重庆市绿地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

选取重庆市主城区公园绿地、住宅绿地、道路绿地三种典型绿地利用类型,测定了绿地土壤中8种重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr、As和Hg)的含量,利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法分析了不同绿地土壤重金属污染特征和程度,并对绿地土壤重金属进行了健康风险评价。总体来讲,研究区绿地土壤中Hg、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量高于重庆市土壤背景值,是背景值的1.2~1.3倍,其余重金属平均含量均低于背景值,且绿地土壤重金属主要受人为因素影响。不同类型城市绿地土壤重金属污染特征差异明显,Cd和Pb在研究区3种类型城市绿地土壤中均出现了富集现象,以道路绿地的富集最为严重,且三种类型绿地土壤属于轻度污染。研究区绿地土壤存在As和Cr的致癌风险,暴露途径以经口直接摄入为主,虽暂未对人体产生非致癌性危害,仍要加强防范。     

银川市城市绿地土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为掌握银川市城市绿地土壤重金属的空间分布特征及其生态风险状况,分析测定了Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Hg,Cd和Pb含量,利用单因子、内梅罗污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对不同绿地土壤重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:银川市绿地土壤中除Cr外,其他7种重金属元素的平均含量均超过了银川市土壤背景值,其中Hg,Cd,Pb超标严重,重金属在道路绿地和生产绿地中富集现象最明显。绿地土壤各重金属元素的空间分布特征较为一致,高值区主要集中在中部、东部以及东北部,主要受工业生产、交通、商业、养殖场等人类活动的影响。污染评价表明,Hg属于中度污染,其他重金属元素均属于轻微污染或警戒水平,5种绿地类型土壤重金属均属于轻度污染。研究区5种绿地土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险指数大小排序为:道路绿地生产绿地公园绿地居住绿地防护绿地,其中道路绿地、生产绿地和公园绿地均处于中等生态风险,居住绿地和防护绿地处于轻微生态风险。8种重金属元素单项潜在生态风险指数(E■)平均值大小顺序为:HgCdAsPbCuNiCrZn,Hg为强生态风险级别。银川市绿地土壤总体处于中等生态风险,Hg是最主要的生态风险元素,应引起重视。     

典型喀斯特地区土壤重金属累积特征及环境风险评价

基于225个样点分析了贵州省不同地区(自然背景区、农业种植区和矿区)表层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的含量、分布及累积特征,采用地积累指数(I_(geo))对土壤重金属污染水平进行评价,并根据潜在生态风险指数(RI)及人体健康风险评估模型评估了不同分区土壤重金属暴露的生态风险和人体健康风险水平。结果表明:贵州省不同分区表层土壤中重金属含量差异较大,与贵州省土壤背景值相比,农业种植区土壤Hg、Zn、Cd和As累积特征明显;矿区土壤Hg、Zn、Cd、Pb和As累积特征较显著,平均含量分别是贵州省土壤背景值的52.55、23.22、16.32、14.48倍和4.85倍。I_(geo)值显示自然背景区土壤重金属处于无污染水平,而农业种植区各重金属主要处于无污染或无-中污染水平,矿区污染程度较突出,重金属Hg、Zn、Cd、Pb达到中污染水平,特别是在黔西北和铜仁等矿产资源分布区。综合生态风险评价结果表明,矿区土壤中重金属生态风险水平远高于农业种植区和自然背景区,矿产资源集中分布区土壤重金属生态风险较高,部分样点达到高生态风险水平。单一重金属潜在生态风险评价结果显示,农业种植区和矿区土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb和As为主要风险因子,Cr和Cu处于低风险状态。人体健康风险评估结果显示,矿区的人体健康风险高于农业种植区,农业种植区和矿区土壤对成人的非致癌风险在可接受范围内,但致癌风险不可忽视,对儿童的非致癌风险与致癌风险均高于成人。     

