施氮对甜瓜干物质积累、分配及产量和品质的影响

研究氮肥对甜瓜干物质积累、分配以及产量和品质的定量影响是实现露地甜瓜栽培氮肥优化管理的前提。试验以自育品种新蜜杂36号为材料,定量分析不同氮肥施用水平对甜瓜干物质、产量及品质的影响,结果表明,增施氮肥显著提高甜瓜干物质积累和氮素吸收,在P2O5140 kg/hm2、K2O 150 kg/hm2的基础上施N 225 kg/hm2,甜瓜产量和品质均为最高,各施氮处理氮肥利用率在11%~29%之间且氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而降低。     

不同施氮量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配、利用及产量的影响

通过田间膜下滴灌栽培,研究不同氮素水平对甜瓜养分吸收、 分配及产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥显著提高了甜瓜的氮、 磷、 钾的积累量,特别是显著提高了甜瓜后期氮、 磷、 钾的积累量。在施P2O5 140 kg/hm2、 K2O 150 kg/hm2 的基础上施N 225 kg/hm2,甜瓜的养分吸收量和产量均为最高,各施氮处理甜瓜氮肥利用率在11%~29%之间,且随施氮量的增加而降低。甜瓜对钾的吸收量最高,氮次之,磷最少,表明甜瓜是喜钾作物。     

氮肥运筹对双季晚稻产量和品质的影响

以皖稻111为材料,在施氮量为225 kg/hm2的条件下,研究不同时期氮肥施用比例对双季晚稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明:①依产量从大到小排序,前、后期氮肥施用比例依次为7∶3、6∶4、8∶2、9∶1、5∶5、10∶0、0∶0,以前期基蘖施氮量占总施氮量为70%时产量最高;②随着基蘖肥比例的降低、穗肥比例的增高,稻米加工品质提高,外观、营养品质有先升后降的趋势;前、后期氮肥施用比例为6∶4和7∶3,能较好地协调产量和品质。     

氮肥运筹对夏玉米产量、品质及植株养分含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对夏玉米产量、 品质及植株养分含量的影响。结果表明,在氮肥施用量较低时,玉米籽粒产量及粗蛋白、 粗淀粉和粗脂肪等营养品质指标随氮肥用量的增加而提高; 当氮肥用量达到一定数量之后,则不随氮肥用量的增大而增加,甚至有所降低。在氮肥施用量为 N 300 kg/hm2,基肥∶拔节肥∶大喇叭口期追肥比例为5∶0∶5（A2）时玉米籽粒产量最高为10902 kg/hm2,比不施肥（对照）增产140.5%,比相同施氮量条件下其他基追比处理增产4.6%~12.3%。随着施氮量增加玉米籽粒氮、 磷、 钾含量呈先增后减趋势; 增施氮肥能显著提高夏玉米籽粒粗蛋白含量,在相同施氮量条件下,玉米籽粒氮素和粗蛋白含量在A2运筹方式下最高,说明该氮肥运筹方式能改善玉米籽粒的品质。     

尿素配施添加剂NAM对三江平原白浆土氮素转化和玉米产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了尿素配施肥料添加剂NAM(由脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂等成分组成)对三江平原白浆土氮素转化、玉米产量以及氮肥利用率的影响,以期为肥料添加剂NAM的进一步推广应用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,与常规施氮处理相比,等氮量配施NAM处理使土壤NH4+-N在较长时间内维持较高的水平,并显著提高了作物后期的土壤总有效氮供应水平,从而使作物吸氮量增加了6.8%,增产3.1%;减氮20%配施NAM处理维持了土壤NH4+-N总体供应水平和作物后期的土壤总有效氮供应,从而使作物吸氮量及产量与常规施氮处理保持相当;减氮40%配施NAM处理由于过多降低了施氮水平,致使在作物生长前期土壤供氮量明显不足,进而降低了作物吸氮量及产量。尿素配施NAM较单施尿素提高氮肥利用率4.9～8.0个百分点。在等氮和适当减氮条件下,肥料添加剂NAM适用于三江平原白浆土-玉米体系,有利于农业可持续发展。     

氮肥用量对普通玉米产量和营养品质的影响

利用田间试验研究了施用氮肥对玉米黔兴2302产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥不仅显著提高了子粒产量,增产9.59%~23.14%,且不同程度上增加了蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪酸的含量;但不改变直链淀粉和支链淀粉的比值,对玉米口感无不良影响。在玉米子粒中,蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、亚麻酸含量比较稳定,主要受遗传基因的控制,难于因施肥而改变;其余营养成分,如清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、直链和支链淀粉、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量因施用氮肥而发生变化,它们的含量既受遗传基因的控制,也受施用氮肥的影响。综合考虑玉米的产量和品质,本试验条件下,黔兴2302玉米较为适宜的氮肥用量约为N 150 kg/hm2。     

