信息素迷向法规模化防治梨小食心虫

梨小食心虫是梨树和桃树上一种重要的蛀食性害虫,为了推动果园害虫的无公害防治,2010年在山东省莱阳市的桃园和梨园应用信息素散发器对梨小食心虫进行了迷向防治研究。在应用信息素散发器的桃园与梨园中,梨小食心虫发生数量明显低于对照园,使用密度增加,梨小食心虫的发生数量降低,迷向率增加。每公顷施用信息素散发器450、900、1350根的桃园,对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为67.80%、80.14%、89.29%,而梨园中对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为84.17%、93.41%、98.17%。桃园与梨园施用信息素散发器后,梨小食心虫的蛀果率明显低于对照园,桃园与梨园对梨小食心虫的防治效果分别在40.34%～73.57%和54.24%～92.38%之间。研究表明,梨园中信息素散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果高于桃园。     

Geostatistical characterization of fruit damage caused by Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in organic fruit orchards and implications for its management

The peach twig borer Anarsia lineatella is the most common pest threat of peaches worldwide. This work studies for the first time, the fruit damage patterns inside organic peach orchards using geostatistical methods. A linear semivariogram model provides the best fit among candidates’ linear and non-linear models based on the RSS and r². Moreover, the shape of the linear model approaches the pure nugget effect model, with a very low correlation between samples regardless of the distance of separation. This suggests either that the caused damage is to a high degree randomly or uniformly distributed, or, that autocorrelation may be present in distance lower than the measured distance of the study orchards. The linear model has been used for Kriging interpolation to simulate the spatial distribution of fruit damage and to indicate hot spots of high pest activity. According to the linear interpolation model, the simulated percentage of damage ranged from 12% to 28% during an observation period of three years. Moreover, slight border effects were observed during the first two years of observation suggesting possible entry of individuals from nearby orchards.     

Inoculum availability and seasonal survival of Potebniamyces pyri in pear orchards

Potebniamyces pyri (anamorph Phacidiopycnis piri) is the causal agent of Phacidiopycnis rot, a postharvest disease of pear fruit (Pyrus communis). Infections of pear fruit by P. pyri occur in the orchard, and symptoms develop after harvest during storage or in the market. P. pyri also is the cause of a canker and twig dieback disease of pear trees. To determine inoculum availability of P. pyri, dead bark and dead fruit spurs were periodically collected in two commercial ‘d’Anjou’ pear orchards and examined for the presence and viability of fruiting bodies of P. pyri. To determine seasonal survival of P. pyri, 2-year-old twigs of ‘d’Anjou’ pear in a research orchard were inoculated approximately monthly over 2 years with P. pyri and monitored for canker development. Inoculated twigs were removed from the trees 6 months post inoculation and examined for formation, viability of pycnidia of P. pyri, and reisolation of the pathogen. In both commercial orchards, all sampled trees were infected by P. pyri; viable pycnidia of P. pyri were observed on 42–78 % of the sampled bark and 5–32 % of the sampled fruit spurs; and viable conidia were observed at all sampling times during the fruit growing season. Apothecia of P. pyri also were observed on sampled dead bark and fruit spurs, but at a frequency ranging from 0 % to 19 %. P. pyri was recovered from inoculated twigs 6 months after inoculation at all sampling times during the 2-year study, but recovery frequency varied. P. pyri formed pycnidia on most cold-injured and inoculated twigs. The results suggest that: i) the conidial state of P. pyri is the main type of inoculum in pear orchards in the region; ii) viable inoculum of P. pyri for potential fruit infections is available during the pear fruit-growing season; iii) P. pyri can form pycnidia on cankers of twigs infected by the fungus at different seasons during the year; and iv) P. pyri can survive as mycelium in diseased pear twigs year round in the orchard.     

First report of Almond witches’ broom phytoplasma1 (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’) causing a severe disease on nectarine and peach trees in Lebanon

Symptoms of shoot proliferation characteristic of phytoplasma diseases were observed on nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) and peach (P. persica) trees in the Sarada plain, south of Lebanon. The presence of phytoplasmas in the two orchards visited was confirmed by nested polymerase chain reaction using universal primers. The amplified DNA fragments were cloned and sequenced. Blast analysis of over 1000 nucleotides demonstrated the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’ which is considered to be the causal agent of Almond witches’ broom. This phytoplasma which belongs to the pigeon pea witches’ broom group (16SrIX) can be devastating since Almond witches’ broom has killed thousands of almond trees in Lebanon and Iran. Previous reports indicated that Almond witches’ broom may be transmitted by grafting to peach and nectarine under experimental conditions. This is the first report of a natural and epidemic spread of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma phoenicium’ in peach and nectarine. Farmers in the region were advised to eradicate the infected trees immediately. Further studies on the epidemiology of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma phoenicium’ and its vector(s) are recommended in order to develop successful eradication or disease management programmes.     