深圳市主要公园及道路绿地土壤重金属含量状况比较研究

对深圳城市主要公园和道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量状况进行取样调查分析。研究结果表明,绿地土壤重金属含量与土地利用类型有关,表现为道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量高于公园绿地土壤,而Cd平均含量则相反。采用不同土壤重金属污染评价方法对深圳城市绿地土壤进行的环境质量评价均表明深圳城市绿地土壤Cd污染现象显著。在考察的四种重金属元素中,Zn含量与土壤有机质、pH有关,其中pH对Zn含量的影响相对较大;土壤Cu与Pb、Zn呈直线相关,表现出相互依存的关系。     

大同市城区公园表层土壤重金属污染特征和健康风险及来源解析

【目的】为了解大同市城区公园表层土壤中重金属污染特征、健康风险和污染来源。【方法】于2021年4月在大同市7个公园共采集54个0～10 cm表层土壤样品,测定铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）含量,利用地累积污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型评价土壤重金属污染程度,并采用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型解析重金属污染来源及其贡献率。【结果】大同市公园表层土壤中9种重金属含量均高于山西省A层土壤背景值。其中,所调查的公园土壤中As、Cd和Pb含量分别是土壤背景值的2.27、18.93和2.77倍。文瀛湖公园表层土壤重金属污染最严重,其次是御河公园,Cd是主要污染因子。Mn对成人和儿童造成的非致癌健康风险最大,其次是As和Cr;经呼吸吸入途径造成的非致癌健康风险高于经口摄入途径和皮肤接触途径。【结论】大同市各公园表层土壤中重金属对成人造成的非致癌健康风险指数均在可接受范围内,而对儿童造成的非致癌健康风险指数均远大于1.0,存在非致癌风险。Co对成人和儿童造成的致癌健康风险指数均大于1×10-4,存在致癌风险。...     

西安市不同功能区土壤重金属含量及生态健康风险评价

在西安市三环内采集62个表层土壤样品,涵盖了工业区、交通区、商业交通混合区、住宅区、文教区和公园。利用PW2403型X-Ray荧光光谱仪分析了土壤中As、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量。采用修正的潜在生态风险指数评价了土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险。应用美国环境保护部(US EPA)健康风险评价模型评估了人群暴露土壤重金属的健康风险。结果表明,土壤中As、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为12.15、24.96、69.74、32.52、662.59、30.67、37.11和101.73 mg kg~(-1),高于陕西省土壤元素背景值,特别是Co、Pb、Cu和Zn。土壤中Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn和Mn的生态风险较轻,As和Co生态风险为中等水平。重金属总的生态风险属于中等水平,不同功能区土壤重金属的生态风险有一定差异。人群暴露土壤重金属的主要途径是手-口直接摄入和皮肤吸收,且儿童的暴露剂量高于成人。儿童和成人暴露土壤重金属均不会产生明显非致癌风险。人群暴露土壤中As、Cr和Ni的致癌风险在人们可接受的范围10~(-6)~10~(-4),但高于下限值10-6。不同功能区人群暴露土壤重金属非致癌风险和致癌风险存在一定的差异。     

长春市城区土壤重金属健康风险评价

为评价长春市城区表层土壤重金属人体健康风险,采集了352件表层土壤样品,测定了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Hg和Cd含量。统计分析、环境背景值法和地质累积指数法分析表明所监测的7种重金属元素均为健康风险因子。采用《污染场地风险评估技术导则》推荐健康风险模型对表层土壤进行了健康风险评价,结果表明:除Cd外,各元素经口摄入暴露是人体城市表层土壤重金属暴露的最主要途径,Cd主要通过吸入和经口摄入两种方式暴露;从各元素的总非致癌危害指数(HIn)来看,As的非致癌健康风险最高,其次依次为Cr、Pb、Cu、Hg、Cd和Zn;叠加后的总非致癌风险指数平均值为1.13,表明研究区表层土壤金属污染已对城市居民构成了潜在健康风险,As对总风险的贡献最大。叠加后的总致癌风险指数(CRT)平均值为6.25×10-5,处于安全值范围内,不会对当地居民的健康构成较大风险,但应加强防范,As污染是主要风险因子。     

喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

[目的]对喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险进行评价,为景区资源科学管理和保护提供参考依据。[方法]以喀纳斯景区为研究区,测定土壤样品As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr,和Cu含量,通过污染负荷指数对喀纳斯景区重金属污染情况进行全面评价,采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属进行潜在生态风险评价,并运用相关分析与主成分分析法对土壤重金属来源与污染程度进行深入分析。[结果](1)研究区表层土壤As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr和Cu平均含量分别为6.48,16.60,0.10,0.08,84.71,2.47,32.23mg/kg,其中As,Pb,Hg和Cd高于新疆土壤背景值,Zn,Cr和Cu低于新疆土壤背景值。(2)人类活动扰动强由强至弱4个样地,7种重金属含量不同,且同一重金属在4个样地间具有一定差异性。(3)人类活动扰动强样地、人类活动扰动较强样地和人类活动扰动轻微样地3个样地中Hg为重度污染(PLI值分别为5.70,4.36,4.64),Zn,Cr,Cu为轻度污染。全部金属RI均小于150,研究区仅存在轻微生态危害,但研究区Hg污染需关注。(4)7种重金属间大多存在关系,Pb与Hg,Cd和Zn呈显著相关(p≤0.01)。Cd和Hg来源相同可能性较大,As,Zn和Cu来源可能一致。[结论]喀纳斯景区受旅游活动干扰土壤中重金属有不同程度的积累,土壤重金属污染愈加严重。     

西安市地表灰尘中重金属污染水平与健康风险评价

在西安市三环内采集58个地表灰尘样品,分析了其中重金属含量,利用单因子污染指数法和污染负荷指数法对西安市地表灰尘中重金属污染进行了评价,应用美国环境保护部(US EPA)人体暴露风险评价模型对人群暴露地表灰尘中重金属的健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,地表灰尘中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、As、Co和Mn的平均含量分别为231.0、145.4、59.4、213.0、48.7、9.8、12.6和417.0 mg kg~(-1),其中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni的含量是陕西省土壤元素背景值的1.7~6.8倍。地表灰尘中Zn、Cr和Pb达到了重度污染,Cu处于中度污染,Ni、Co、As和Mn为轻度或无污染。人群暴露地表灰尘中重金属的主要途径是手-口直接摄入,且儿童大于成人。西安市及其不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属的非致癌风险均低于风险阈值,8种重金属不存在明显非致癌危害。Cr、Co、As和Ni的致癌风险在可接受范围内。     

长沙市韶山路沿线不同绿地土壤重金属含量及其潜在生态风险

调查和分析了长沙市韶山路沿线4种绿地类型0-20 cm土壤层重金属Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni的含量及其来源,并以湖南省土壤背景值和全国土壤平均值为评价标准评价其污染程度和潜在的生态风险。结果表明,公共绿地、居住绿地和道路交通绿地土壤重金属含量普遍较高,而生产绿地的含量普遍较低,不同绿地类型土壤重金属含量空间分布差异较大。公共绿地、居住绿地和道路交通绿地中,有机质是绿地土壤重金属的主要载体,Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn来源相同的可能性较大,公共绿地和道路交通绿地中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn可能主要来源于交通活动产生的污染源,居住绿地中可能来源于生活垃圾污染源。4种绿地土壤重金属综合污染指数由高至低的排序为:道路交通绿地居住绿地公共绿地生产绿地,均处于轻度污染或警戒水平,Cd污染最为严重,Pb、Cu污染为其次,Mn、Zn、Ni污染较小。公共绿地、道路交通绿地Cd和Pb污染较重,居住绿地Cd和Cu污染较重。4种绿地土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数大小排序为:居住绿地道路交通绿地公共绿地生产绿地,均处于轻微生态危害程度,Cd的生态风险最大,Pb、Cu为其次,Zn、Mn最小。     

太行山低山丘陵区不同植物群落物种多样性研究

 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.     