施用氮肥对温州蜜柑产量和品质的影响

红壤丘岗坡地桔园,在施用有机肥和磷钾肥的基础上,施用不同量的氮肥后,土壤ｐＨ值随着施氮量的增加而下降,呈线性负相关。不同施氮量对柑桔产量的影响具有极显著的差异。施氮后,土壤速效氮,磷,钾和叶片氮,磷,钾含量与产量呈显著或极显著线性相关。     

NPK养分配比与NAM长效剂对旱砂田西瓜生长、品质和养分利用的影响

为了减轻旱砂田西瓜施肥强度、降低施肥成本、提高养分利用率及延长砂田的使用年限,本试验以普通单质肥料(尿素、普过磷酸钙、硫酸钾)为原料,加入NAM长效剂,研究了N-P2 O5-K2O分别为1-0.67-1.1、1-0.36-1.1、1-1-1.1、1-0.67-1.6和1-0.67-0.6的5种养分配比对旱砂田西瓜生长、产量、品质和养分利用的影响.结果表明,在氮、磷、钾等养分条件下,以CRF3(N:P2O5:K2O=1:1:1.1 +NAM)处理较优,其较常规施肥处理可显著提高西瓜叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率,西瓜增产34.04％,且显著提高了西瓜Vc含量,降低了糖分梯度和硝酸盐含量,提高了西瓜品质.加入NAM长效剂处理西瓜营养器官中的养分吸收量与常规施肥处理差异不显著,但果实中的养分吸收量却显著提高,CRF3较常规施肥处理西瓜氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高20.75％、5.42％和23.77％,为进一步开展控释肥研究和解决旱砂田施肥问题提供了科学依据.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield Quality and Nutrient Content in Broccoli

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) doses on yield, quality, and nutrient content in broccoli heads. Treatments consisted of 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg N ha^{? 1}. Nitrogen rates significantly increased yield, average weight of main and secondary heads, and the diameter in broccoli compared to control. The highest total yield (34631 kg ha^{? 1}) was obtained at 300 kg N ha^{? 1}. At harvest, the highest amount of the total N in broccoli heads was measured at 450 kg N ha^{? 1} application. Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) content increased with increases in nitrogen treatments but, phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), boron (B), and sodium (Na) contents were not influenced. Also, removed nutrients by broccoli head were highest at 300 kg ha^{? 1}N rate.     

糖醇螯合钙肥对马铃薯产量、品质及养分吸收的影响

采用恒温水浴加热的方法合成糖醇螯合钙(自制钙肥),与美国布兰特公司生产的糖醇螯合钙(市售钙肥)同时进行马铃薯大田喷施试验,研究糖醇钙对马铃薯产量、品质和钙素吸收、迁移转化的影响。研究结果表明:①与不施钙肥(喷施等量清水)相比,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理分别增产10.9%和12.1%,大薯率分别提高5.4%和3.7%,两种钙肥处理均降低了中、小薯率;自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理块茎硝态氮含量分别下降28.8%和31.6%,自制钙肥处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白的含量和氮素积累量分别增加7.2%和20.9%,市售糖醇钙处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白含量和氮素积累量均降低3.2%。②钙肥处理均提高了马铃薯各器官的钙素含量,在出苗后80 d,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙含量分别增加8.0%和9.0%,茎中钙含量分别增加10.1%和6.8%,叶片中钙含量分别增加1.8%和6.8%,块茎中钙含量分别增加26.7%和20.0%。③施用钙肥均提高了马铃薯各器官与全株的钙素累积量,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙素累积量均提高20.0%,茎中钙素积累量分别提升97.1%和55.7%,叶片中钙素积累量分别提升56.5%...     

不同控释氮肥减量施用对双季水稻产量和氮素利用的影响

研究不同控释氮肥在减氮量施用条件下早、晚稻产量效应、氮素吸收利用、土壤氮素养分特性和养分释放规律的差异,为南方双季稻区控释氮肥在水稻高产节肥栽培上的应用提供参考。采用静水溶解试验和田间小区试验研究了2种控释氮肥(树脂包膜尿素和硫包膜尿素)的养分释放特性和在常规尿素施氮量基础上节氮15%和30%对早、晚稻产量、产量构成因素、氮素养分吸收利用及土壤氮养分含量的影响。结果表明,2种控释氮肥的氮素累积释放曲线均为"S"形,但在培养期间硫包膜尿素氮素累积释放率均高于树脂包膜尿素。在田间条件下,与常规尿素处理相比,早稻减氮15%和30%施用硫包膜尿素和树脂包膜尿素均表现为增产,而晚稻施硫包膜尿素增产,施树脂包膜尿素减产。株高、每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重的增加是早、晚稻增产的主要原因。施用2种控释氮肥均能促进早、晚稻水稻植株氮素养分的吸收积累,施用相同种类控释氮肥早晚稻稻谷、稻草和植株氮养分积累量随施氮量提高而提高。减氮15%和30%施用2种控释氮肥有利于氮肥回收利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率的提高,在同一施氮水平下,硫包膜尿素的提高效果优于树脂包膜尿素。常规尿素处理、减15%氮的2种控释氮肥处理均能保持较高的土壤氮素水平,减30%氮的控释氮肥处理土壤氮素肥力较试验前有所降低。适当降低氮用量施用控释氮肥,能促进双季水稻增产、增加氮素利用效率、维持或提高土壤氮素肥力和可持续生产力,控释氮肥养分释放规律的差异是导致其作用效应不同的主要原因。     