Untersuchungen zur Europäischen Steinobstvergilbung (ESFY) in Deutschland

From 2003 to 2007 surveys have been conducted in different stone fruit growing regions in southwest Germany to detect European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) disease in Germany. Samplings have been done regularly in selected reference orchards in the regions Neuwieder Becken, Rheinhessen, Vorderpfalz and Südpfalz in summer on trees showing ESFY typical symptoms as well as on branches of trees with unspecific symptoms. All samples have been analysed by PCR for infection with Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum. The phytoplasma could be detected in all investigated regions on the cultivated Prunus species P. armeniaca, P. persica and P. domestica. No infection was found in wild Prunus species. The main spread of the disease appeared on apricot while peach and European plum were less affected. A good correlation between symptoms and molecular detection of the pathogen could be shown for the typical symptoms in summer and winter for apricot as well as for peach. During regular psyllid captures in the reference orchards the population dynamics of Cacopsylla pruni could be described in southwest Germany for several years. By PCR-testing all collected insects individually a yearly natural infection rate of about 1–2% of all individuals of C. pruni could be calculated.     

糖醋酒液对桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟的诱捕效果分析

为研究桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis成虫的发生动态,探讨糖醋酒液对桃蛀螟的诱捕效果,于2015—2016年利用糖醋酒液和性信息素对泰安市郊区桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟成虫的全年发生动态进行监测,并比较糖醋酒液诱捕器在不同悬挂高度0、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 m下对桃蛀螟雌、雄成虫的诱捕效果。结果显示,2015—2016年,泰安市郊区桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟成虫田间始发期为4月下旬至5月中旬,发生末期均为10月上旬。糖醋酒液和性信息素诱捕器监测结果均显示,桃蛀螟成虫群体数量发生高峰期为9月上旬—10月上旬,且在此期间二者的诱捕量无显著差异。糖醋酒液能够同时诱捕桃蛀螟雌、雄成虫,且以雄成虫为主,在桃园和苹果园中,2016年的雄成虫诱捕量分别占总诱捕量的87.62%和88.29%。糖醋酒液诱捕器在地上0～2.5 m悬挂高度均能诱捕到桃蛀螟成虫,其中诱捕器悬挂于地上2.5 m高度时诱捕量最多,显著高于其它悬挂高度处理。表明糖醋酒液可以通过有效诱捕桃蛀螟成虫来准确监测其群体发生动态。     

Current status of sharka disease in Puglia (Italy) and implementation of an eradication programme1

Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) was introduced into Puglia (IT) a few years ago with infected propagative material coming from nurseries outside the region. Infections were detected in commercial plum and apricot orchards, but not in local nurseries. Extensive surveys were carried out in young apricot, plum and peach orchards to assess the distribution, incidence and spread of PPV infections, with a view to possibly enforcing an eradication programme. Surveys were based on visual inspections of about 300 commercial orchards and nurseries (covering an area of more than 550 ha) in the whole of Puglia, by ELISA and IBM tests, and by biological testing on GF305 of field samples. A total of 23,000 plants were individually checked by ELISA and IEM. The eradication involved 13 plum (35 ha) and 2 apricot (5 ha) orchards showing different levels of PPV infection. Six of the plum plantings showed infection exceeding 30% and were completely uprooted; in the remaining orchards, infection did not exceed 10% and uprooting was limited to infected trees. PPV was never detected in peach. The high incidence of PPV in some plum orchards was due to the heavy initial contamination of propagating material. Secondary virus spread was monitored in apricot orchards and found to occur at a low rate.     

Simultaneous detection and genetic variability of stone fruit viroids in the Czech Republic

In this paper, we report a large-scale survey for the incidence of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) in stone fruit collections and commercial orchards in the Czech Republic. From the 645 samples analysed, PLMVd was detected in 80 (26.6%) of peaches and the HSVd in 3 (1.3%) of apricot and 1 (0.33%) of peach trees. Sixty-seven accession of peach (44.6%) from the Czech Clonal GeneBank were infected by PLMVd. In addition, we used naturally infected trees to standardise the simultaneous detection of PLMVd and HSVd plus host mRNA as the control by means of one-step multiplex RTC-PCR. Eleven PLMVd and two HSVd isolates were sequenced and analysed. All the PLMVd variants were highly homologous (97–100%) to previously reported PLMVd variants from Tunisian peach and almond trees, and clustered together in the previously reported phylogenetic group III. The HSVd variants obtained from apricot and peach trees were included in the previously proposed recombinant group PH/cit3.     

