花绒寄甲对松褐天牛的室内及林间寄生效果

为明确花绒寄甲对松褐天牛的寄生效果,采用松褐天牛幼虫接种花绒寄甲幼虫、卵块,以及林间释放花绒寄甲成虫和卵卡的方法,研究花绒寄甲对松褐天牛室内及林间寄生效果。研究结果显示:每头松褐天牛幼虫接种6头花绒寄甲幼虫,平均校正寄生率为(85.39±4.61)%;每头松褐天牛幼虫接种花绒寄甲卵30粒,平均校正寄生率为(90.00±0.00)%。林间在松褐天牛危害的马尾松虫害木上,释放花绒寄甲成虫和卵卡,总校正寄生率分别为65.90%和54.74%。在室内条件下,花绒寄甲幼虫对于近距离处的寄主具有较强的寄生能力,而在林间,花绒寄甲对松褐天牛的寄生作用则受到多种因素的影响。     

管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松褐天牛幼虫研究

在室内通过5菌株感染松褐天牛幼虫研究筛选出毒力相对较强菌株Ma789,然后进一步研究了其1.0×10^5-1.0×10^8个/mL不同孢子含量梯度对松褐天牛幼虫的毒力,结果显示其对松褐天牛幼虫的半致死含量为3.2×10^5个/mL;而管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫室内寄生试验表明,随着接蜂量的增加,管氏肿腿蜂对幼虫的寄生死亡率不断提高,当虫蜂比提高到1∶4-1∶5时,管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的平均校正死亡率达96.7%;每只管氏肿腿蜂携带Ma789约1.0×10^7个孢子时,对老熟松褐天牛幼虫按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶2和1∶3接蜂,寄生感染死亡率分别为56.7%,70%和100%。     

寄主树木、寄主和环境因子对松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率的影响研究

[目的]松材线虫病是我国对森林危害和威胁最严重的病害,控制其传播媒介昆虫松褐天牛是防治松材线虫病的主要手段。作者发现的松褐天牛深沟茧蜂(Iphiaulax monochamusi Yang)是寄生松褐天牛中老龄幼虫的重要天敌。为明确松褐天牛深沟茧蜂的寄生率与寄主树木、寄主和环境因子的关系,开展了本研究。[方法]通过解剖46株松褐天牛危害致死的马尾松,调查了松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率与马尾松、松褐天牛和环境因子之间的关系。[结果]调查研究表明:寄主树木的高度、胸径和树龄对松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率没有显著影响,松褐天牛的数量对松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率亦没有显著影响,而松褐天牛幼虫龄期和松褐天牛幼虫在树干上的位置显著影响松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率。松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率与松褐天牛龄期呈显著正相关,其偏好寄生3~5龄幼虫;就天牛在其危害寄主树木上的位置而言,松褐天牛深沟茧蜂偏好寄生马尾松主干上部和在韧皮部危害的松褐天牛幼虫,其对位于马尾松树干上部的寄主幼虫寄生率最高,达27.38%,对在韧皮部生活、危害的寄主幼虫寄生率为20.18%,显著高于位于木质部生活的寄主幼虫寄生率(5.46%)。逐步回归分析表明:影响松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率的关键环境因子是寄主树木的坡位和其它天敌寄生率,其中,坡位与松褐天牛深沟茧蜂呈显著正相关,其它天敌寄生率与松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率呈显著负相关。[结论]以上研究初步明确了松褐天牛深沟茧蜂的寄生率与寄主树木、寄主害虫和天敌之间的关系,为今后利用该重要天敌控制松褐天牛打下了基础。     

松褐天牛成虫补充营养特性研究

１９９７－１９９８年浙江省杭州市和岱县进行的松褐天牛成虫补充营养特性研究表明：松褐天牛成虫主要取食１年生树枝，室内测定雌成虫取食１年生树枝面积占总面积的３６．５８％，雄成虫占３８．９９％，林间测定点２６．３４％，成虫羽化后２０天以内的取食量最大。伐倒松材线虫病致枯萎的松树，统计天牛取食痕和取食面积在树冠上的分布显示，松褐天牛更多选择树冠下部１年生的树枝取食、取食痕和取食面积分别占５０．４２％和５１．０６％。     

松褐天牛的一种室内饲养方法

用寄主植物云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)在室内对松褐天牛(Monochamus alternates)的饲养技术进行了研究。结果表明,松褐天牛能正常在云南松木段上产卵,在补充营养后,产卵刻槽数在4~7周达到峰值,之后开始减少;天牛幼虫能在木段上顺利发育,并成功羽化。用云南松在室内饲养松褐天牛能获得卵、幼虫、蛹以及成虫等不同虫态,可满足不同研究所需;同时,该方法操作简单,容易掌握,有一定推广应用前景。     

松褐天牛龄级划分方法初探

分期收集12批松褐天牛越冬虫卵于林间进行笼养观察,自卵孵化开始直至蛹出现定期解剖林间笼养的 1018条刚脱皮松褐天牛幼虫,量取其头壳宽度、前胸背板长度及体长,观测数据表明:松褐天牛幼虫头宽和前胸背板宽度值频次分布明显呈现出5个峰形,说明松褐天牛幼虫的虫龄为5龄.松褐天牛前胸背板宽度较头宽值更易量测,可用于松褐天牛幼虫龄级划分,获得的各龄级数据值也可以供各地松褐天牛幼虫虫龄划分时的参考依据.     

