阿特拉津与农业环境

本文介绍了阿特拉津的发展历史，阐述了其性质、特征、应用范围以及在农业环境中的运动规律，并对阿特拉津的研究现状进行了综述。     

微生物降解阿特拉津的研究进展

除草剂阿特拉津长期使用所造成环境污染问题的日益加重,受污染土壤、水体的生物降解、生态修复等诸多问题也受到人们的广泛关注,本文综述了降解阿特拉津的微生物类群、阿特拉津降解酶以及微生物对阿特拉津的作用方式和降解途径,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

吸附反应时间对潮土中除草剂阿特拉津吸附行为的影响

A batch experiment was performed to investigate nonequilibrium adsorption behavior of atrazine （2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamlno-1,3,5-triazlne） on a fluvo-aquic soil. The amount of atrazine sorbed increased with increasing adsorption contact periods. For a range of initial atrazlne concentrations, the percentage of atrazine sorbed within 24 h ranged from 24% to 77% of the observed total amount sorbed for the longest contact period; when adsorption contact periods were more than 72 h, the deviations in curves fitted using a nonlinear Freundllch equation gradually became less. The opposite trend was observed for the atrazine concentrations in solution. The effect of adsorption contact periods on atrazine adsorption behavior was evaluated by interpreting the temporal variations in linear and nonlinear Freundlich equation parameters obtained from the phase-distribution relationships. As the adsorption contact period increased, the nonlinear Freundlich capacity coefficient kf showed a significant linear increase （r^2 = 0.9063, P 〈 0.001）. However, a significant negative linear correlation was observed for the nonlinear coefficient n, a dimensionless parameter （r^2 = 0.5666, P 〈 0.05）. Furthermore, the linear distribution coefficient kd ranged from 0.38 to 1.44 and exhibited a significant linear correlation to the adsorption contact period （r^2 = 0.72, P 〈 0.01）. The parameters kf and n obtained from a time-dependent isotherm rather than the distribution coefficient kd estimated using the linear Freundlich equation were more appropriate to predict the herbicide residue in the field and thus more meaningful for environmental assessment.     

鲫鱼对除草剂阿特拉津的生物富集效应研究

采用半静态水质接触染毒法,研究鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）肝脏、肾脏和肌肉对不同质量浓度（0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L^-1）阿特拉津的富集效应。结果表明,阿特拉津在鱼体中的富集速度较快;在试验所选浓度下,鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉均在染毒后19 d即对阿特拉津达到富集稳态,但各个器官对阿特拉津的富集能力都较低。阿特拉津在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的富集系数均随着染毒浓度的增加而变小,呈现显著的负相关关系;其在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的最大和最小富集系数分别出现在最低（0.1 mg·L^-1）和最高（10.0 mg·L^-1）浓度组,最大富集系数分别为：13.08、11.00和6.02,最小富集系数分别为：5.22、4.37和2.94。而且,当阿特拉津暴露浓度相同时,鲫鱼不同组织器官对阿特拉津的富集能力存在差异,表现为：肝脏〉肾脏〉肌肉。     

阿特拉津除草剂对土壤微生物生态特征的影响

采用实验室培养试验研究了阿特拉津除草剂对土壤微生物生态特征的影响。结果表明：阿特拉津除草剂10mg／kg浓度处理释放的CO2与对照无明显差异,根据危害系数法的分级方法,其属于无实际危害级农药;阿特拉津除草剂10mg／kg浓度处理在初始阶段,明显降低土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮,随培养时间推移土壤微生物生物量碳和生物量氮有所恢复,随后又有所下降,30d后土壤微生物生物量变化趋于平缓;阿特拉津除草剂对土壤微生物多样性产生一定影响．其影响随培养时间而异。在一定程度上反映出土壤微生物生态特征指标可作为除草剂污染土壤环境质量变异的参考指标。     

除草剂阿特拉津的环境毒理研究进展

叙述了阿特拉津的应用概况及其在生产实践中所存在问题；阿特拉津在生物体内和环境中的降解代谢过程。综述了近年来国内外在阿特拉津的残留分析方法、环境毒理学和微生物降解等方面的研究进展。     

阿特拉津在土柱中的淋溶规律研究

通过室内土柱淋溶试验,对阿特拉津在2种供试土壤中淋溶规律及其影响因子进行了研究.结果表明,淋溶速度由1.8 ml/min增至4.4 ml/min,阿特拉津的土壤残留量降低,淋出量分别增加10.8%(黑土),8.2%(草甸黑土);同时,增加土壤有机质含量,适当降低淋溶液中H+离子浓度,均有利于抑制土壤中阿特拉津的迁移与流...     

