林下小径竹类有助于乔木种子留存进而促进群落更新

<正>林冠层乔木种子的留存状况是影响森林群落更新过程中的一个重要因素。以往的研究认为,过度发育的林下植被,能够强烈地改变森林底部微环境,对林下乔木幼苗更新产生重要影响;林下小径竹类通过其强大的地下茎和快速克隆生长的能力,能够迅速占据林窗或林下的灌木层,成为优势种,甚至是单优种,形成过度发育的林下植被,对林下幼苗更新及整个森林群落的更新过程和动态产生负面影响。然而,很少有人关注林下小径竹类与冠层乔木     

杉木天然林和人工林涵养水源功能研究

通过对杉阔天然混交林、天然杉木林和杉木人工林的林冠层、林下植被层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层水源涵养功能的研究,结果表明:两种天然林总持水量分别比人工林高699 18t·hm-2和337 67t·hm-2,天然林具有更好的涵蓄水分功能。林分不同层次的持水量大小顺序为:土壤层>枯枝落叶层>林冠层>林下植被层,土壤层是森林涵蓄降水的主要场所,其贮水量占林分总贮水量的90%以上。天然林地上部分各层次的持水量分配较为均匀,而杉木人工林林冠层持水量大大高于林下植被和枯枝落叶层的持水量,这种结构不利于削弱林内降雨侵蚀力,土壤也较为板结,渗透功能较差。     

宝天曼自然保护区栎类林群落不同火烧演替序列物种多样性特征

采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究不同恢复阶段栎类群落物种多样性对地表火扰动的响应。结果表明: 宝天曼自然保护区栎类群落物种多样性丰富,不同恢复阶段栎类群落 Shannon-Wiener 指数和 Simpson 指数均表现出先升高后降低的特点; 乔木层 Pielou 均匀度指数变化不大,灌木层和幼苗层 Pielou 指数先增加后降低,但草本层 Pielou 均匀度指数波动较大,表现为先高后低再升高然后降低的特点,说明林火扰动对栎类群落林下草本层产生了重要影响; 栎类群落乔木层、灌木层、幼苗层和草本层之间物种多样性的差异大多不显著,只有乔木层和草本层以及草本层和幼苗层之间的 Pielou 均匀度指数有显著差异,乔木层和灌木层的 Pielou 均匀度指数有极显著差异。不同恢复阶段的物种多样性特征,草本层物种多样性差异不显著,其他各层物种多样性特征变化不具规律性; 栎类群落林下灌木和草本层在过火后 10 年物种变化更替频繁,但不同恢复阶段栎类群落幼苗始终占据一定优势; 随着植被恢复的进程,灌草植被的变化是耐荫种逐步替代阳生种的过程。     

钱塘江源头水源林林分结构与功能分析

在钱塘江源头开化县林场选择马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林、杉木(Cunnihamia lanceolata)林、落叶阔叶林、松阔混交林和毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)林5种森林植被类型,建立20 m×20 m(水平距离)的调查样地,分析不同林分结构与功能的关系,探索该区域水源林目标结构类型和现有水源林结构优化调整措施和经营对策。结果表明:不同林分内乔木层的郁闭度相似,灌木层与草本层却差异明显;不同林分枯落物层厚度接近,而腐殖层厚度却有明显差别;从不同林分的涵养水源以及保护植物多样性功能看,松林、松阔混交林和落叶阔叶林要高于毛竹林和杉木林。因此,建议通过间伐和引入乡土阔叶树种,将针叶纯林改造为针阔混交林,将树种单一、稳定性差的同龄纯林,逐步改造为异龄复层林,并根据不同林分类型调节乔木层郁闭度,从而影响林下的灌木层、草本层和枯落物层等。     

福建樟湖35年生楠木人工林水源涵养功能研究

通过对福建樟湖35年生的楠木人工林林冠层、林下植被层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层水源涵养功能的研究,结果表明:楠木人工林林分总持水量分别为2 103.24 t.hm-2,楠木人工林具有较好的涵蓄水分功能。林分不同层次的持水量大小顺序为:土壤层>林冠层>枯枝落叶层>林下植被层。土壤层是森林涵蓄降水的主要场所,其贮水量占林分总贮水量的95%以上。楠木人工林10℃时的初渗值和稳渗值分别为6.95 mm.min-1和3.43 mm.min-1,具有良好的渗透性能。     