应用花绒寄甲防治松褐天牛

选取6个松褐天牛危害的马尾松林样地,释放寄生性天敌花绒寄甲的卵和成虫。通过调查天敌释放前后被害株数和单株虫口数2个指标对花绒寄甲的防治效果进行评价,同时,采用室内和林间罩网寄生试验相结合的方法分析花绒寄甲对松褐天牛幼虫的寄生情况。在释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后对当年松褐天牛的寄生防治效果显示:在释放花绒寄甲卵的3个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为48.54%,平均被害株校正减退率为63.07%;在释放花绒寄甲成虫的3个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为47.00%,平均被害株校正减退率为68.00%,二者差异不显著。说明林间释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫均对松褐天牛有良好的控制效果。室内试验中,释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后,不同胸径受害木段中松褐天牛幼虫被寄生的数量比例变化较大,5～8cm胸径的木段中寄生率最高,达72.41%,显著高于10～15cm和>18cm胸径木段的49.52%和49.06%;分别在5,7和9月释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫,寄生率分别为68.50%,21.63%和30.29%,5月份的寄生率显著高于7月和9月。利用花绒寄甲防治松褐天牛具有良好的控制效果,以5月份释放天敌效果最好,可在生产中推广应用。     

卵巢线虫(Contortylenchus genitalicola)在中国松褐天牛上的分布与作用研究

[目的]日本学者Kosaka与Ogura发现松褐天牛成虫除携带松材线虫外,雌成虫卵巢内还携带有另一种线虫,他们将其命名为卵巢线虫,并认为这种线虫是松褐天牛成虫的寄生性线虫。我国对该种线虫的研究迄今未见报道。为了证明这种线虫在我国是否存在和分布,开展了本项研究。[方法]分期分批捕获刚羽化的松褐天牛雌雄成虫,采用解剖松褐天牛成虫松树木质部及感病的松褐天牛幼虫等方法,调查卵巢线虫的存在与分布。[结果]通过调查研究,发现我国的松褐天牛成虫体内有该卵巢线虫存在,分布于松褐天牛成虫、幼虫体内和松树木质部3个部位;在松褐天牛成虫体内的卵巢线虫通过松褐天牛雌成虫产卵而接种、进入寄主树木木质部中。同时,木质部的卵巢线虫也有一部分进入松褐天牛幼虫体内寄生,另一部分仍在木质部生活,当松褐天牛幼虫再次发育为成虫时,在木质部中的卵巢线虫和已被寄生的松褐天牛幼虫体内的卵巢线虫再次进入松褐天牛成虫体内,完成循环。卵巢线虫在松褐天牛雌、雄虫体内均有分布,携带率为44.4%,其中松褐天牛雌成虫携带率为43.8%,松褐天牛雄成虫携带率为45.0%,两者间无显著差异;每头松褐天牛成虫平均携带卵巢线虫574条,其中雌成虫平均携带816条,雄成虫平均携带308条,具显著差异。初步研究表明,卵巢线虫在松褐天牛成虫体内只能完成产卵到1~4龄的幼虫阶段,不能完成一个完整的世代;在松褐天牛幼虫体内寄生和在木质部生活的卵巢线虫能完成一个完整世代,但具体过程尚不清楚;调查中未观察到卵巢线虫对松褐天牛成虫有寄生致病或致死的现象,但对松褐天牛幼虫有寄生致死的能力;卵巢线虫常与松材线虫同时存在,而且侵入松树及离开松树的方式与松材线虫相同。[结论]我国松褐天牛体内也发现有卵巢线虫存在;目前尚不能证明该线虫对松褐天牛成虫具有寄生致死性,但对松褐天牛幼虫具有一定的寄生致死性;卵巢线虫的生活史与松材线虫相似,是否与松材线虫一样对松树具有危害性以及其病理作用还有待于进一步研究。     

利用松褐天牛转管繁育管氏肿腿蜂研究初探

利用松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫转管繁育管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani,研究转管对发育历期、繁蜂量等的影响.结果显示:转管繁育缩短了管氏肿腿蜂的产卵前期,对管氏肿腿蜂的寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂的数量有较显著影响,第1次转管时这3项指标较为理想.综合比较了发育历期、寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂数量和性比等各项指标后认为:转管繁育是提高管氏肿腿蜂繁蜂量的一种优良技术,繁蜂量比不转管增加3.97倍.     

