丹麦沙门氏菌病的控制计划及其效果

在20世纪80年代中期，由于食用动物（肉用仔鸡、猪肉）引发的人沙门氏菌病迅速增加，引起了丹麦政府的高度重视，同时也为了保证丹麦出口动物产品的质量，丹麦政府于20世纪80年代后期在养殖业中制定实施了丹麦国家沙门氏菌控制计划。对肉用仔鸡、蛋鸡、蛋品和猪沙门氏菌进行控制。通过综合控制养殖场、屠宰场和食品加工厂，实施畜禽监控、清除感染动物和根据风险将动物和动物产品进行分类管理等具体措施，养殖业中沙门氏菌感染明显减少，人的动物源性沙门氏菌病也显著下降，控制措施达到了预期的效果。成为世界上为数不多的成功控制沙门氏菌的国家之一。     

丹麦沙门氏菌控制计划简介

文章介绍了丹麦肉用仔鸡、蛋鸡和猪的沙门氏菌控制计划。通过综合控制养殖场、屠宰场和食品加工厂 ,实施畜禽监控、清除感染动物和根据已知风险将动物和动物产品进行分类管理等方法 ,丹麦人的食源性沙门氏菌病已经显著下降。 2 0 0 1年 ,丹麦因实施沙门氏菌控制计划而节省了 2 550万美元。该年度沙门氏菌控制花费金额为 1 4 1 0万美元 (猪肉每千克花费 0 0 75美元 ,肉用仔鸡和蛋每千克为 0 0 2美元 ) ,这些费用几乎都由企业负担。     

如何做好家禽沙门氏菌的控制

人们可以在禽肉和鸡蛋中发现沙门氏菌,甚至连普通的消费者都熟知这个事实。由于考虑到公共卫生问题,全球已开始实施控制家禽沙门氏菌感染的计划。欧洲在这方面取得了优异的成绩,而我们能从中学到什么呢?欧盟(EU)在积极控制家禽沙门氏菌方面起着模范作用,而且在欧盟的所有成员国中设定了相应的目标和法规。该控制措施已使得欧盟区内家禽沙门氏菌的发病率有明显下降,人沙门氏菌的感染病例也有所降低。沙门氏菌发病病例的减少,主要是归     

噬菌体在防治畜禽沙门氏菌感染中的应用

噬菌体是病毒中分布最广泛和最常见的群体,具有专一性强、裂解效率高、易发现且成本低等优点。噬菌体现阶段已被用于人类食品安全卫生、动植物病原菌的控制等方面,是代替抗生素控制细菌病的重要手段。沙门氏菌是一种常见的食源性致病菌和人畜共患病原菌,感染动物机体后会引发沙门氏菌病,导致幼龄动物出现较高的感染率和死亡率。国内养殖业主要依赖抗生素防控沙门氏菌感染,但随着细菌的不断进化,沙门氏菌在不同物种之间产生了严重的耐药性。论文就噬菌体的生物学特性和作用机制及噬菌体在防控畜禽沙门氏菌感染中的应用进行综述,以期为研究和应用提供参考。     

沙门氏菌超标饲料对养殖动物的危害

2004年下半年，农业部对全国30个省、市、自治区的饲料生产、经营单位的饲料产品进行了监督抽查，发现不合格饲料108份，内含多种超标有害物质。此处单说涉及传染病的沙门氏菌，在108份不合格饲料中，共有16份沙门氏菌超标。此种饲料，一旦被养殖业者误购，将会在养殖动物中间传播多种沙门氏菌病，造成严重经济损失。为引起养殖业者重视，现将沙门氏菌对养殖动物的危害简介如下：     

CE法的开发及应用

目前 ,鸡的沙门氏菌感染仍然是我国禽业生产的一大障碍。因为一旦有沙门氏菌病暴发 ,该鸡场就再也难以消除沙门氏菌的污染。由于环境中沙门氏菌的污染较严重 ,加之沙门氏菌的传播方式又极其广泛 ,从而导致鸡沙门氏菌病的时常发生。鸡场发生鸡沙门氏菌病后 ,其直接危害是造成大批鸡只的死亡。同时还会因生长迟缓、产蛋量下降等使生产成本提高而造成经济上的重大损失。另一方面 ,人的沙门氏菌性食物中毒每年在各地都有发生 ,而其中大部分又与食用禽类产品有关。近年来我国禽类产品出口受阻也多因沙门氏菌污染所致。为了控制鸡的沙门氏菌感染 ,…     

浅谈动物检疫员的自身防护

随着《动物防疫法》的深入贯彻和畜牧养殖业的发展，动物检疫员依法对动物、动物产品实施检疫的工作任务也越来越繁重、具体。认真负责，严格把关，确保检疫质量，依法保护人民身体健康，促进养殖业更快更健康地发展是动物检疫员法定的工作职责。但动物检疫员作为与各类动物、动物产品的直接接触者，其自身防护问题却不容忽视。在实施检疫工作中，许多动物疫病如常见的炭疽、鼻疽、结核病、布氏杆菌病、猪丹毒、钩端螺旋体、旋毛虫病、囊虫病、弓形虫病等等都可以直接或间接地感染到人。此类事例也屡见报导。为此笔者依据多年来实施检疫工作…     

丹麦鸡沙门氏菌的控制

上世纪80年代中期,由于丹麦肉用仔鸡沙门氏菌的传播,导致人沙门氏菌病的发病率迅速增加,丹麦政府对此极为重视,于1988年开始实施沙门氏菌控制计划,后来,由于猪和蛋鸡的沙门氏菌也导致人沙门氏菌病发病率的增加,因此猪和蛋鸡也被列入控制计划之中。通过综合控制养殖场、屠宰场和     

乌鲁木齐市鸡鸭蛋中沙门氏菌的调查

沙门氏菌病是鸡鸭常见的传染病，人的沙门氏菌感染和食物中毒常来源于沙门氏菌感染的病禽的肉，蛋及其他产品。本实验采用血清方法对乌鲁木齐市的鸡鸭蛋中的沙门氏菌进行了调查。结果显示，鸭蛋的阳性率为零，鸡蛋的阳性率为0.42%，鸡蛋存在内源性沙门氏菌感染。     

猪沙门氏菌病疫苗研究进展

沙门氏菌是最常见的多种动物和人的重要病原菌,呈全球性分布.猪可受到多种沙门氏菌的感染,成为许多猪肉产品的感染源.因此,猪的沙门氏菌病备受关注.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.