阿特拉津在土表的紫外光降解行为研究

本文研究了阿特拉津在土壤表面的紫外光光解的动力学,并研究了各种因素对光解的影响。实验表明,土壤粒度、湿度、pH值、有机质、腐殖酸和表面活性剂都影响阿特拉津在土壤中的降解。在紫外光辐射下,阿特拉津在土壤表面降解速率常数为(0.09~0.17)/min,光解深度为0.1~0.3mm,半衰期为4~8min。     

阿特拉津在土表的光解行为动力学研究

研究了阿特拉津在土壤表面的光解行为的动力学,并研究了各种因素对光解的影响。实验表明,土壤粒度、湿度、pH值、有机质、腐殖酸和表面活性剂都影响阿特拉津在土壤中的降解。在太阳光辐射下,阿特拉津在土壤表面降解速率常数为0. 08~0. 17d-1,光解深度为0. 3mm以内,半衰期为4~8d。     

土壤中不同浓度阿特拉津和丁草胺对小白菜生长及残留的影响

采用盆栽研究了3种典型土壤(潮土、黑土和红壤)中添加不同浓度的阿特拉津和丁草胺对小白菜生长以及其在土壤中残留的影响。结果表明,阿特拉津的生物效应及其在植株中的残留随土壤类型和浓度变化而变化,阿特拉津很容易从土壤转移至小白菜植物体内积累;未观察到丁草胺对小白菜植株生长的影响及其在植物体内的残留,适用于小白菜前茬或当茬作物杂草防除。     

不同土层土壤酶活性对重金属汞和镉胁迫的响应

通过室内模拟重金属污染土壤,研究了不同浓度Hg、Cd单一胁迫及Hg＋Cd复合胁迫对不同土层（0-20cm和20-40cm）土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同土壤酶对Hg和Cd胁迫的响应并不一致,Hg对土壤脲酶和转化酶的影响较大,Cd对过氧化氢酶的作用更显著。转化酶对Hg、Cd胁迫的响应因处理浓度不同而表现为抑制或激活作用。相关分析显示,脲酶活性可作为土壤Hg及Hg＋Cd污染程度的生化监测指标;而过氧化氢酶活性可以作为Cd污染的指标。同一重金属浓度胁迫下,0—20cm土层的土壤酶活性明显高于20～40cm土层的土壤酶活性。Hg、Cd胁迫对0～20cm土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的抑制作用小于20～40cm相应土壤酶活性,高浓度Hg和低浓度Cd对0—20cm土壤转化酶表现为抑制作用,而对20-40cm土壤转化酶却表现为激活作用。     

几种土壤酶活性对低分子量聚乙烯的响应

普通塑料地膜在自然条件下难以降解,环境可降解地膜则相对容易地降解形成大小不等的膜碎片样残留物,这一类低分子量残留物是否对环境造成危害,是当前急需证明的问题。研究低分子量聚乙烯(LMWPE)对土壤中几种关键酶活性的影响,对环境可降解地膜的推广使用具有重要意义。本研究利用不同分子量聚乙烯粉末,模拟可降解地膜降解后的聚乙烯组分,将不同分子量(2000、5000和10万以上)和不同累积量(1年量、10年量、50年量和100年量)的LMWPE粉末添加在土壤中,自然条件下盆栽种植蚕豆,研究土壤中三种关键酶对LMWPE处理的响应。结果显示,蚕豆苗期、开花初期、开花期、结荚鼓粒期和成熟期,LMWPE对土壤脲酶、过氧化物酶、碱性磷酸酶活性具有不同程度的激活作用,其中以添加LMW-PE分子量2000且累计量100年的处理(AS)对三种土壤酶的激活作用最为显著;随着LMWPE累计量增加,三种土壤酶活性增幅呈显著增加的趋势;LMWPE分子量处理对三种酶活性影响的差异大多未达显著水平;蚕豆根系的形成和生长对三种土壤酶活性具有显著影响。结果表明,在环境因素作用下可实现可降解地膜的无害化降解,低分子量聚乙烯可能具有改善土壤微环境的潜力。     