内蒙古大兴安岭南段森林死亡对植物多样性的影响

【目的】为了解内蒙古大兴安岭南段森林大面积非正常死亡对森林植物多样性的影响。【方法】以内蒙古大兴安岭南段赛罕乌拉保护区杨桦次生林为研究对象。通过调查森林死亡后不同死亡梯度的林下植被组成,用生物多样性指数和群落相似系数对林下物种组成及多样性的差异进行分析。【结果】研究发现：内蒙古赛罕乌拉保护区森林死亡后样地内共调查发现植物物种63种,其中乔木4种、灌木9种、草本50种,对照样地物种最多,群落物种多样性与森林死亡后枯落物厚度、粗木质残体密度呈显著负相关;森林死亡后倒木样地对物种丰富度、ShannonWiener指数、Simpson指数的贡献最大。群落乔灌草不同层次物种多样性对森林死亡的响应差异明显。SI指数在32%～72.91%范围内,不同死亡梯度样地内共有种为23种,草本多样性导致不同死亡梯度样地SI指数差异变大。【结论】研究结果表明森林死亡对物种多样性瞬时影响较大,但随森林死亡时间的推移,乔木层多样性指数逐步增加,灌木层多样性指数先下降再升高,而草本层却随着死亡梯度多样性指数下降,所以森林大量死亡抑制草本植物多样性的发展,但是对于乔木和灌木起到促进更新的作用。研究区山杨优势度出现衰退,...     

杉木林林下植被生物量影响因素

通过收集杉木林林下植被生物量数据,分析杉木林林下植被生物量与年平均温度、年降水量、林分年龄、林分密度、乔木层生物量、灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、枯枝落叶层现存量等8个因子的相关关系。结果表明,林下植被生物量与林龄、乔木层生物量、灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、枯枝落叶层现存量呈显著正相关,其中以与草本层生物量相关性最大,与林分密度呈负相关,而与年均温、年降水量无显著相关。多元线性回归分析表明,林龄、林分密度、草本生物量可解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的90.6%。     

秦皇岛市海滨林场森林碳密度与碳储量研究

在外业样地(乔木层、林下灌草层、枯枝落叶层、土壤)调查的基础上,结合乔木生物量模型,研究了秦皇岛市海滨林场森林碳密度与碳储量的分配特征。结果表明:海滨林场森林平均碳密度为132.19 t·hm~(-2),碳密度的大小顺序为乔木层(113.55 t·hm~(-2))>土壤层(21.68 t·hm~(-2))>林下灌草层(1.07 t·hm~(-2))>枯枝落叶层(0.88 t·hm~(-2))。总碳储量为105 224 t,其大小顺序与碳密度一致,乔木层(87 094.4 t)>土壤层(16 632 t)>林下灌草层(822.7 t)>枯枝落叶层(674.9 t)。近熟林、成熟林、过熟林是海滨林场乔木层碳储量的主体,占乔木层总碳储量的89.46%。     

黄柏山4种典型人工林林下植物多样性研究

在黄柏山林场4种典型人工林中设置样地,对林下植物组成及多样性进行研究,旨在掌握该区域森林生态系统林下植被特征。研究表明:1)檫杉混交林林下植物丰富度最高。2)4种类型人工林林下物种Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,Simpson多样性指数和均匀度指数均存在显著性差异(p0.05),同时各林分灌木层和草本层植被类型都呈现为中等不相似或极不相似,说明乔木植被类型对于林下物种及其多样性影响较大。在营造人工林时,树种的选择对于其可持续经营有着重要影响作用。3)4种类型人工林林下植被群落多样性指数,包括Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,Simpson多样性指数和均匀度指数均是草本灌木。可能由于4种林分的郁闭度都较高,影响了灌木层生长,同时也为草本层喜阴植物的生长创造了一定条件。在黄柏山林场的人工林经营过程中,应适当进行抚育间伐,增加林内透光度,以利于林下植被的恢复。     

