临安不同产区镇山核桃林地土壤肥力水平的变化研究

监测林地土壤肥力动态变化有利于山核桃Caryacathayensis林地土壤地力维护及科学经营管理。以杭州市临安区山核桃主产区7个镇山核桃林地土壤为研究对象,分别于2008年、2013年和2018年调查、采集固定位点254个样地土壤样品,研究不同镇山核桃林地土壤肥力的动态变化。结果表明,2018年山核桃林地土壤pH平均为5.77,有机碳平均含量为19.52 g·kg-1,水解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别为74.96 mg·kg-1,3.64 mg·kg-1,99.93 mg·kg-1;2018年,7个镇山核桃林地的土壤水解氮含量显著低于2008年和2013年(P0.05);7个镇林地土壤磷素有效性普遍较低,均不能满足山核桃正常生长磷素需求;不同镇山核桃林地土壤速效钾含量以2013年为最低,其中,岛石镇、河桥镇土壤速效钾含量显著低于2008年(P0.05);2008-2018年,7个镇山核桃林地的土壤有机碳和土壤pH总体上呈升高趋势,而土壤水解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量下降明显。今后,在山核桃林经营过程中仍需大力推广测土施肥技术,科学施用氮肥,重视钾肥施用,提高磷肥利用率,促进山核桃林地土壤营养均衡供给。     

山核桃中心产区林地土壤肥力的时空变化特征

【目的】研究山核桃产区林地土壤肥力质量的时空演变规律及影响因素,为山核桃林地的土壤管理提供决策依据。【方法】基于地统计学方法和GIS技术,采用系统抽样法,在浙江省临安市对比研究2008年(317个样本)和2013年(239个样本)山核桃林地表层(0~30 cm)土壤的p H值、有机碳含量、水解性氮含量、有效磷含量和速效钾含量共5个肥力指标的时空变异特征及影响因素。【结果】2008—2013年,山核桃林地土壤水解性氮和速效钾含量显著降低,分别下降19.4和55.6 mg·kg-1,p H值从5.5下降到5.3,有机碳含量下降0.2 g·kg-1,有效磷含量升高0.5 mg·kg-1;5个土壤肥力质量指标的标准差变小,变异程度降低;土壤p H值、水解性氮和有效磷含量的空间自相关性减弱,自相关距离减小,而有机碳和速效钾含量的空间分布连续性增强,自相关距离增加;海拔、母岩类型、不同乡镇的人为经营对土壤p H值、水解性氮含量和速效钾含量影响显著(P0.1),海拔和人为经营显著影响着土壤有机碳含量(P0.1),土壤有效磷含量受人为经营的影响显著(P0.1);岛石镇土壤有机碳、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量降幅最大,p H值则以清凉峰镇和岛石镇降低最多。【结论】2008—2013年,临安市山核桃林地的土壤肥力水平总体有所下降;今后在山核桃林生产经营中需推广测土配方施肥,并通过施用一定量的石灰、林地生草管理和生态化采收等经营管理技术,提高山核桃林地的土壤肥力。     

土壤pH和主要养分含量与山核桃干腐病的相关性研究

为探究山核桃Carya cathayensis植株对山核桃干腐病Macrophoma caryae感病的致病原因,研究了土壤pH和碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量与山核桃干腐病感病的条件概率密度之间的相关性.结果表明,植株的山核桃干腐病感病状况和土壤pH、速效钾含量之间呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤氮钾比(N...     

ABT处理杜仲嫩枝扦插育苗的试验初探

对天津地区土壤养分含量与红小豆产量的相关关系的研究表明：在土壤速效磷含量＜１００ｐｐｍ时，红小豆产量与速磷含量呈显著正相关。ｒ＝０．９８９，ｙ＝５３．１５＋６．９３ｘ。在天津地区土壤养分三要素中，影响红小豆产量的第１要素是土壤速效磷，第２要素是碱解氮，第３要素是速效钾。在土壤碱解氨≥８０ｐｐｍ，速效磷≥２４ｐｐｍ、速效钾≥１１５ｐｐｍ时，无需施肥。     

立地条件对湖南山核桃产量与胸径的影响

对靖州县典型高产和低产的湖南山核桃林的产量、胸径及立地因子进行了调查．并对其进行了相关分析。结果表明：影响湖南山核桃林生长和产量的立地因子主要是母质、土壤类型和土层厚度。成土母质以页岩最好．其次是石灰岩、紫色页岩和砂岩;土壤以山地黄壤最好,其次是山地黄红壤、黑色石灰土、酸性紫色土;湖南山核桃的产量和胸径与土层厚度成一元线性回归关系．随着土层厚度的增加,湖南山核桃的产量和胸径有较明显的增加趋势。     