Corn Tolerance to Atrazine and Cadmium and Sunflower to Cadmium in Soil and Hydroponic Culture

Abstract

Hydroponic culture is often used for screening plant tolerance or remediation efficacy to environmental pollutants. Field experiments are usually avoided because of soil and groundwater contamination; thus pot experiments are the next step. In this study, the effect of various levels of atrazine in corn and cadmium (Cd) in corn and sunflower on physiological traits was comparatively investigated in hydroponic and soil culture. Also, Cd absorption and transfer factor to shoots were determined in soil. Atrazine affected corn growth at about 20% at the rates of 2 mg L^?1 and 20 mg kg^?1. In both species, Cd was largely stored in the root (75–88%), and the transfer factor was higher in corn than sunflower (0.59 vs. 0.37, at 20 mg kg^?1). Cadmium threshold of 20% reduction in shoot growth, leaf area, and chlorophyll in corn was observed at about 20, 40, and 80 mg kg^?1, respectively. The ratio of hydroponic–soil pollutant rate that similarly affected plant growth was about 1:10 and 1:5 for atrazine and Cd, respectively. The linear correlation coefficient between traits was also studied.     

土壤不同形态碳氮含量和酶活性对培养时间及外源碳投入的响应

在绿色农业科技的推动下,有机物料资源化利用备受青睐,但有机物料种类不同对土壤肥力的提升效果不同,为探究有机物料施用对潮土不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性的动态影响,通过为期1年的培养试验,设置添加10 g/kg的秸秆菌渣(S)、树枝菌渣(B)、小麦秸秆(W)、黑麦草秸秆(R)和蚕豆秸秆(BB),并以空白处理作为对照(CK)。结果表明:与CK相比,有机物料施用显著增加土壤不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性,随培养时间的延长,有机碳及全氮含量呈增加的趋势,增幅分别为25.4%～42.9%和35%～60%,易氧化有机碳和碱解氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,最大值分别为2.80,43.26 mg/kg,水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳氮和酶活性则呈下降的趋势,最大值分别为346 mg/kg,293μg/g和23.08μg/g。有机物料施用会增加土壤酶活性提高土壤呼吸速率,通过对3个取样期7种水解酶的分析发现,酶活性表现为:LAPPHOSNAGBGCBAGXYL,即参与氮循环酶活性参与磷循环酶活性参与碳循环酶活性,绿肥秸秆主要增加氮循环酶活性,且以BB处理酶活性最高,菌菇渣主要增加碳循环酶活性,B处理酶活性高于S处理。有机物料施用会影响土壤酶活性,增加不同形态碳氮含量,但增幅因有机物料种类不同而有所差异,且碳氮组分对培养时间的响应不一。总体而言,小麦秸秆和蚕豆秸秆腐殖化系数最高,对不同组分碳氮含量增加效果最优。     

Responses of Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Composition to Moisture Regimes in Paddy Soils Under Long-Term Fertilization Practices

The effects of fertilization on activity and composition of soil microbial community depend on nutrient and water availability;however,the combination of these factors on the response of microorganisms was seldom studied.This study investigated the responses of soil microbial community and enzyme activities to changes in moisture along a gradient of soil fertility formed within a long-term(24 years)field experiment.Soils(0–20 cm)were sampled from the plots under four fertilizer treatments:i)unfertilized control(CK),ii)organic manure(M),iii)nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers(NPK),and iv)NPK plus M(NPK+M).The soils were incubated at three moisture levels:constant submergence,five submerging-draining cycles(S-D cycles),and constant moisture content at 40%water-holding capacity(low moisture).Compared with CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon(SOC) by 30.1%–36.3%,total N by 27.3%–38.4%,available N by 35.9%–56.4%,available P by 61.4%–440.9%,and total P by 28.6%–102.9%.Soil fertility buffered the negative effects of moisture on enzyme activities and microbial community composition.Enzyme activities decreased in response to submergence and S-D cycles versus low moisture.Compared with low moisture,S-D cycles increased total phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)and actinomycete,fungal,and bacterial PLFAs.The increased level of PLFAs in the unfertilized soil after five S-D cycles was greater than that in the fertilized soil.Variations in soil microbial properties responding to moisture separated CK from the long-term fertilization treatments.The coefficients of variation of microbial properties were negatively correlated with SOC,total P,and available N.Soils with higher fertility maintained the original microbial properties more stable in response to changes in moisture compared to low-fertility soil.     

