皇甫川流域水沙变化及驱动因素分析

皇甫川流域地处黄河中游典型的多沙粗沙区,该区域的水沙变化对黄河下游水沙情势的改变具有重要指示意义。利用双累积曲线确定1954-2010年皇甫川流域水沙变化的典型时段,对其趋势进行分析,并基于20世纪50年代以来水利水保措施的实施来剖析流域水沙变化的驱动因素。结果表明：皇甫川流域水沙的演变过程可划分为4个典型时段,即1954-1978年、1979-1987年、1988-2002年、2003-2010年。1954-1978年,流域治理度低,受人类活动影响较小,为水沙的自然变化时段;1979-2010年水利水保措施的减水减沙效应不断增大,双累积曲线法计算的减水减沙效应分别为41.8%和49.7%,径流/输沙系数还原法计算的减水减沙效应分别为44.7%和48.3%。     

西柳沟流域近期水沙变化归因分析

根据1960 ～2010年实测水文资料和水土保持治理实地调查资料,以1989年作为流域治理前后的分界年,对黄河内蒙古段西柳沟流域水沙变化对下垫面治理的响应进行了归因分析.首次提出“降雨产流产沙力”的概念,发现流域产流产沙量与降雨产流产沙力关系最为密切.通过构建基准期降雨产流产沙力经验模型,进行流域水沙变化“水文法”分析;采用“指标法”计算了流域梯田、林地、草地、坝地和封禁治理等水土保持措施的减水减沙量.计算结果表明:1)西柳沟流域1990～2010年因水土保持综合治理等人类活动年均减水303万m3,因降雨影响年均减水369万m3,人类活动与降雨影响权重之比为45％:55％.1990～2010年因水土保持综合治理等人类活动年均减沙121万t,因降雨影响年均减沙209万t,人类活动与降雨影响权重之比为37％:63％.2)截至2012年西柳沟流域水土保持措施年均减水337.3万m3,年均减沙106.6万t;在各项措施中林地的减水减沙贡献率均为最大,分别达到73.2％和66.2％.3)西柳沟流域水土保持综合治理应以工程措施为主,突出生态建设,实施分区治理.坝系建设应该是今后治理的重中之重.     

黄土高原次降雨径流产沙变化及其与雨强和植被盖度变化的相关性

获取12条流域16 a的753次降雨数据,运用雨强、植被盖度、径流系数和产沙系数等指标,分析黄土高原次降雨径流产沙变化及其与雨强和植被盖度变化的相关性。结果显示：① 与1980-1989年相比,2006-2011年黄土高原的降雨-径流和径流-产沙关系发生了明显变化,大部分流域的产流产沙能力有所下降,10个流域中有8个流域的径流系数、产沙系数有所减小,分别减小25.93%~66.1%和59.05%~97.71%;② 分析雨强和植被盖度变化与径流产沙变化的相关性,发现径流产沙变化与植被盖度变化的相关性强于其与雨强变化的相关性,表明植被盖度变化对径流产沙变化的影响更明显;③ 分析不同干湿条件下径流产沙变化对植被盖度变化的敏感性,发现气候越湿润,流域的径流产沙变化对植被盖度变化越敏感,植被改善的减水减沙效果越明显。     

黄河晋陕峡谷吉县段全新世古洪水平流沉积特征研究

鉴别古洪水沉积物是古洪水水文学研究中最基本的任务。古洪水沉积物特征的研究对于识别古洪水沉积以及利用古洪水沉积物来恢复古洪水的水位,流量和发生规律都有十分重要的意义。通过对黄河晋陕峡谷吉县段流域深入调查,在黄河中游峡谷发现具有典型的古洪水平流沉积夹层的全新世黄土古土壤剖面。利用地貌学和第四纪地质学、沉积学,进而通过磁化率、粒度分析深入揭示了古洪水沉积物与风成黄土堆积物之间的主要区别。     

植被对小流域汇流及侵蚀产沙影响研究

本文从物理概念出发对小流域产汇流及侵蚀产沙过程进行研究,并结合实例分析了流域内森林植被对产汇流和侵蚀产沙的影响。森林植被的调节径流、防治侵蚀的功能体现在各个层面,林冠及下部枯落层可削减雨滴动能;树干及下部枯落层可削减地表径流流速;林地可改善土壤的渗透性,减少地表径流流量;根系可固持土壤,增加抗蚀力。     

乾县枣子沟流域暴雨侵蚀研究

本文主要以枣子沟流域两场暴雨为例，利用实测资料，分析了暴雨与土壤侵蚀的关系及特点，塬面与沟谷的产流，产沙状况，在此基础上，对进一步做好枣子沟流域水土保持综合治理工作提出了几项对策。     

黑河中游正义峡径流变化趋势及归因分析

以黑河中游正义峡水文站的实测径流量数据为基础,采用线性回归法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、滑动t检验法、Pettitt检验法和累积距平法分析了正义峡水文站1970―2020年径流序列的变化趋势和突变年份,并利用基于Budyko假设的水热耦合平衡方程,对正义峡径流量变化趋势进行了归因分析。结果表明：（1）研究期内正义峡径流量波动变化,丰枯交替,但整体呈现增加趋势,2004年径流发生突变,突变后的年平均径流量增加了3.08×108m3,增加率为32.7%。（2）突变后的2005―2020年,正义峡径流量对降水、潜在蒸发和下垫面参数的弹性系数分别为1.40、-0.40、-1.57,且各因子对径流的贡献率分别为42.73%、-12.52%、69.79%,表明径流量对下垫面变化最为敏感,气候因子中降水对径流的影响大于潜在蒸发。（3）在一定的区域气候条件下,植被覆盖、土地利用、流域调水等人类活动引起的中游下垫面变化是正义峡径流量变化的主要原因。研究结果可为流域管理部门制定水资源合理分配及调用方案提供科学依据。     

小桃家沟流域混交林空间结构及稳定性研究

以冬奥会场馆(崇礼赛区)周边小桃家沟流域上、中、下游樟子松混交林为研究对象，分别设置25个20m×20m样方，并测量林木的胸径、树高，分析样地内林分空间结构指标特征及其林分稳定性。结果表明，一元分布中，流域上、中、下游平均角尺度值均在0.475-0.517之间，均为随机分布；流域下游混交林平均大小比数最小，其次为中游，上游平均大小比数最大，流域下游混交林平均混交度最高，平均混交度值为0.41。二元分布中，流域下游混交林的大小比数(U)在0-0.25且为随机分布(W=0.5)状态、混交度(M)在0.75-1.00且为随机分布(W=0.5)状态、混交度(M)在0.75-1.00且大小比数(U)在0-0.25的林木所占比例相较于流域上、中游均最高，分别为34.99%、20.37%和10.11%;最优林分状态的π值法则表明，流域上游混交林林分状态为极差，流域中游和下游林分状态均较差，与流域上游和中游相比，下游混交林整体稳定性最好。     

中国干旱区洪涝灾害的研究

本文阐述了中国干旱区具有高山冰雪融化洪水、季节积雪融化洪水、暴雨洪水、混合型洪水等复杂多样的洪水发生。与其他地区相比，干旱区的洪灾在空间上呈局部斑状分布；在时间上可发生在全年各季节，但持续时间往往比较短暂，发生的机率较少，且不甚固定，灾情也一般较轻。本文根据新疆沙湾县、甘肃河西石羊河、新疆叶尔羌河等典型事例进一步说明了干旱区洪灾的特征。并对洪峰流量的频率与变率、各流域的下垫面状况、受灾体的抗灾能力进行了分析。从而将干旱区洪灾危险程度划分为三级。最后提出了增强认识、建立监测系统网络、加强水利设施的建设与维护、把防洪与环境综合治理保护结合起来才能有效地防治洪灾。     

退耕还林（草）工程实施前后黄河中游生境质量时空变化分析

科学认识生境质量的时空变化特征及其发展趋势，对黄河中游生态保护修复以及高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。本文基于1992—2020年欧洲航空航天局逐年的土地覆盖数据，采用InVEST模型估算生境质量，运用Sen+MK检验和Hurst指数分析方法，探究了退耕还林(草)工程实施前后黄河中游的生境质量时空变化和发展趋势。研究结果表明：（1）整体上看，29 a来黄河中游地区生境质量整体较好，平均生境质量指数为0.652，但呈现小幅下降趋势（每10 a下降0.004），从局部上看，退耕还林（草）区生境质量呈现上升趋势（每10 a上升0.174），其中，2011—2020年上升趋势最为显著，10 a增加了0.656;(2)2001—2020年黄河中游地区生境质量发生时空变化的趋势类型以明显降低为主，但从不同时间段的发展来看，2011—2020年较2001—2010年生境质量向好发展的面积增多，体现在退耕还林（草）区的生境质量上升；（3）未来黄河中游地区生境质量发生时空变化趋势类型以明显降低和明显上升为主，且可持续性较强，明显降低区主要分布在汾渭平原以及城市集中发展区域，明显上升区主要位于山西省、陕西省...     

Impacts of land disturbance and restoration on runoff production and sediment yield in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Land disturbance and land restoration are important factors influencing runoff production and sediment yield in the semi-arid loess regions of China. This study compared the runoff production and sediment yield during the early stage after land disturbance(ESLD) with those during restoring stage after land disturbance(RSLD). Grey relational analysis was used to analyse the importance of each one of the influencing factors(vegetation, rainfall, soil and topography) in affecting the runoff production and sediment yield. Our results showed that during ESLD, topography was the most critical factor controlling the runoff production, while soil was the most important factor controlling the sediment yield. During RSLD, vegetation was more important in affecting runoff production, while rainfall was more important in affecting sediment yield. In additional, this study demonstrated that both the runoff production and the sediment yield can be effectively reduced by restoring vegetation on severely-disturbed lands, thus providing an important theoretical basis for better implementations of the Grain for Green Program. Our results revealed that the vegetation types of Hippophae rhamnoides+Pinus tabulaeformis and H. rhamnoides are better plant selections for land restoration in this area, especially for relatively gentle slopes(i.e., less than 20 degrees).     

以色列内盖夫荒漠北部的气候与环境

以色列内盖夫荒漠北部是由内盖夫石质高地和黄土覆盖区两个主要自然地理单元所组成。那里,年降水量与自然环境、生物特征之间明显存在着一种反比关系。本文通过降水模拟实验以及对气候因素(降水)和非气候因素(地面特征)的综合分析后,得出结论认为荒漠边缘地区自然环境、生物特征与降水量并没有直接的关系,而主要决定于迳流的产生和水的有效性方面;迳流的产生和水的有效性又受从降雨到迳流的转换过程所控制,确切地说主要取决于裸露基岩面积与土壤覆盖面积之比,而降水仅仅是一个次要的因素。     

Freeze-thaw effects on erosion process in loess slope under simulated rainfall

Seasonal freeze-thaw processes have led to severe soil erosion in the middle and high latitudes. The area affected by freeze-thaw erosion in China exceeds 13% of the national territory. So understanding the effect of freeze-thaw on erosion process is of great significance for soil and water conservation as well as for ecological engineering. In this study, we designed simulated rainfall experiments to investigate soil erosion processes under two soil conditions, unfrozen slope (UFS) and frozen slope (FS), and three rainfall intensities of 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mm/min. The results showed that the initial runoff time of FS occurred much earlier than that of the UFS. Under the same rainfall intensity, the runoff of FS is 1.17-1.26 times that of UFS; and the sediment yield of FS is 6.48-10.49 times that of UFS. With increasing rainfall time, rills were produced on the slope. After the appearance of the rills, the sediment yield on the FS accounts for 74%-86% of the total sediment yield. Rill erosion was the main reason for the increase in soil erosion rate on FS, and the reduction in water percolation resulting from frozen layers was one of the important factors leading to the advancement of rills on slope. A linear relationship existed between the cumulative runoff and the sediment yield of UFS and FS (R²>0.97, P<0.01). The average mean weight diameter (MWD) on the slope erosion particles was as follows: UFS0.9 (73.84 μm)>FS0.6 (72.30 μm)>UFS1.2 (72.23 μm)>substrate (71.23 μm)>FS1.2 (71.06 μm)>FS0.9 (70.72 μm). During the early stage of the rainfall, the MWD of the FS was relatively large. However, during the middle to late rainfall, the particle composition gradually approached that of the soil substrate. Under different rainfall intensities, the mean soil erodibility (MK) of the FS was 7.22 times that of the UFS. The ratio of the mean regression coefficient C₂ (MC₂) between FS and UFS was roughly correspondent with MK. Therefore, the parameter C₂ can be used to evaluate soil erodibility after the appearance of the rills. This article explored the influence mechanism of freeze-thaw effects on loess soil erosion and provided a theoretical basis for further studies on soil erosion in the loess hilly regions.     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域水土流失治理对径流的效应

本文用小流域平行对比观测法,分析了黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域水土保持对流域地表径流量及暴雨产流过程的影响,表明：（１）在黄土高原沟壑区,水土流失综合治理减少小流域产洪次数,降低了流域地表径流模数和径流系数,尤其以少雨年最显著;（２）使小流域地表径流模数的年际变率增大;（３）在洪水产理措施区土壤水分含量降低,根据生物气候、土壤及区域拦蓄水量特征,推测黄土高原沟壑区,以造林为主的水土保持措施拦蓄径流的作用难以使地表径流转化为地下径流或增加地下水。     

Comparative Analysis of Runo and Sediment Yield with a Rainfall Simulator After Experimental Fire