4种改良材料对城市绿地酸性土壤的改良效果

针对部分城市绿地土壤偏酸的问题,研究选用生石灰、磷矿粉、园林废弃物堆肥、生物炭4种改良材料,分别设置3个梯度(40、80、160 g·kg~(-1))的添加量,开展室内土培试验。通过监测土壤pH值、EC值、有效磷、速效钾、有机质的动态变化,研究4种改良材料对偏酸土壤的改良效果。结果表明,4种材料对酸性土壤的pH值均有显著的提升效果。在相同剂量下,提升效果依次为:生石灰磷矿粉园林废弃物堆肥生物炭,且改良效果均可以维持170 d以上。4种材料在改善土壤pH值的同时,还能有效提升土壤中有效磷的含量,其中生石灰提升效果最为显著。生物炭和园林废弃物堆肥能同时有效提升土壤速效钾和有机质的含量,高添加量的生石灰甚至会降低土壤速效钾和有机质的含量。     

内蒙古几个沙地土壤理化性状调查研究

本文对内蒙古科尔沁沙地、浑善达克沙地和库布齐沙漠土壤理化性质进行了调查研究。结果表明：在土壤0～60cm土层范围内,库布齐沙漠土壤容重平均为1．45g／cm^3,科尔沁沙地为1．50g／cm^3。科尔沁沙地各类土壤平均养分含量分别为：全氮0．042％,全磷0．018％,全钾2．706％,速效磷3．274mg／kg,速效钾35．190mg／kg,有机质9．095g／kg,pH值7．5;在库布齐沙漠：全氮0．014％,全磷0．035％,全钾1．808％,速效磷1．353mg／kg,速效钾67．360mg／kg,有机质平均含量为6．216g／kg,pH值为9;在浑善达克沙地：速效磷4．032mg／kg,速效钾67．247mg／kg,有机质含量为7．450g／kg,pH值为7．5。土壤微生物在沙地土壤养分循环过程中具有重要的作用,土壤真菌、放线菌、细菌平均数量在库布齐沙漠分别为：2．4×10^3个／g（土）、1．8×10^5个／g（土）和1．8×10^6个/g（土）;科尔沁沙地分别为：6．6×10^4个／g（土）、3．8×10^5个／g（土）、1．3×10^6个／g（土）。在土壤微生物群落结构中,细菌大约占73．5％-91．9％,放线菌约占7．8％-22．5％,真菌数量最小。土壤有机质含量是影响微生物数量的主要因子,二者间具有良好的线性相关关系。     

不同类型土壤对柑生长结果的影响

于2002年和2003年测定了湖南西部红砂土、红泥土和紫色土9年生枳砧柑园土壤物理性状、化学性状以及柑的生长结果情况.结果表明:3种土壤有机质含量不足,红砂土和红泥土速效氮、磷偏低,紫色土速效氮、磷含量不足;紫色土、红砂土速效钾适量,红泥土速效钾缺乏;紫色土有效钙、镁含量充足,红砂土与红泥土二者有效钙、镁缺乏;除红砂土和红泥土有效铁、有效锰含量充足外,其他所测微量元素缺乏,因而柑产量不高,果实达不到优质果标准;3种土壤类型中,红砂土整体营养水平较高、土质疏松,因而红砂土柑产量和品质都优于紫色土和红泥土.     

辽西地区不同人工林地土壤肥力变化研究

为研究辽西地区人工林对石灰性褐土土壤质量的定向改良作用,以油松×沙棘混交林、山杏纯林、油松纯林3种人工林地为研究对象,对在石灰性褐土上的人工林土壤肥力进行了分析。结果表明,油松沙棘混交林能够显著提高有机碳含量,比荒地高42.8%;油松沙棘混交林、油松纯林土壤碱解氮分别比荒地增加34.6%和33.6%,人工林对土壤全氮含量影响不显著;油松沙棘混交林的土壤速效磷和水溶性磷分别比荒地提高14.9%和128.57%;人工林增加了土壤速效钾含量;林木的改良土壤作用主要表现在土壤表层。     