用松褐天牛幼虫培育的川硬皮肿腿蜂种群寄主选择性变化

在小试管和马尾松木段内,用松褐天牛幼虫分别培育川硬皮肿腿蜂。采用Y型嗅觉仪测定培育后各代川硬皮肿腿蜂对松褐天牛的选择性的变化,结果表明,经过培育,各代川硬皮肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的选择性有不同程度提高。本研究还利用扫描电镜对培育后各代川硬皮肿腿蜂的触角感觉器超微形态进行了观察,发现肿腿蜂触角上的板状感器和坛状感器的形状和数量在不同代间有明显的变化。     

松褐天牛在马尾松树干上的分布规律

作为松材线虫病(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)的最重要传播媒介,松褐天牛已成为控制松材线虫病的重点。明确松褐天牛各虫态在不同地区寄主树干上的分布,对因地适宜地释放天敌昆虫有着重要意义。为此,本研究通过解剖受害马尾松,结合林间调查,系统地研究了松褐天牛产卵刻槽、幼虫和蛹在马尾松树干上的分布规律。结果表明:松褐天牛产卵刻槽主要分布在树干的2.5 6.5 m范围内,刻槽数量与树干高度和胸径显著相关;松褐天牛幼虫数量与树干胸径关系不显著;多数蛹室位于侵入孔正上方,少数蛹室位于侵入孔下方,两种蛹室数量差异显著;两种蛹室与侵入孔中心的平均距离分别为3.93 cm和4.39 cm,两者之间差异不显著;并建立了松褐天牛幼虫在马尾松树干上的垂直分布模式图。本研究表明了松褐天牛种群密度与寄主树木大小的关系,为释放天敌进行生物防治提供了基础。     

Oviposition and larval performance of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica

To determine whether Monochamus alternatus can use the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) as a host tree, experiments were conducted in a laboratory using three insect populations of different localities. Adult females chose Pinus densiflora bolts as oviposition substrate when supplied with cedar and pine bolts simultaneously, whereas some females from one locality oviposited on cedar bolts when supplied with them exclusively. Seventy-three percent of 40 eggs hatched in cedar bolts. When the first instar larvae were inoculated on cedar bolts, the development was stunted greatly and all died during the larval stage. Two of 20 larvae that were inoculated on cedar bolts at the third instar entered the diapause and one larva developed into an adult female, which produced viable eggs but was much smaller than those obtained from pine bolts. The results did not exclude the possibility that M. alternatus can use recently killed C. japonica trees as a host.     

Impact of neem and chinaberry fruit extracts on the pest/parasitoid (Pieris rapae/Hyposoter ebeninus) interactions

A new technique was performed to simulate exposure of the host Pieris rapae larvae to both botanical treatment and the parasitoid Hyposoter eheninus in different sequences. It was found that: host larvae subjected to both parasitoid and 1?% neem treatment showed significant or insignificant reductions both in pupal formation as well as adult emergence percentages when treatment preceded or followed parasitism, respectively. Both neem treatments revealed significant prolongation in the development of unparasitized and parasitized larvae (on average 4 to 5 days delay), whereas chinaberry caused significant prolongation only among parasitized larvae (on average 2.7 days delay in egg-larval duration). Fate of parasitism among untreated hosts was found to be faster than among neem-treated ones. Parasitism percentages among 1 and 0.5?% neem-treated third instar host larvae held 7 days before parasitism reached 3 and 2 times that achieved among those reared on untreated diet for the same period, ­respectively. It was concluded that prolongation of the preferred target instars of the host, due to neem treatments, increased the chance for parasitism. Nevertheless, treatment with neem at the LC₅₀ level exhibited a great reduction in parasitoid progeny. However, a lower concentration (LC₂₅) could reasonably potentiate parasitism without drastic losses in parasitoid emergence.     

Bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Bulgaria

The major bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were studied from 1987 to 2003. Poplar shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected in 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in the laboratory, and infestations were also studied in the field. B. intercessor was recorded in seven localities and was found to be a gregarious external larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis. Two generations of the parasitoid developed on the host. The first (summer) generation was associated with early and mid-stage (up to third instar) host larvae, and the second (overwintering) generation with third- to fifth-instar larvae. The average number of parasitoid individuals feeding on a host was 4.5 and 12.4 in summer and overwintering generations, respectively. The maximum number recorded was 25 individuals per host in the overwintering generation. B. intercessor overwintered as a mature larva on the host and completed its development in early spring. The adults from the overwintering generation appeared in April, about 1 month prior to emergence of P. tabaniformis. The life cycle of B. intercessor was not in close synchrony with the development of P. tabaniformis in the spring, but the parasitoid adults which fed on honey-sugar solution lived for up to 31 days (males) and 86 days (females), respectively. This suggests that, in the field, B. intercessor females eclosing in the spring could survive until the host larvae appear if nectar is available. Adults of the summer generation emerge from July to September when sufficient suitable host larvae are available. B. intercessor was responsible for 1.5% of the average mortality of the P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. The host mortality caused by the summer generation of the parasitoid ranged from 3.2% to 5.8%.     