不同林龄桉树林下植被多样性分析

以广东省信宜市中部山区不同林龄（3 a 生和 5 a 生）桉树人工林为研究对象,通过样地调查, 统计和分析了桉树林下植被结构特征（种类组成、结构与分布）和物种多样性（Margale 丰富度指数、 Simpson 优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener 指数和 Pielou 均匀度指数）。结果表明：（1）3 a 生桉树林下植被共 记录维管束植物23 科 31 属 33 种,5 a 生桉树林林下植被共记录维管束植物 24 科 32 属 35 种,不同林龄 桉树林下植被结构与分布特征差异较大,乔木幼苗、灌木层和草本层的优势种均明显不同;（2）林龄对 桉树林下植被丰富度影响相对较小,但对优势度和均匀度影响较大;随着林龄的增加,桉树林下灌木层 和草本层植被物种多样性均明显下降,其中灌木层下降幅度大于草本层。总体而言,林龄对林下植被的 种类组成影响相对较小,但对林下植被的结构与分布以及物种多样性有显著影响。     

Understory plant communities of boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada: Natural patterns and response to variable-retention harvesting

We examined patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and composition of understory vascular plant communities in mixedwood boreal forests of varying composition (broadleaf, mixedwood, conifer) in Alberta, Canada, before and for 2 years following variable-retention harvesting (clearcut, 20 and 75% dispersed green tree retention, control). Broadleaf-dominated forests differed from mixedwood or conifer-dominated forests in that they had greater canopy cover, litter depth, soil nitrogen, warmer soils, as well as greater shrub cover, herb and shrub richness and diversity (plot scale). In contrast, conifer, and to a lesser extent mixedwood, forest had greater β diversity than broadleaf forest. Overall, mixedwood and conifer forests were similar to one another, both differed from broadleaf forest. Several species were found to be significant indicators of broadleaf forest but most of these also occurred in the other forest types. Understory composition was related to canopy composition and edaphic conditions. Variable-retention harvesting had little effect on understory cover, richness, or diversity but resulted in reduced richness and β diversity at a larger scale. The clearcut and 20% treatments affected composition in all forest types. Early successional species and those common in disturbed sites were indicators of harvesting while evergreen, shade-tolerant understory herbs were indicators of the control forest and 75% retention harvest. We conclude that it is important to maintain a range of variation in canopy composition of mixedwood forests in order to conserve the associated understory communities. The presence of conifers in these forests has a particularly important influence on understory communities. The threshold for a lifeboat effect of variable-retention harvesting is between 20 and 75% retention. Examination of richness and β diversity at a variety of scales can provide interesting information on effects of harvesting on spatial reorganization and homogenization of understory plant communities.     

松树山地区油松天然林群落结构和植物多样性研究

利用α多样性指数、β多样性指数以及重要值,对松树山主要森林群落(油松)林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性以及群落结构进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在群落结构方面,松树山油松天然林垂直结构层次分明,划分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层;乔木层油松胸径大部分集中在15 ～25 cm,占全部油松的56.50%;(2)从各层植物组成特征来看...     

粤西次生针阔混交群落的林下植被物种组成与多样性研究

季风常绿阔叶林是南亚热带的地带性植被类型,经采伐干扰和人工造林后形成大面积的次生林。参照CTFS样地建设技术规范,于2006年在广东粤西马尾松针阔次生林建立2 hm2固定监测样地。在对样地进行调查的基础上,分析了林下植被的物种组成与多样性。结果表明：（1）样地共有维管束植物207种,隶属于79科144属,数量优势科为茜草科、大戟科、樟科、番荔枝科、紫金牛科、禾本科和蔷薇科;单种属植物较多（101属）,占总属数的70.14%。林下植物泛热带和热带亚洲成分占绝对优势,具有南亚热带向中亚热带过渡的特征。（2）物种的丰富度指数表现出乔木幼苗〉灌木层〉藤本层〉草本层;Shannon-Wiener指数表现出乔木幼苗〉藤本层〉灌木层〉草本层;Simpson指数则为乔木幼苗〉藤本层〉草本层〉灌木层;均匀度指数为乔木幼苗〉藤本层〉灌木层〉草本层。     

Predicting understory maximum shrubs cover using altitude and overstory basal area in different Mediterranean forests