不同土壤措施对山核桃林地土壤化学性质影响及干腐病的防治效果研究

为探究土壤措施对退化山核桃林地土壤化学性质及干腐病防治的影响，设置了酸性改良（T1）、养分调控（T2）、综合措施（T3）和加量综合措施（T4）等处理。测定不同土壤措施下山核桃林地土壤p H和主要养分含量，并调查统计了感病指数、发病率和病斑数等防治效果指标。结果表明：酸性改良处理提高了土壤p H和有效磷含量，养分调控措施对土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量的提升有明显效果。土壤措施可以有效提高山核桃抗干腐病能力，发病率、感病指数和病斑数分别下降了44%～64%、38.2～60.6、6.62～12.2，其中以酸性改良和养分调控结合综合的措施防治效果最佳。     

Managing forests for wood yield and carbon storage: a theoretical study

Which forest management regimes best achieve the dual objectives of high sustained timber yield and high carbon storage, including the carbon stored in soil and wood products? A mechanistic forest ecosystem simulator, which couples carbon, nitrogen and water (Edinburgh Forest Model), was calibrated to mimic the growth of a pine plantation in a Scottish climate. The model was then run to equilibrium (1) as an undisturbed forest, (2) removing 2.5, 10, 20 or 40% of the woody biomass each year (3) removing 50% of the woody biomass every 20 years, and (4) clear-felling and replanting every 60 years as in conventional plantations in this climate. More carbon was stored in the undisturbed forest (35.2 kg C m(-2)) than in any regime in which wood was harvested. Plantation management gave moderate carbon storage (14.3 kg C m(-2)) and timber yield (15.6 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1)). Notably, annual removal of 10 or 20% of woody biomass per year gave both a high timber yield (25 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1)) and high carbon storage (20 to 24 kg C m(-2)). The efficiency of the latter regimes could be attributed (in the model) to high light interception and net primary productivity, but less evapotranspiration and summer water stress than in the undisturbed forest, high litter input to the soil giving high soil carbon and N(2) fixation, low maintenance respiration and low N leaching owing to soil mineral pool depletion. We conclude that there is no simple inverse relationship between the amount of timber harvested from a forest and the amount of carbon stored. Management regimes that maintain a continuous canopy cover and mimic, to some extent, regular natural forest disturbance are likely to achieve the best combination of high wood yield and carbon storage.     

山核桃溃疡病与营养元素的关系

调查并分析了安徽省宁国市不同种植区山核桃溃疡病与土壤因子、树皮中营养元素等之间的关系,结果表明:山核桃林分中土壤条件与溃疡病的发生与发展的关系十分密切,其感病指数与土壤密度,树皮中P、Fe的含量呈正相关关系;与土层深度,土壤中N、P、K元素的含量和土壤中有机质的含量及树皮中N、K、M g的含量等呈负相关关系。     

山核桃幼林和黄花菜间作技术研究

通过对山核桃纯林、混交林（山核桃和楠竹）、林下间作（山核桃和黄花菜）等不同造林类型的调查和试验,筛选出山核桃幼林的最佳经营模式为山核桃×黄花菜,不仅能实现以短养长,而且具有较好的生态效益。根据黄花菜日产量变化图和趋势线,可以为制定采收和加工计划、合理安排人力物力等提供参考。     

Effects of Lime and Wood Ash on Soil-solution Chemistry,Soil Chemistry and Nutritional Status of a Pine Stand in Northern Germany

Lime and wood ash may be useful to improve acidic forest soils. A field experiment was conducted in a pine stand on a sandy podzol at Fuhrberg, Germany, which involved an application of dolomitic lime (3 t ha^-1) with three replications or wood ash (4.8 t ha^-1) without replications on the forest floor. During the 2 yr study period, lime affected the soil solution composition only slightly. Ash had a marked effect on solution chemistry of the mineral soil at 10 cm and the pH values dropped temporarily from 3.7 to 3.1. Nineteen months after the treatments, exchangeable calcium in the organic layer and mineral soil increased by 222 (lime addition) or 411 kg ha^-1 (ash addition) and exchangeable magnesium increased by 101 (lime addition) or 39 kg ha^-1 (ash addition). After ash addition, no marked change in heavy metal content was found below 4 cm of the organic layer. In the ash treatment, the potassium concentration of the 1-yr-old pine needles increased from 5.6 to 5.9 g kg^-1. This study suggests that ash from untreated wood may be recommended for amelioration of forest soils.     

