鸡和固始鸡聚为一类;在重体型的类别中,鹿苑鸡和萧山鸡聚为一类,狼山鸡、大骨鸡和北京油鸡则表现为独立分支,聚类结果与品种问基因流动相一致。Structure程序在预先未标识个体品种来源的条件下,准确推断出10个地方鸡种群体所属类别,构建的聚类图与遗传距离聚类结果基本一致。Structure程序还根据个体基因组分数,指出了10个地方鸡种群体中迁移个体和具有复杂遗传基础个体的分布,这是遗传距离聚类法所不能揭示的。     

江西7个地方鸡品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记．检测了丝毛鸟骨鸡、康乐鸡、宁都三黄鸡、余干乌骨鸡、瓦灰鸡、崇仁麻鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡等江西省7个地方鸡品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度（h）、多态信息含量（PIC）、群体间的Nei氏标准遗传距离（Ds）和DA遗传距离。结果表明．30个微卫星位点中有24个微卫星位点在7个鸡群体中的多态信息含量均为高度多态．可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸡品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系的分析；在7个品种中．杂合度最低的是余干乌骨鸡．为0．6155．杂合度最高的是崇仁麻鸡．为0．6525，各地方鸡品种的杂合度都偏高，反映了群体的遗传多样性非常丰富；7个鸡品种间的DA、Ds遗传距离远近关系一致．但DA距离均比Ds距离大；用UPGMA法对DA和Ds的聚类结果相同．7个鸡品种被聚为3类．余干乌骨鸡、瓦灰鸡、康乐鸡、宁都三黄鸡聚为一类．崇仁麻鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡聚为一类．丝毛乌骨鸡独自为一类。     

4个微卫星标记分析6个鸭群体之间的遗传关系

利用4对微卫星引物（AJ272577、AJ272578、AJ272579和AJ272580）对6个鸭群体（绍鸭、番鸭、樱桃谷鸭、北京鸭（Z4、Z1）和奥白星鸭）300只鸭的等位基因频率、群体多态信息含量、有效等位基因数、杂合度和遗传距离进行了检测。结果表明：4个微卫星基因座在6个鸭群体中均存在多态性，可以用于鸭的遗传多样性评估；且基因座AJ272578变异最大，基因座AJ272579变异最小，从不同群体来看，北京鸭Z1的遗传变异最大，奥白星鸭的遗传变异最小。基于Nei氏标准遗传距离，采用UPGMA方法构建了系统发生树，将绍鸭和樱桃谷鸭归为一类，北京鸭Z1、奥白星鸭和北京鸭Z4归为一类，番鸭归为一类。鸭的微卫星基因分型技术为检测品种（群体）之间的遗传关系提供了一个有用的工具。     

运用微卫星标记分析11个鸭种(群)的亲缘关系

利用9个微卫星标记对11个鸭种（群）的平均基因杂合度、多态信息含量以及群体间的亲缘关系进行分析.结果11个鸭种的平均基因杂合度为0.659 9;平均多态信息含量为0.596 6.其中,黑羽番鸭（白头）平均基因杂合度最高,为0.694 8,荆江麻鸭平均遗传杂合度最低,为0.575 7.平均多态信息含量也出现了类似的结果,说明黑羽番鸭（白头）遗传多样性最丰富.根据遗传距离构建NJ系统发生树,系统发生树分析结果表明：黑羽番鸭（纯黑）、黑羽番鸭（白头）、白羽番鸭聚为第1类群;山麻鸭、金定鸭、高邮鸭聚为第2类群;苏牧白羽鸭、苏牧黑羽鸭、龙白鸭、苏牧麻鸭、荆江麻鸭聚为第3类群.     

中国西部七个地方绵羊群体微卫星DNA的遗传多样性研究

利用微卫星标记技术,筛选出30对微卫星引物,以中国西部7个地方绵羊（Ovisaries）群体和1个外来对照品种作为研究对象,探讨了它们之间的亲缘关系、群体间、群体内的遗传变异。在30个位点中,MB067、BL6位点只得到部分扩增结果。其余的位点均表现出较高的多态性和杂合性。利用DISPAN程序得出标准遗传距离（DS）,并进行了NJ法和UPGMA法聚类。结果各绵羊品种聚类结果与其来源、育成史和地理分布基本一致,其中有争议之处仍待进一步探讨。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein