苦豆子种子特性与种群扩展关系的研究

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)种子体积大,千粒重达21.6g。种皮较厚,制约了种子的萌发,采用浓硫酸浸种和机械磨损破坏种皮明显提高了萌发率。种子散布主要依靠自身重力,其散布格局是聚集型散布,多分布在母株周围,为该区域的种子库提供较多的种质资源。此外,还有动物散布和水力作用的散布,使种子能传播较远的距离,同时种子被采食后,通过消化道的磨损使种皮的通透性提高,促进了种子的萌发。     

苦豆子种子抽提物对两种蔬菜害虫的活性

在害虫防治中,面对化学防治出现的一些问题,本文采集广泛分布于我国西北地区的野生豆科植物苦豆子Sophora alopecuroida(L.),采取有机溶剂制备提取物,测定了对两种蔬菜害虫的生物活性,结果简报如下。 1.1 苦豆子提取物制备及试验方法将苦豆子种子用植物粉碎机粉碎并过40目筛,在实验室以索氏抽提器进行抽提,然后将提取物在旋转蒸发器内蒸干,将此提取物稀释后进行毒力测定。供试虫为萝卜蚜Li-     

PEG胁迫对萌动苦豆子子叶抗旱生理及氧化苦参碱含量的影响

以PEG-6000模拟干旱条件,测定苦豆子种子萌发、萌动种子子叶中质膜相对透性(PMP)、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及抗氧化物酶POD、CAT、SOD酶活性以及氧化苦参碱含量,探讨苦豆子种子的抗旱适应性。结果表明:10%PEG胁迫下,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均达到最高,依次为66.67%,78.67%,24.40和183.79,20%PEG胁迫种子仍有较高的发芽能力。随PEG胁迫程度加剧,萌动苦豆子种子子叶中质膜相对透性和Pro含量逐渐上升,MDA含量逐渐下降;POD、CAT和SOD 3种保护酶对干旱胁迫的保护作用不尽相同,中轻度胁迫(PEG≤20%)时POD酶起主要作用,重度胁迫(PEG20%)时CAT和SOD酶起主要作用。PEG胁迫使子叶中OMA含量下降,OMA含量与抗旱生理指标间均存在负相关。适度干旱有助于苦豆子种子萌发,萌动种子对干旱有强的防御机制。     

宁夏地区苦豆子内生真菌的分离与初步鉴定

为了探讨宁夏地区苦豆子内生真菌类群的多样性,以宁夏地区苦豆子草为试验材料,采用组织分离法从其根、茎、叶中分离内生真菌,依据形态进行初步鉴定。结果表明,从宁夏地区苦豆子875个表面消毒的根、茎、叶组织块中,共分离出内生真菌115株。其中根中分离出18株,占15.7%,茎中分离出41株,占35.7%,叶中分离出56株,占48.6%,分布规律为叶、茎、根依次递减,叶组织中的内生真菌多样性较高。对产孢的113株进行初步鉴定,分类为2纲3目5科7属,其中青霉属(Penicillium)3株,占2.6%,黑葱花霉属(Periconia)4株,占3.6%;链格孢属(Alternaria)45株,占39.1%;镰孢霉属(Fusarium)9株,占7.8%,曲霉属(Aspergillus)10株,占8.7%,枝梗茎点霉属(Dendrophoma)30株,占26.1%,根霉属(Rhizopus)9株,占7.8%;其中链格孢属(Alternaria),枝梗茎点霉属(Dendrophoma)为优势种群。宁夏地区苦豆子内生真菌多样性丰富,同时不同部位内生菌的数量、种类及分布存在差异。     

干旱荒漠半荒漠地区苦豆子的资源状况及开发利用

本文全面论述了苦豆子这一植物在我国的分布、数量、成分、及其在药用、饲用上的价值。     

苦豆子7种生物碱对不同类型4种杀虫剂增效作用的研究

以苦豆子7种生物碱单体和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫为试材,对分属于有机磷酸酯、氨基甲酸酯和生物源杀虫剂(阿维菌素)的4种杀虫剂进行了增效作用测定。结果表明:7种生物碱对辛硫磷的增效比值为0.82~1.96倍;对丙溴磷的增效比值为1.10~2.15倍;对灭多威的增效比值为1.23~1.84倍;对阿维菌素的增效比值为1.63~5.42倍(72 h)及0.96~2.96倍(96 h)。对增效机理进行了讨论。     

苦豆子胰蛋白酶抑制剂对几种害虫的抑制作用

通过室内饲喂试验表明，苦豆子胰蛋白酶抑制剂对棉蚜有显著的抑制作用，以含３５０μｇ／ｍｌ苦豆子胰蛋白酶抑制剂的２５％蔗糖液饲喂棉蚜，６天后棉蚜的校正死亡率达５５．９％；以１３２μｇ／ｍｌ的浓度涂油菜叶片饲喂大菜粉蝶幼虫３天，至第５天幼虫死亡率与对照无差异，但体重显著低于对照；用０．１１５μｇ／头的剂量饲喂四龄八字地老虎幼虫，死亡率为１９．６％，对体重无明显影响。     

苦参碱和苦豆子总碱光分解及光分解抑制的研究

研究了苦参碱(从苦豆子中提取分离获得)和苦豆子总碱在太阳光及紫外光照射下的光分解现象,发现两者均属于光易分解物质,其光分解半衰期均不超过1 h。运用11种不同的光稳定剂处理均能有效地抑制苦参碱和苦豆子总碱光分解,其中以TBHQ(Tertiary-butylhydroquinone,特丁基对苯二酚)的抑制效果最为明显。在此基础上探索了不同浓度TBHQ对苦参碱和苦豆子总碱光分解的抑制效应,结果显示其抑制效果与稳定剂的浓度相关,处理浓度越大,其抑制苦豆子总碱光分解的作用越强。     

宁夏干旱荒漠区苦豆子内生颉颃细菌的筛选及其抑菌物质研究初报

通过测定菌体及胞外分泌物抑茵活性,从354株苦豆子内生细菌中筛选出对黄瓜枯萎病、番茄枯萎病和茄子枯萎病病菌有较强颉颃活性的菌株.对抗菌活性显著的KDB342菌株的胞外抑菌物质进行了初步研究.结果表明,KDB342株胞外分泌物抑菌活性、最高稀释倍数为100倍;其抑菌物质具有一定的热稳定性,100℃处理10 min仍有部分抑菌活性,120 ℃则完全丧失活性;其抗茵活性物质为蛋白类物质,可通过(NH4)2SO4盐析和浓缩,75%硫酸铵提取的粗蛋白抗菌活性最强.     

苦豆子提取物与甲氨基阿维菌素混合物毒力的温度效应

甲氨基阿维菌素是一种高效的环境友好杀虫剂,作者筛选得到了较为理想的苦豆子提取物与其混合物,并探讨了对小菜蛾3龄幼虫在不同温度下的毒力效应。     

拌种防治玉米二点委夜蛾的药剂筛选及其安全性研究

为了筛选拌种防治二点委夜蛾的有效药剂,并明确其对玉米种子萌发的安全性。本文通过培养皿法和室内盆栽试验比较了9种不同类型杀虫剂拌种对玉米种子萌发的影响以及保苗效果。结果表明,60%溴氰虫酰胺SC和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC拌种处理效果较好,保苗效果分别达到90.02%和70.07%,可将死苗率控制在10%以内,被害指数控制在20%以内,且对玉米出苗安全。因此,60%溴氰虫酰胺SC和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC可作为拌种防止玉米二点委夜蛾为害的有效药剂。     

黄花刺茄浸提液对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确入侵植物黄花刺茄对当地主栽经济作物番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,本文采用培养皿滤纸法,在智能光照培养箱的变温控制条件下,分别研究了黄花刺茄根、茎、叶浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数及幼苗根长和苗高的影响。结果表明:(1)黄花刺茄不同器官的浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高的影响不同,其茎、叶浸提液的化感作用较为显著(P<0.01)。(2)黄花刺茄同部位浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高不同指标的影响也不同。根浸提液对种子发芽率、幼苗根长影响不显著(P>0.05),但对种子发芽指数的影响极显著(P<0.01)。茎和叶浸提液各浓度对种子发芽指数的影响比种子发芽率、幼苗根长和苗高的影响显著(P<0.01)。     

播种深度和种子来源对羊草种苗出土的影响

研究了5种播种深度下2种种子来源的羊草(野生和栽培)出苗情况.结果表明:播种深度和种子来源都显著影响羊草出苗率、出苗速率和种苗首次出土时间.羊草出苗率、出苗速率与播种深度成反比.播深1 cm时出苗最多,野生和栽培羊草的出苗率分别为84%和91%;覆土2 cm次之,分别为74.5%和84.5%;覆土6cm出苗最低,为33%和24.25%;不覆土与覆土1 cm的相比分别下降了50.25%和45.25%.野生和栽培羊草的出苗速率分别由覆土1 cm 时的6.46和8.46下降到覆土6 cm时的2.41和1.65.种苗首次出土时间随着播种深度的增加而延长,播种深度1～2 cm时,两种羊草9～10 d都可出苗;不覆土的处理种苗首次出土所需时间最长,分别需要21.25 d和21 d.总体上,栽培羊草的出苗率和出苗速率高于野生羊草的出苗率和出苗速率,栽培羊草首次出苗时间早于野生羊草.     

Factors affecting the seed germination and seedling emergence of redflower ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides)

Redflower ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides) is a weed, as well as a minor vegetable, in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The influence of environmental factors and seed conditions on the germination and emergence of redflower ragleaf have been evaluated in order to help understand its distribution and to develop effective management strategies. The seeds germinated at a constant temperature in the range of 10–30°C and reached a maximum at 15–20°C. The highest germination rate was recorded at an alternating temperature of 20/15°C (day/night). The seeds germinated over a wide pH range (2–12), with the highest germination rate at between 4 and 10. Germination under saturated and flooded conditions was also high. The germination of seeds from opened (mature) capitula was significantly higher than from partially opened or unopened capitula. The germination of seeds without a pappus was significantly higher than for seeds with a pappus. The germination rate of 1 year old seeds decreased drastically when compared to that of freshly harvested seeds. The seedling emergence rate was ～63% for those seeds placed on the soil surface, but no seedling emerged from a depth of ≥1 cm. These results indicate that redflower ragleaf seeds can germinate in various environmental conditions, but that the percentage that germinates will be different in different environments. Regeneration could be effectively prevented by at least a 1 cm soil covering or by destroying the plant before the capitula open. In contrast, freshly harvested seeds from opened capitula should be sown on the soil surface when redflower ragleaf is to be cultivated as a vegetable.     

不同环境因素对节节麦萌发的影响

节节麦Aegilops tauschii Coss.是麦田难治杂草,研究环境条件对节节麦发芽的影响对预测其适生区域及综合治理有重要意义。以采自陕西、山东和河南的3个节节麦种群为对象,通过室内和室外萌发试验研究了水势、pH、盐分和播种深度与节节麦萌发的关系。结果表明,3个节节麦种群在不同的环境条件下表现出相似的萌发及出苗特性,其萌发对水势敏感,发芽率随水势的下降而降低,当渗透势小于-1.0 MPa时,种子不萌发;节节麦萌发对pH要求不高,在pH 3～10条件下发芽率均超过70%;其萌发具有一定的耐盐性,盐浓度为0 mmol/L时,发芽率最高,盐浓度大于420 mmol/L时,节节麦不能萌发;节节麦出苗率随播种深度的增加而降低,播种在土壤表面时,出苗率最高,播种深度大于10 cm时,未发现节节麦出苗。3个节节麦种群发芽对上述不同环境因子的反应差异不显著。     

Effects of temperature and light on seed germination of ephemeral plants in the Gurbantunggut Desert,China: implications for vegetation restoration

Seed germination is a key transitional stage in plant life cycle and is strongly regulated by temperature and light. Therefore, research on the effects of temperature and light on seed germination is extremely meaningful for vegetation restoration, especially in desert ecosystems. Seeds of 28 ephemeral plants collected from the Gurbantunggut Desert of China were incubated at different temperatures (5°C/1°C, 15°C/5°C, 20°C/5°C, 25°C/10°C and 30°C/15°C) in 12-h light/12-h darkness or continuous darkness regimes, and the responses of seed germination to temperature and light and the germination speed were studied in 2016. Results showed that seed germination percentage of the 28 ephemeral plants significantly differed to temperature and light. We classified the studied plants as the following groups based on their responses to temperature: 1 low temperature responsed plants, 12 moderate temperature responsed plants, 7 high temperature responsed plants, 4 non-responsed plants and 5 plants of no germination. It should be noted that Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge is sensitive to both moderate and high temperatures. There were 4 groups of plant in response to light, i.e., 7 light responsed plants, 10 dark responsed plants, 6 light non-responsed plants and 5 plants of no germination. Based on seed germination speed of the 28 ephemeral plants, we divided them into 4 patterns of germination, i.e., very rapid, moderately rapid, moderate and slow. Combining variations of temperature, precipitation and sand dune types in the study area, we suggested that very rapid and moderately rapid germinated plants could be used to moving sand dunes in early spring during vegetation restoration, moderate germinated plants could be used to semi-fixed sand dunes in late autumn, and slow germinated plants could be used to sand plain in summer. Thus, seedling establishment and vegetation restoration would be improved by considering seed germination characteristics of these ephemeral plants in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China.     

丸粒化处理对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响研究

采用二因素裂区设计,以保水剂和活性炭、硅藻土、凹凸棒为填充剂的包衣材料制作丸粒化胡麻种子,研究了丸粒化处理对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:与不加保水剂相比,保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1时,丸粒种子的活力指数和出苗率显著提高20.11%、18.62%;随着保水剂含量的增加,幼苗的根冠比显著减小3.25%。包衣剂中以活性炭:凹凸棒=1∶1为填充剂的发芽率和出苗率比不加填充剂的明显提高6.79%、22.41%,幼苗生长最健壮。与未丸粒化的种子相比,当保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1时,以活性炭:凹凸棒=1∶1为填充剂的丸粒种子发芽指数、活力指数和出苗率显著提高,而且幼苗的茎粗、叶面积和根冠比分别显著增加11.02%、27.35%、28.07%。可见,适量的保水剂(保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1)和以活性炭、凹凸棒为填充剂的包衣剂能提高胡麻种子活力,增加出苗率,使幼苗的干物质重增大,根系发达,根冠比提高,为胡麻高产奠定了良好的基础。     

Effects of the seed weight and burial depth on the seed behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is one of the annual plants that were described recently as invasive weeds in Europe. This species is described as an invasive plant that produces seeds that are highly variable. Its production of variably sized seeds is regarded as promoting its spread in different environments. Experiments were carried out to determine the influence of the seed weight and temperature on germination and the influence of the seed weight and burial depth on seedling emergence. The seeds were divided into a number of classes of weight and the seed weight effect on germination was evaluated by Petri dish assays. In another experiment, the seeds were buried at different depths in a clay soil/sand mix to estimate the burial effect on germination and seedling emergence. The germination level of A. artemisiifolia was high overall, between 76.8% and 94.2%. The seed germination was modified by temperature but it was not influenced by the seed weight. The amounts of germination and seedling emergence were greater for the seeds on the soil surface and decreased with an increasing burial depth, from 2 to 8 cm. No germination or emergence was observed for the seeds that were buried at 10 and 12 cm. The lightest seeds were more sensitive to burial. A greater level of seedling emergence for those seeds that were placed near the soil surface could explain the success of this species in open habitats, where the probability of deeper burial is low. After high seed production, the management of A. artemisiifolia in fields could be partly achieved through soil tillage, burying seeds below 10 cm, and not carrying out deep soil tillage the following year.