锌胁迫对菖蒲抗氧化酶活性和富集特性的影响

试验研究了不同Zn~(2+)浓度(0,100,200,500,1000 mg kg~(-1))对菖蒲的外部形态和体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化酶随土壤中Zn~(2+)浓度的变化以及菖蒲对土壤中Zn~(2+)富集效果。结果表明:(1)在处理浓度Zn~(2+)200 mg kg~(-1)时,三种酶的活性与对照值相比有明显的提高,植株未出现明显的外伤症状,叶片中叶绿素含量上升,未对菖蒲表现出明显的负面影响;(2)当Zn~(2+)200 mg kg~(-1)时三种酶的活性开始出现下降,下降程度与受污染的程度正相关,菖蒲出现明显外伤症状并加剧,叶片叶绿素含量不断下降,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸的含量不断上升,细胞质膜透性逐渐增加。(3)菖蒲体内Zn~(2+)含量的分布规律均为根(地下部分)茎、叶(地上部分),菖蒲各器官Zn~(2+)浓度随着处土壤浓度增加而升高。(4)四种土壤酶活性都随着Zn~(2+)浓度的增加而不断下降。菖蒲可用于轻度锌污染土壤修复。     

植被混凝土基材微生物活性对不同水泥含量的响应

以常用护坡草本生长下的植被混凝土基材作为研究对象,选择脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、微生物量碳、微生物量氮做为因子,对样地土壤生物活性指数(SBAI)做了综合计算,研究了不同水泥含量对植被混凝土基材生物活性的影响。结果表明,水泥的添加会降低基材生物活性,低水泥浓度样地土壤生物活性指数相对较高;相同水泥含量梯度下,对照样地比狗牙根样地、紫花苜蓿样地的土壤生物活性指数低。植物在一定程度上能够改善土壤生物的活性水平。     

Microbial and Enzyme Activities of Saline and Sodic Soils

Salinization and sodication are abiotic soil factors, important hazards to soil fertility and consequently affect the crop production. Soil salinization is of great concern for irrigated agriculture in arid and semi‐arid regions of the world; sodicity is characterized by an excessively high concentration of sodium (Na) in their cation exchange system. In recent times, attention has been turned to study the impacts of these factors (salinity and sodicity) on soil microbial activities. Microbial activities play central role in degradation and decomposition of soil organic matter, mineralization of nutrients and stabilization of soil aggregates. To understand the ecology of soil system, therefore, it is important to be conversant with the soil microbial activities, which show quick response to little change in the soil environment. Microbial activities (generally measured as C–N dynamics, soil respiration–basal respiration, or CO₂ emission), microbial abundance, microbial biomass, quotients (microbial and metabolic) and microbial community structure, and soil enzymes have been considered as potential indicators to assess the severity of the land degradation and the effectiveness of land use management. Therefore, it is important to synthesize the available information regarding microbial activities in use and management of salt‐affected soils. The reclamation and management of such soils and their physico‐chemical properties have been reviewed well in the literature. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the current knowledge about the effects of soil salinization and sodication on microbial and enzyme activities and identify research gaps for future research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Atrazine Residues in Electro-Ultrafiltration Soil Extracts by a Sensitive Enzyme Immunoassay

A sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) based on polyclonal antibodies from sheep was used to screen for atrazine in electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) soil extracts without clean-up. Matrix effects were circumvented by diluting the aqueous EUF extracts. The EUF proved to be a convenient method for the extraction of atrazine residues in soil. The efficiency of EUF appeared to be equivalent to that of organic extraction methods except on weathered residues, which generally resulted in lower yields. Both the combined gas chromatography/automated Soxhlet (GC/Soxtec) and the immunochemical technique EIA/EUF yielded similar data for the 26 soil samples identified as positive (> 0.02 mg/kg) during the first screening of 479 EUF extracts by the EIA.