Effects of Lanthanum on the Change of Calcium Level in the Root Cells of Rice

Rare-earth elements (REEs) have been widely used in agriculture for the growth of crops in China since the 1980s. As a secondary messenger, calcium ion (Ca²⁺) participates in physiological and biochemical reactions in plants via cellular or intercellular signal transduction networks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trivalent lanthanum (La³⁺) on the change of Ca²⁺ in the root cells of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Shengdao 16) with laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The results indicated that Ca²⁺ level in the root cells was affected by the concentrations of La³⁺. The level of Ca²⁺ slightly decreased in the root of rice treated with 0.2 mmol L^–1 La³⁺, and Ca²⁺ oscillation was induced in the root of rice treated with 1.0 mmol L^–1 La³⁺. However, Ca²⁺ level increased in the root of rice treated with 2.0 mmol L^–1 La³⁺. In addition, the results indicated that Ca²⁺ level in the rice roots slightly decreased after Ca²⁺ inhibitors verapamil (VP), ruthenium red (RR), trifluperazine (TFP), and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) were added. Moreover, the effects of 2.0 mmol L^–1 La³⁺ on Ca²⁺ level in the root cells of rice were investigated after Ca²⁺ was inhibited with VP, TFP, RR, and EGTA. Inhibited with VP, TFP, RR, and EGTA, Ca²⁺ level slightly decreased or was not affected in the rice roots treated with 2.0 mmol L^–1 La³⁺. The results showed that La³⁺ participated in the signal transduction networks via calmodulin (CaM) and that La³⁺ might enter into the root cells via the membrane and intracellular Ca²⁺ channels.     

高磷对矿山生态型水蓼磷富集特性的影响

采用土培试验,以磷富集植物矿山生态型水蓼为研究对象,研究了高磷条件下（P 800 mg/kg）矿山生态型水蓼4周、 8周、 12周的磷富集特性,为利用矿山生态型水蓼提取土壤或水体中过量的磷, 防治磷的非点源污染提供理论依据。结果表明, 1）高磷处理下,矿山生态型水蓼根干重在4周、 8周、 12周时分别为不施磷处理的4.50、 8.12、 3.17倍;茎干重分别为不施磷处理的6.83、 11.47、 15.14倍;叶干重分别为不施磷处理的5.77、 10.49、 7.11倍。矿山生态型水蓼生物量在12周达到最大,增加幅度明显高于非矿山生态型。2）高磷处理下,矿山生态型水蓼各器官磷含量明显高于不施磷处理,且随着生长期延长逐渐降低。矿山生态型水蓼磷富集系数均大于1,且在高磷处理下高于非矿山生态型。各生长期下,矿山生态型磷迁移率均大于50%,且在高磷处理下分别为不施磷处理的1.21、 1.21、 1.20倍。矿山生态型水蓼地下部与地上部磷积累量在12周时,分别达到 9.76、 105.12 mg/plant, DW,为非矿山生态型的2.29、 3.29倍。 3）矿山生态型水蓼根系酸性磷酸酶活性在8周时达到峰值,在4周和8周时表现为高磷处理大于不施磷处理且显著高于非矿山生态型（P0.05）。而植酸酶活性随生长期延长逐渐降低,在12周时表现为高磷处理大于不施磷处理且高于非矿山生态型。表明在高磷处理下,矿山生态型水蓼对磷具有较强的吸收和积累能力,是一种理想稳定的磷富集材料。     