毛竹笋用林覆盖对竹鞭生长及竹笋产量的影响

对林地覆盖条件下土壤温度及竹鞭和竹笋生长的变化进行了研究。结果表明:毛竹笋用林覆盖使土壤温度得到明显提高,其土深20、40和60cm处的土壤温度分别比未覆盖林地相应提高12.5、12.8和11.3℃,而各土层间温度差异不显著;覆盖和未覆盖的平均鞭芽数量分别为5.00万个/667m²和3.86万个/667m²;鞭芽的萌发率随鞭龄的增加而提高,1~2年生、3~4年生、5~6年生鞭的鞭芽萌发率分别为10.4%、51.4%和64.6%;覆盖后对毛竹笋用林大小年现象影响明显,出笋小年竹笋产量可达1000 kg/667m²以上,大小年春笋产量比为1:0.61~1:0.97。     

不同土壤条件下云南紫荆幼苗生长和光合特征比较

通过盆栽对比试验,对酸性土和石灰土上生长的云南紫荆(Cercis yunnanensis)幼苗的生长和光合特征进行研究。结果表明:经过一个生长季节后,石灰土上云南紫荆的生长比酸性土上好,具有较高的生长量和生物量积累。云南紫荆对石灰岩土壤适应能力较强,可作为石灰岩山地的造林树种进行推广。     

Effects of lime and ash treatments on ectomycorrhizal infection of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings planted in a pine forest

A pine forest in the south of Sweden was treated with lime and wood ash. In early June, 12 months after the ash treatment and 18 months after the lime treatment, one year old Pinus syhestris L. seedlings were planted. Four months later six différent ectomycorrhizal types had infected the seedlings in all the treatments. A mycorrhizal type designated “pink”; was more than twice as common in the lime treatments as in the control and ash treatments. Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjorts. was significantly more abundant in limed soil than in ash treated soil. The results were compared to those from a bioassy performed in the laboratory, where P. syhestris seedlings had been grown in soil from the same forest. Similar soil pH values in the two studies resulted in different relative infection rates of the mycorrhizal types found. One additional mycorrhizal type, designated “white”; was found in the field experiment. This suggests that mycelial connections to the mature host plants may significantly alter the ability of different fungi to colonize host plant roots in competition with each other compared to when the fungi infect from propagules in the soil.     

Predicting depth translocation of base cations after forest liming: results from long-term experiments

Forest liming is a common measure to counteract soil acidification. In forest practice, lime is applied to the forest floor where it changes the chemical properties. However, little is known about the depth impact of liming and the depth translocation of lime components. To investigate the long-term impact of forest liming, several study plots have been established in the 1980s in Germany in stands with different site conditions. We analysed soil chemical data obtained during the last 28?years from 45 of the study plots. We examined the depth impact of liming and predicted the main factors responsible for the increase in Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) stocks after liming in the mineral soil using multiple linear regression analyses (MLR). Stocks of Ca and Mg as well as base saturation (BS) showed a strong depth gradient with significant differences between limed and control plots down to 40?cm of the mineral soil. About 65–70?% of applied Ca and Mg were recovered in the forest floor and the upper 40?cm of the mineral soil. BS in 0–40?cm increased by a mean of 11?%. MLR models could explain 48–74?% of the variation in mean changes of Ca and Mg in 0–10, 10–20 and 20–40?cm soil depth when soil and climate variables, amount of applied lime and years after liming are included in the model. After testing the model robustness with a cross-validating procedure, we concluded that these models might be applied to many regions in Central Europe with comparable soil and climate conditions and thus, have widespread application.     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

Assessing forest soil CO(2) efflux: an in situ comparison of four techniques

A dynamic, closed-chamber infrared gas analysis (IRGA) system (DC-1: CIRAS-1, PP-Systems, Hitchin, U.K.) was compared with three other systems for measuring soil CO(2) efflux: the soda lime technique (SL), the eddy correlation technique (EC), and another dynamic, closed-chamber IRGA system (DC-2: LI-6250, Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE). Among the four systems, the DC-1 systematically gave the highest flux rates. Relative to DC-1, SL, EC and DC-2 underestimated fluxes by 10, 36 and 46%, respectively. These large and systematic differences highlight uncertainties in comparing fluxes from different sites obtained with different techniques. Although the three chamber methods gave different results, the results were well correlated. The SL technique underestimated soil CO(2) fluxes compared with the DC-1 system, but both methods agreed well when the SL data were corrected for the underestimation at higher fluxes, indicating that inter-site comparisons are possible if techniques are properly crosscalibrated. The EC was the only system that was not well correlated with DC-1. Under low light conditions, EC values were similar to DC-1 estimates, but under high light conditions the EC system seriously underestimated soil fluxes. This was probably because of interference by the photosynthetic activity of a moss layer. Although below-canopy EC fluxes are not necessarily well suited for measuring soil CO(2) efflux in natural forest ecosystems, they provide valuable information about understory gas exchange when used in tandem with soil chambers.