In some areas of the Mediterranean basin where the understory stratum represents a critical fire hazard, managing the canopy cover to control the understory shrubby vegetation is an ecological alternative to the current mechanical management techniques. In this study, we determine the relationship between the overstory basal area and the cover of the understory shrubby vegetation for different dominant canopy species (Pinaceae and Fagaceae species) along a wide altitudinal gradient in the province of Catalonia (Spain). Analyses were conducted using data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory. At the regional scale, when all stands are analysed together, a strong negative relationship between mean shrub cover and site elevation was found. Among the Pinaceae species, we found fairly good relationships between stand basal area and the maximum development of the shrub stratum for species located at intermediate elevations (Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris). However, at the extremes of the elevation-climatic gradient (Pinus halepensis and Pinus uncinata stands), stand basal area explained very little of the shrub cover variation probably because microsite and topographic factors override its effect. Among the Fagaceae species, a negative relationship between basal area and the maximum development of the shrub stratum was found in Quercus humilis and Fagus sylvatica dominated stands but not in Quercus ilex. This can be due to the particular canopy structure and management history of Q. ilex stands. In conclusion, our study revealed a marked effect of the tree layer composition and the environment on the relationship between the development of the understory and overstory tree structure. More fine-grained studies are needed to provide forest managers with more detailed information about the relationship between these two forest strata.     

Flowering of understory herbs following thinning in the western Cascades,Oregon

Thinning of young forest stands encourages development of the understory layer by increasing the levels of light and belowground resources. High-intensity thinning, with associated ground disturbance and high light levels, can lead to dominance by early seral species or by a few species of shrubs, while low-intensity thinning may not increase resource levels enough to encourage forest herbs. Changes in herb-layer abundance can be hard to detect because forest-floor herbs are often slow growing, but flowering increases rapidly in response to high resource levels. This study examined flowering of the understory herb community before and 5 years after low-intensity thinning. Flowering of 10 herb species was sampled in 62 nine-meter radius plots in six treatment units within the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Thinning proved to be the most important determinant of the composition of the flowering assemblage (that is of which plants were flowering in a given plot). Old-growth species and release species (those specializing in large forest openings) showed higher numbers of flowering ramets following thinning. Release species also showed significant positive linear relationships with the plot-level degree of reduction in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) basal area (BA), while old-growth species showed no significant relationships and forest generalist species showed significant negative linear relationships with reduction in BA. Plot-level reduction in BA explained little of the variation in numbers of flowering ramets per plot for most species except for the release species Hieracium albiflorum and the forest generalist Trillium ovatum. The overall lack of strong linear relationships between herb flowering and reduction in BA makes it difficult to predict optimal thinning intensities for these species. However, the results of this study suggest that even when low-intensity thinning does not significantly change herb abundance it could still influence the ecology of the understory herb community by increasing carbon allocation to sexual reproduction.     

桂西南岩溶区不同恢复模式群落生物量及林下植物多样性

[目的]研究桂西南岩溶区不同恢复模式群落的生物量及其林下植物多样性的特点,为该区域的生物多样性保护、生态功能恢复效果评价积累基础数据。[方法]以桂西南岩溶区4种不同恢复模式为研究对象,采用样方法对林下植物多样性进行研究;采用收获法研究灌木层与草本层的地上、地下生物量及凋落物层现存量;采用异速生长模型来估算乔木层的地上生物量,并参考IPCC根茎比来量化乔木的地下生物量。[结果]表明:共调查记录林下植物85种,隶属于46科,81属,其中,灌木植物25科,46属,50种;草本植物21科,35属,35种;不同恢复模式群落生物量的变化趋势为自然恢复林(166.66 t·hm-2)任豆林(48.61 t·hm-2)吊丝竹林(36.54 t·hm-2)灌草坡(0.96 t·hm-2)。[结论]不同恢复模式灌木层物种丰富度差异不显著,最高的为灌草坡(16种),其次为任豆林(15种),最低为自然恢复林(12种);草本层物种丰富度最高的为任豆林(12种),其次为灌草坡(10种),最低为自然恢复林(4种)。自然恢复林乔木不同组分生物量与任豆林、吊丝竹林之间差异显著(P0.05);灌草坡的灌木、草本地上生物量与吊丝竹林、任豆林、自然恢复林之间差异显著(P0.05)。吊丝竹林、任豆林的灌草生物量表现为草本层灌木层,而灌草坡与自然恢复林的灌草生物量则表现为灌木层草本层。     

Summer drought and canopy opening increase the strength of the oak seedlings–shrub spatial association

? Context

The knowledge of how shrub–seedling interactions vary with summer drought, canopy opening, and tree species is crucial for adapting forest management to climate change.

? Aims

The aim of this study was to assess variation in shrub–oak recruitment associations along a south–north drought climate gradient and between two levels of canopy cover in coastal dune forest communities in a climate change-adapted forest management perspective.