pH对磷钾铝石形成的影响

Effects of column temperature and flow rate on separation of organic acids were studied by determining nine low-molecular-weight organic acids on reversed-phase C18 column using high performace liquid chromatography(HPLC) with a wavelength of UV(ultraviolet)214 nm and a mobile phase of 18 mmol L^-1 KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH2.1).The thermal stabiltiy of organic acids was determined by comparing the recoveries of organic acids in different temperature treatments.The relationships between column temperature,flow rate or solvent pH and retention time were analyzed.At low solvent pH,separatioin efficiency of organic acids was increased by raising the flow rate of the solvent because of lowering the retention time or organic acids.High column temperature was unfavorable for the separation of organic acids.The separating effect can be enhanced through reducing column temperature in organic acid determination due to increasing retention time.High thermal stability of organic acids with low concentrations was observed at temperature of 40℃-45℃,Sensitivity and separation effect of organic acid determination by HPLC were clearly improved by a combination of raising flow rate and lowering column temperature at low solvent pH.     

Effect of rate of nitrapyrin and source of N on soil pH and response of burley tobacco

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on Maury silt loam soil (Typic Paleudalf) during 2 years to determine the effects of rate of nitrapyrin and source of N fertilizer on soil pH and response of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.cv.^xKy‐14'). All sources of N were applied at the rate of 280 kg N ha^‐1. The information was needed to increase the efficiency of N fertilizer use and improve the growth and safety of tobacco.

Results indicated that application of a NO₃ ^‐source of N fertilizer or low rates of nitrapyrin (0.56 to 2.24 kg ha^‐1) decreased surface soil acidification and the concentration of plant Mn, while plant dry weight early in the growing season was increased. The early growth benefits noted for .nitrapyrin did not lead to increased cured leaf yields or value. Cured leaf yield and value were highest in plots receiving Ca(NO₃)₂, followed by KH₄NO₃, then urea.

Concentration of protein N, total alkaloids, and total volatile nitrogenous bases of cured leaves increased and NO₃ ^‐‐N decreased as rate of nitrapyrin increased. Total N concentration of cured leaf, however, was not significantly affected by nitrapyrin application, indicating that the proportion of absorbed N as NH₄ ⁺increased as nitrapyrin rate increased.     

Effects of Forms and Rates of Zinc Fertilizers on Cadmium Concentrations in Two Cultivars of Maize

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three soluble zinc (Zn) fertilizers on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in two genotypes of maize (Zea mays): Jidan 209 and Changdan 374. Zinc fertilizers were added to soil at four levels: 0, 80, 160, and 240 mg kg^?1 soil as nitrate [Zn(NO₃)₂], chloride (ZnCl₂), and sulfate (ZnSO₄). Cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂] was added to all the treatments at a uniform rate equivalent to 10 mg kg^?1 soil. The biomass of maize plants was increased with the application of three zinc fertilizers, of which Zn(NO₃)₂ yielded more than others. Under ZnCl₂ treatment, plant growth was promoted at the lower level and depressed at the higher one. All the three fertilizers decreased Cd concentration in shoots in comparison with treatments without Zn, but there were variations with different forms, especially in plants treated with Zn(NO₃)₂, which had the minimal value. The orders of average Cd concentration in shoots with different zinc fertilizers were ZnSO₄>ZnCl₂>Zn(NO₃)₂ for Jidan 209 and ZnCl₂>ZnSO₄>Zn(NO₃)₂ for Changdan 374, respectively (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between ZnSO₄ and ZnCl₂ treatments. The lowest Cd concentration in shoots was found in the 80‐mg‐kg^?1 soil or 160‐mg‐kg^?1 soil treatment. Cadmium concentration in roots in the presence of ZnCl₂ was the lowest and under ZnSO₄ the highest. The mechanism involved needs to be studied to elucidate the characteristics of complexation of Cl^? and SO₄ ^2? with Cd in plants and their influence on transfer from roots to shoots.     