利用蒲螨和管氏肿腿蜂防治双条杉天牛幼虫

Pyemotes sp. and Scleroderma guani were used to control the larvae of Semanotus bifasciatus. The results as follows: (1) the suitable control time of Pyemotes sp.was from early April to early May. The reason was that in this time, the larvae of S. bifasciatus were young and not bored into xylem that was so easy to be parasitized by Pyemotes sp. With the parasitic rate 80% in average. Indoor experiment showed that the Pyemotes sp. had the same tropism selection to every instar for the host, but the parasitic rate was higher in low instar than other instars.(2)Using Scleroderma guani to control S. bjfasciatus, the suitable time was from mid May to mid June, the optimal ratio of host and parasite was 1∶ 1. Indoor experiment showed that Scleroderma guani had strong tropism toward middle-aged and elder larvae, the parasite linger around them and choose suitable position on hosts where they could lay eggs successfully. This behavior showed that Scleroderma guani had strict selectivity for their hosts. In experiment, the authors found a phenomenon that in one trap wood, both the Pyemotes sp. and Scleroderma guani could be found at the same time, they themselves did not affect each other and otherwise they could increase the parasitic rate for host. So, the authors suggested that in practice to control pests especially for boring pests, the Scleroderma guani and Pyemotes sp could be used at the same time.     

舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒室内增殖的研究

试验研究了饲毒龄期、饲毒浓度对舞毒蛾存活、幼虫体质量、虫尸质量和含毒量的影响以及饲毒时间对舞毒蛾含毒量的影响.结果表明:饲毒龄期和饲毒浓度对幼虫存活率和体质量增长均有不同程度的影响,饲毒龄期越小、饲毒浓度越高,死亡时间越早,死亡率越高,体质量增长越缓慢;而且饲毒时龄期越小、饲毒浓度越高,虫尸质量也越小,其含毒量也越低.饲毒时间与含毒量成抛物线型,饲毒时间过短或过长,体内含毒量均较低.由于5龄幼虫饲毒后有78％以上个体发育至蛹期,不发生死亡现象,因此,室内增殖舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒时,应选取4龄初幼虫喂饲1.0×106 PIB·mL-1病毒为宜,接毒10d后开始收集饲毒幼虫.     

Attraction of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, to volatiles from stressed host in China

Ovipositing female Japanese sawyer beetles, Monochamus alternatus, prefer stressed Pinus massoniana over healthy trees. Host discrimination by M. alternatus suggests that changes in the chemical composition of pines may mediate the host preference of beetles. Volatile compounds from stressed and healthy pine stems were collected using absorbent trap collection method. Significant differences in absolute terpene quantities between stressed and healthy pines occurred for 7 of 10 terpenes. Field trials demonstrated that four terpenes identified from host pines were attractive to M. alternatus with (+)-α-pinene as the most attractive compound to M. alternatus. Ethanol appeared to be an important synergistic compound causing significant increase in attraction.     

Experimental release of a parasitoid, Doryctes yogoi Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), onto Semanotus japonicus Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) inoculated into live Japanese cedar trees (Cryptomeria japonica D.DON)

Release experiments of Doryctes yogoi Watanabe onto Semanotus japonicus Lacordaire larvae inoculated into Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, were conducted to clarify the role of the parasitoids in the mortality of S. japonicus and the efficiency of the parasitoid as a natural enemy of the beetle. S. japonicus larvae were inoculated into three types of samples: live trees, girdled trees, and logs, each of which was treated in three ways: D. yogoi was released into the sample, the sample was screened (excluding natural enemies), or the sample was used as a control. In live trees, more than 90% of the larvae were killed by resin flow, and the percentage of parasitism by D. yogoi was less than 6%. In girdled trees, most of the larvae were dead due to the resin in the trees, having survived inoculation as well as in live trees, but many larvae were parasitized by D. yogoi in dead trees like logs. The present study revealed three negative effects of resin flow on parasitism by D. yogoi in the live trees. First, most of the host larvae died before reaching a size suitable for parasitism. Second, parasitoid larvae were caught in the resin with their hosts and died. Third, the host-searching and oviposition of female D. yogoi were obstructed by resin flow on the surface of the trunk. The efficiency of D. yogoi as a natural enemy of S. japonicus is discussed.