施用氮肥对设施红地球葡萄氮素吸收及产量和品质的影响

为给祁连山沿山区设施红地球葡萄氮肥合理施用及产量品质提升提供技术指导。在4年生红地球葡萄大棚内,设置浅施(20 cm)和深施(40 cm)2个施肥深度,低氮(N 180 kg/hm2)、中氮(N 240 kg/hm2)和高氮(N 300 kg/hm2)3个氮素水平,研究氮肥施用对祁连山沿山冷凉区设施红地球葡萄产量、品质及氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,施用深度相同时,氮肥施用量从180 kg/hm2增加到240 kg/hm2,葡萄发育期叶片和叶柄氮含量显著增加;氮肥施用量从240 kg/hm2增加到300 kg/hm2,葡萄发育期叶片和叶柄氮含量变化不显著,但收获期0～100 cm土层硝态氮残留量明显增加。氮肥施用量相同时,随着施用深度的增加,葡萄发育期叶片和叶柄氮含量显著降低,收获期0～100 cm土层硝态氮残留量明显增加。综合考虑葡萄产量、品质、果实发育期叶片和叶柄氮含量,以及收获期0～100 cm土层硝态氮残留量,20 cm的施肥深度和240 kg/hm2的氮肥施用量为本试验条件下祁连山冷凉区设施红地球葡萄较为适宜的氮肥施用方式。     

滴灌施肥对玉米生长发育、养分吸收及产量的影响

分别于2009和2010年,通过田间小区试验进行了滴灌施肥对玉米生长发育、养分吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:2009年玉米干物质累积最快的时期是在播种后59~99 d,OPT处理(根据土壤测试值而确定的施肥量)的干物质积累速率的最大时刻t0比其它处理提前了5~6 d。处理间的N吸收量、P2O5吸收量和K2O吸收量都达到了显著差异水平;氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的利用率分别为45.69%、24.89%和40.11%。玉米各处理间的产量都达到了极显著差异水平,OPT-N(不施氮)、OPT-P(不施磷)、OPT-K(不施钾)和CK(不施肥)处理的产量分别相当于OPT处理的68.48%、89.49%、94.95%和63.85%;氮肥、磷肥和钾肥对玉米产量的贡献率分别是31.52%、10.51%和5.05%。2010年处理间的N吸收量、P2O5吸收量和K2O吸收量也都达到了显著差异水平;氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的利用率分别为45.46%、28.01%和46.96%。玉米各处理的产量间都达到了极显著差异水平,OPT-N、OPT-P和OPT-K处理的产量分别相当于OPT处理的69.03%、80.94%和84.99%;氮肥、磷肥和钾肥对玉米产量的贡献率分别是30.97%、19.06%和15.01%。综合产量和养分积累方面的研究结果,两年的试验都表明氮肥是玉米产量的主要限制因子,其次为磷肥和钾肥。     

NAM添加剂对水稻减氮施肥的影响效果研究

通过田间小区试验,研究NAM添加剂在水稻减氮施肥的情况下,对土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量、水稻产量以及氮肥利用率的影响,旨在验证利用NAM添加剂减少当地水稻施氮量的可行性。结果表明,施用NAM添加剂,在一定的时间内,使土壤NH4+-N保持较高的水平,延缓土壤NH4+-N向NO3--N的转化,减少氮素损失,从而保证总有效氮能够满足作物后期的生长需要。NAM添加剂能够有效地增加水稻产量,常规施肥不添加NAM处理的产量为9676.93 kg hm-2,与常规施肥添加NAM的处理差异显著,而与减氮20%添加NAM处理差异不显著。与常规施肥氮肥利用率33.94%相比,NAM添加剂能够将氮肥的利用率提高到40.58%,并且氮肥的利用率随着施氮量的减少而增加。研究试验表明,在欲节氮减肥的水稻生产中,NAM不失为一种理想的添加剂。     

Integrated Fertilizer Management: Influence on Soil Nitrogen,Available Phosphorus,Potassium, Nutrient Uptake and Maize Yield

A field experiment was conducted on an Alfisol (kandic paleustalf) in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, for two seasons to assess the influence of inorganic and organic fertilizers on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nutrient uptake and maize yield. The treatments consisted of three rates of organic fertilizer 0, 5 and 10 t ha^?1 in the form of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer (20:10:10) applied at 0 and 120 kg ha^?1. Maize (Zea mays) was used as the test crop. The results showed that the combined application of 10 t ha^?1 poultry manure and 120 kg ha^?1 NPK fertilizer enhanced the uptake of N, P and K better than other treatment combinations. Application of 10 t ha^?1 poultry manure alone gave the highest grain yield, which was 67.02% higher than the control in the first season. Complementary application of 5 t ha^?1 poultry manure with 120 kg ha^?1 NPK 20–10-10 was recommended for grain yield.     

Contribution of Biofertilizers and Fertilizer Nitrogen to Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Egyptian Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT

Nutrient uptake and grain and straw yield of Egyptian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Merr.) were evaluated for two site-years after the seed inoculation with two biofertilizer products, Phosphorien, containing the phosphorus (P)-solubilizing bacteria Bacillus megatherium, and Nitrobien, containing a combination of nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum liposerum. Ammonium nitrate and polymer-coated urea fertilizers were applied to plots alone and together with the biofertilizers at rates of either 83 kg N ha^?1 or 186 kg N ha^?1 for comparison. The highest grain yield (5.76–6.74 Mg ha^?1) and straw yield (11.49–13.32 Mg ha^?1) occurred at the highest fertilizer rates with N fertilizer. There was a slight additional increase in grain and straw yields when a biofertilizer was applied along with N fertilizer. A slightly higher grain and straw yield was measured with the polymer-coated urea treatment than with the ammonium nitrate treatment. The biofertilizer materials were not as effective as N fertilizers in producing grain (4.02–4.09 Mg ha^?1) or straw (7.71–8.11 Mg ha^?1) for either year, although the Nitrobien + Phosphorien combination increased these parameters over the N-fertilizer control. The effect of the Nitrobien biofertilizer in increasing grain yields was equivalent to a urea application rate of about 13 kg N ha^?1. Biofertilizer inoculations increased iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations in wheat tissue (at boot stage), but these higher levels did not influence grain or straw yield.     

镁肥对小白菜产量、矿质元素吸收及土壤肥力的影响

中国南方红壤区菜地普遍存在缺镁现象,蔬菜生产上适量添施镁肥具有重要的现实意义。目前有关蔬菜施用镁肥的效应研究报道尚不多,尤其是我国南方红壤区菜地的相关研究则更少。采用田间小区试验方法,在农户常规施用化肥的基础上,对红壤菜地添施不同剂量的镁肥,研究施镁对蔬菜产量、营养元素吸收及菜地土壤基本肥力状况的影响规律。结果表明:在常规化肥施用的基础上,适量地添施镁肥(施硫酸镁112.5~450.0 kg hm~(-2)),小白菜增产幅度为12.4%~20.4%,氮、磷、钾及镁等营养元素的吸收量分别提高27.7%~42.5%、30.1%~84.9%、38.0%~80.3%和53.2%~131.9%,蔬菜收获后土壤全镁和交换性镁含量分别提高15.8%~68.4%和29.0%~119.0%。小白菜产量与施镁肥量可用一元二次方程y=-0.53x2+60.61x+9093(R2=0.961**)较好地线性拟合,由该方程可以得出,当施硫酸镁量为381.2 kg hm~(-2)时,小白菜可获得最高产量,即10825.8 kg hm~(-2)。     

Effect of Vermicompost and Chemical Fertilizer on Growth,Herb, Oil Yield,Nutrient Uptake,Soil Fertility,and Oil Quality of Rosemary

Essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) possesses good olfactory properties and is suitable for use in perfumes, soaps, and fragrances. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2003?2005) in an area experiencing a semi-arid tropical climate to study the influence of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on growth, herb, oil yield, nutrient uptake, soil fertility, and oil quality of rosemary. Results from the experiment revealed that among the seven treatments, the application of vermicompost (8 t ha^?1) + fertilizer nitrogen (N)?phosphorus (P)??potassium (K) (150:25:25 kg ha^?1) produced optimum herbage and oil yield of rosemary compared with control (no fertilizer) and was found to be on par with application of fertilizer NPK 300:50:50 kg ha^?1. Content and quality of oil were not influenced by vermicompost and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, it was noticed that available N and P were greater in postharvest soils that received vermicompost alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers than control (no fertilizer) and inorganic fertilizer?treated soil. This study indicates that combined application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer helps to increase crop productivity and sustain the soil fertility.