Degradation dynamics of surface earthworm casts in grasslands of the eastern plains of Colombia

 Earthworms are generally considered to fit the definition of ecosystem engineers. The casts they produce are recognised to have a great importance in the regulation of soil processes. Lifetimes and degradation rates of these structures remain poorly known. In this study, the dynamics of disappearance and the changes in the physical properties of the surface casts of the anecic earthworm Martiodrilus carimaguensis were assessed in a native savanna and an intensive pasture. In both systems, casts were composed of superposed layers deposited by earthworms over a period of at least a few days. The half-life of casts ranged between 2 months and 11 months in the pastures (trampled and protected, respectively), and 5 months in the savanna. Some dry casts remained at the soil surface for more than 1 year after having been excreted. The disappearance of casts was mostly attributed to rain-drop impact and the effect of animal trampling. The bulk density of fresh casts was higher (+17%, P<0.05) or equivalent (–1%, P>0.05) to that of the surrounding soil, in the savanna and the pasture, respectively. Fresh cast aggregates were of larger size than bulk soil aggregates (about +70% in both systems, P<0.05). Bulk density and the size of cast aggregates decreased with cast ageing (from –29% to –24% for bulk density, and from –68% to –80% for size, in the pasture and the savanna, respectively). Macroinvertebrates were observed digging into casts, and were assumed to be partly responsible for the physical degradation of casts with time. Received: 12 November 1999     

辽东山溪河岸林群落特征对降雨再分配及其养分特征的影响

为明确不同物种组成和群落结构的河岸林对降雨再分配及其养分特征的影响,于2014年5—10月对辽东山地典型河岸林群落(落叶松林、蒙古栎林和槭树林)大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流过程及其水质特征进行研究。结果表明:落叶松林、蒙古栎林和槭树林穿透雨量分别占大气降雨量的81.9%,77.9%,73.1%,树干茎流量分别占大气降雨量的1.2%,4.4%,4.3%。与大气降雨相比,穿透雨和树干茎流中铵态氮、氯离子、硝态氮和总磷的浓度较高,不同林型铵态氮、氯离子、硝态氮和总磷的浓度和输入量差异显著。不同物种组成和群落结构的河岸林通过树木的形态特征及群落的结构特征对降雨进行再分配,通过林冠表层的物理特征、化学特征和生理特性等改变降雨理化性质,加之雨量、雨强的影响共同作用使铵态氮、氯离子、硝态氮和总磷的浓度和输入量发生改变。     

不同供氮水平对广藿香产量与品质的影响

为探讨不同供氮水平对广藿香产量和品质的影响,采用砂培试验,研究了广藿香在3、 6、 12、 18、 24 mmol/L 5种不同氮水平下（用N1、 N2、 N3、 N4、 N5表示）氮营养、 生长性状、 产量、 挥发油含量和品质的变化。结果表明,随着供氮水平的提高,广藿香生长性状参数、 氮营养、 植株鲜（干）重量、 挥发油含量增加,茎和叶的油分含量下降。在广藿香的茎挥发油中,N1和N2处理的12种成分含量均显著高于N4与N5。-广藿香烯、 -愈创木烯、 苦橙油醇、 -愈创木烯、 反式-丁香烯、 广藿香醇、 广藿香酮含量以N1处理最高。刺蕊草烯、 -广藿香烯、 -愈创木烯、 -榄香烯、 异石竹烯含量在N2处理最高。在广藿香叶挥发油所测定的成分中,除了-广藿香烯外, N1和N2 处理的其他成分含量均显著高于N4与N5。-广藿香烯、 -愈创木烯、 -愈创木烯、 -荜澄茄烯、 异石竹烯、 -愈创木烯、 反式-丁香烯、 广藿香醇、 广藿香酮含量在N1处理最高。刺蕊草烯、 -广藿香烯、 -榄香烯含量以N2处理最高。广藿香茎和叶挥发油所测定的12种有效成分N1与N2及N4与N5处理之间无显著差异。总之提高氮水平有利于增加挥发油含量,但油分含量降低。