Changes produced in runoff and sediment levels before and after fire and during the revegetation process were examined using a rainfall simulator. The area was burned in an experimental fire, reaching temperatures from 35° to 563° C. Then it was revegetated using different species combinations. Fifteen permanent plots were established in the burnt area (4 treatments and a control replicated three times). Simulated rainfall of 15 mm per 5 min was applied in each treatment. No significant differences were found in sediment yield and runoff between treatments, but greatest runoff was observed to occur immediately after the fire. A significant relationship was found between runoff and woody cover, and a decrease in runoff can be observed as cover increases. The relationship between sediment yields and runoff rates was also positive. The low rates observed during rainfall simulation are due to the effect of natural vegetation rather than revegetation treatments. The high organic matter content also had an influence on the low rates of runoff and sediment.     

京津水源区坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征分析

坡耕地是保障粮食安全与经济发展的重要资源.本文利用承德市南山径流场资料对不同坡长下径流深、含沙量及侵蚀量进行对比分析,结果显示:坡长和降雨强度都对土壤侵蚀有影响,随着坡长变化,导致土壤侵蚀量变化的两个主导因素不断变换.雨强小于0.25 mm/min时,坡面土壤侵蚀模数随坡长的增加而增大;雨强大于0.25mm/min时,随坡长的增加先增大后减小,最大侵蚀量总是出现在22 m坡长范围内.径流深均值与侵蚀量增量随坡长变化趋势一致,含沙量均值变化与雨强关系密切.所以治理京津水源区坡耕地水土流失,应在22 m坡长以内采取等高植物篱等措施,既可降低工程投入,又减少坡面土壤流失,提高土地生产力.     

薄土坡耕地石坎反坡水平阶水沙调控效果

为研究石坎反坡水平阶对于薄土坡耕地的水沙调控效果,设置了两个标准天然降雨径流小区（措施小区和对照小区）分别对次降雨径流和泥沙进行了观测,结果表明：石坎反坡水平阶措施能够有效地调控坡耕地地表径流,年均径流削减率为22.5%,且在短历时、大雨强降雨条件下的调控效果好于长历时、小雨强降雨;该措施对于坡耕地泥沙调控效果显著且稳定,年均泥沙削减率95.5%,措施小区的坡面产沙量随降雨特征值变化的波动幅度远远小于对照小区;石坎反坡水平阶措施通过减少坡面侵蚀,间接提高了坡耕地作物产量,春玉米年均增产6.2%。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

雨强和植被覆盖度对典型坡面产流产沙的影响

应用先进的UGT水蚀测量仪,研究黄土高原祖厉河流域雨强和植被覆盖度对典型坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:黄土高原半干旱区间隔为15min的产流量、径流含沙量和产沙量与15min雨强具有相同的增减趋势,呈三次曲线关系y=b0+b1x+b2x2+b3x3。7种雨强条件下,人类扰动撂荒地的产流量、径流含沙量和产沙量均明显大于植被自然恢复的撂荒地,覆盖度20%的撂荒地是覆盖度35%撂荒地的平均径流系数的2.35倍,径流含沙量的4.48倍,产沙量的14.06倍。相对于受到扰动的撂荒地,植被自然恢复的撂荒地水土保持效益显著。     

降雨强度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

利用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下,不同农业耕作措施坡地水土流失特征。试验设计的坡地坡度分别为5°和15°,降雨强度分别为60、90、120 mm·h^-1;耕作措施分别为等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕,以相同坡度的平整坡地作为对照。结果表明：（1）随着降雨强度的增大,各耕作措施坡地产流量显著增大1.51倍以上,最大增加幅度为等高耕作坡地的2.28倍。而坡地产沙量在降雨强度较小时增加不显著,当降雨强度增大到120 mm·h^-1时,坡地产沙量显著增大;（2）与平整坡地相比,等高耕作在3个降雨强度下都具有明显的减流效益,减流量均大于15%,而人工锄耕和人工掏挖却不明显;（3）在5°坡地上,等高耕作和人工掏挖在3个降雨强度的减沙效益均大于25%,而人工锄耕减沙效益不明显;在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60 mm·h^-1和90 mm·h^-1时,人工锄耕和人工掏挖减沙效益与降雨强度关系无明显规律,在降雨强度为120 mm·h^-1时,3个耕作措施都不能有效降低坡地产沙量。可见,水土保持农业耕作措施具有降低坡地产流量的作用,而对于坡地产沙的作用存在明显差异,在大坡度和大降雨强度下,不仅不能降低坡地产沙,反而加剧坡地土壤流失。