? Material and methods

Mapped data of associational patterns of seedlings of three oak species with interspecific pooled shrubs were analyzed using a bivariate pair correlation function in 10 (0.315 ha) regeneration plots located in forest and recent gap sites along the climate gradient. An index of association strength was calculated in each plot and plotted against a summer moisture index.

? Results

The association strength increased with increasing summer drought from wet south to dry north and from closed forests to gaps.

? Conclusion

Consistent with facilitation theory, our results suggest that climate change may shift associational patterns in coastal dune forest communities towards more positive associations, in particular in canopy gaps. In a perspective of climate change, foresters may need to conserve understory shrubs in gaps in order to promote oak species regeneration.     

宜昌市郊柏木人工林林下植被发育及生物量研究

通过对宜昌市郊柏木人工林从幼龄林、中龄林至近熟林3个阶段林下植被发育及生物量的研究,结果表明:林下乔木、灌木和草本植物数量有不同程度增加,但常绿树种几乎没有增加;林下灌木层由强阳性种趋向中性种,林下草本层由栗褐苔草和地果占优势变为蕨类植物占优势;柏木更新不良显著影响林下灌木层和草本层平均高度和平均盖度的变化,但总体趋势是增加的,只是平均密度有所下降;林下草本层和死地被物层的生物量呈增加趋势,但受柏木更新不良影响,灌木层生物量呈现出先减少后增加的变化趋势。     

Windthrow and salvage logging in an old-growth hemlock-northern hardwoods forest

Although the initial response to salvage (also known as, post-disturbance or sanitary) logging is known to vary among system components, little is known about longer term forest recovery. We examine forest overstory, understory, soil, and microtopographic response 25 years after a 1977 severe wind disturbance on the Flambeau River State Forest in Wisconsin, USA, a portion of which was salvage logged. Within this former old-growth hemlock-northern hardwoods forest, tree dominance has shifted from Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) to broad-leaf deciduous species (Ulmus americana, Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Populus tremuloides, and Betula alleghaniensis) in both the salvaged and unsalvaged areas. While the biological legacies of pre-disturbance seedlings, saplings, and mature trees were initially more abundant in the unsalvaged area, regeneration through root suckers and stump sprouts was common in both areas. After 25 years, tree basal area, sapling density, shrub layer density, and seedling cover had converged between unsalvaged and salvaged areas. In contrast, understory herb communities differed between salvaged and unsalvaged forest, with salvaged forest containing significantly higher understory herb richness and cover, and greater dominance of species benefiting from disturbance, especially Solidago species. Soil bulk density, pH, organic carbon content, and organic nitrogen content were also significantly higher in the salvaged area. The structural legacy of tip-up microtopography remains more pronounced in the unsalvaged area, with significantly taller tip-up mounds and deeper pits. Mosses and some forest herbs, including Athyrium filix-femina and Hydrophyllum virginianum, showed strong positive responses to this tip-up microrelief, highlighting the importance of these structural legacies for understory biodiversity. In sum, although the pathways of recovery differed, this forest appeared to be as resilient to the compound disturbances of windthrow plus salvage logging as to wind disturbance alone, by most vegetative measures.     

Assessing the relationships between stand development and understory vegetation using a 420-year chronosequence

The large-scale conversion of old forests to tree plantations has made it increasingly important to understand how understory vegetation responds to such landscape changes. For instance, in some forest types a reduction in understory richness and cover is thought to result from the development of canopy closure in plantations, although there is a paucity of empirical data demonstrating this relationship. We used a 420-year forest chronosequence as a case study to assess the relationship between stand age, tree canopy cover and understory vascular plant richness and composition in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. The chronosequence consisted of six young managed (age 7–44) and nine older unmanaged (age 90–427) stands. All stands were similar in underlying geology, slope, elevation, and aspect. We found a non-linear relationship between stand age and richness, in which richness was highest in the youngest stands, reached a low in mid-aged stands (∼55 years), then increased in the oldest stands. We also found that percent tree canopy cover was correlated with total understory cover, richness, diversity, and species composition. In general, young stands were characterized by high shrub and graminoid cover and old stands were characterized by an abundant herb layer. Our work suggests that a major component of our study landscape is currently entering the forest stage (canopy closure) characterized by low levels of vascular plant species richness and cover. We use our results to discuss the potential effects of future forest management on understory plants.