Evaluation of peach and nectarine cultivars in Bulgaria for their resistance to plum pox potyvirus

In spring and summer 1989, it was established that plum pox potyvirus (PPV) was present in certain peach cultivars in Bulgaria. At the same time, we started to investigate the distribution of PPV in naturally infected 4–5 year-old peach and nectarine cultivars and hybrids in order to optimize PPV detection. Over 160 peach and nectarine cultivars and hybrids were evaluated. In about 40% of the genotypes, typical plum pox symptoms were observed. The latter were estimated and divided into groups depending on their susceptibility to PPV. Observations were made on the population density of seven aphid species established in the peach orchards. Five proved to be vectors of the virus. Myzus persicae was the vector that played the main role in spreading the virus on peach.     

Characterisation and pathogenicity of Pestalotiopsis uvicola and Pestalotiopsis clavispora causing grey leaf spot of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Italy

During 2009 and 2010, twenty-one isolates of Pestalotiopsis spp. Associated with grey patches on the leaves, twigs, and panicles of mango were collected in six orchards located in Sicily (Italy). Morphological characteristics of colony (colour and mycelium appearance), and conidia (size, shape, septation, length and the number of apical and the basal appendages) as well as phylogenetic analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region (ITS1, 5.8S gene, and ITS2) of six representative isolates revealed the occurrence of P. uvicola and P. clavispora. The representative isolates of both species were pathogenic to the artificially inoculated detached mango leaves cv. Kensington Pride and showed significant variation in lesion size. This is the first report worldwide of P. uvicola and P. clavispora causing grey leaf spot of mango.     

不同生境果园梨小食心虫各代成虫高峰期差异

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)是桃、梨果园中最重要的食心害虫之一,仅依据往年的发生期和田间为害特征来指导防治具有滞后性。而性信息素具有高效、专一性强的特点,可用于准确监测其成虫发生情况,以此推测成虫的卵高峰期和幼虫初孵期,科学地指导防治。本研究在3个不同生境果园中,利用性信息素监测梨小食心虫成虫周年发生动态。结果表明:2019年在杭州余杭地区3个不同生境果园,包括越冬代在内,平地桃园和平地梨园的梨小食心虫成虫发生7代,而坡地桃园只有6代。成虫始见于3月中旬,终见于10月下旬;3个果园由于生境不同,同一世代梨小食心虫高峰期发生时间和各世代高峰期间隔时间不尽相同。因此在不同生境果园利用性信息素监测梨小食心虫成虫发生动态,有助于指导果园的适期防治。     

多年迷向防治对桃园梨小食心虫的控制作用评估

为了科学评估多年迷向防治对桃园梨小食心虫的实际防控效果,并完善优化桃园害虫性信息素科学应用技术,在江苏省无锡市惠山区5个乡镇大面积连片桃园内连续4年使用迷向丝防治梨小食心虫,并实时监测调查,分析各年度桃园内梨小食心虫种群消长动态,抽样法调查统计桃树折梢率。结果显示,多年迷向防治可以有效降低桃园梨小食心虫种群发生数量,各乡镇桃园内虫口基数逐年减少;洛社和钱桥2个乡镇2021年迷向防治处理区梨小食心虫平均迷向率在94.37%以上;2021年阳山镇迷向防治区平均折梢率为1.24%。结果表明大面积且连续使用迷向防治法对桃园梨小食心虫具有很好的防控效果。     

Secondary inoculum dynamics of Monilinia spp. and relationship to the incidence of postharvest brown rot in peaches and the weather conditions during the growing season

Eight field surveys over three growing seasons (April to October in 2006, 2007, and 2008) were done in three commercial peach and nectarine orchards in order to determine the secondary inoculum dynamics of Monilinia spp. and relationship to the weather conditions and incidence of postharvest brown rot in the Ebro Valley, which is the main peach fruit growing region in Spain. After regression analysis of the epidemiological data of postharvest brown rot and the climatic variables, a disease outbreak can be predicted from (i) the times of the first appearance of airborne conidia, the first appearance of conidia on the surface of flowers and fruits, and the first latent infection, all of which occur 2?months before harvest (ii) the number of conidia on the fruit surface, 2?weeks and 1?week before harvest, (iii) the preharvest incidence of brown rot, and (iv) the mean environmental temperature from popcorn to harvest. From these results, we confirmed the importance of the secondary inoculum dynamics of Monilinia spp. and the utility of these dynamics to predict an outbreak of brown rot in peaches on the day of their harvest and after their harvesting.     

Control and monitoring: monitoring and eradication of sharka in south-east Italy over 15 years

When the first foci of sharka were discovered in Puglia region (south-east Italy) in the late 1980s, the regional agricultural authorities launched a programme for Plum pox virus (PPV) monitoring and disease eradication. The infecting virus strain was identified as PPV-D. From 1989 to 1993, a strong eradication campaign was successfully carried out involving 13 plum and 2 apricot orchards with different levels of infection. During 1994–2000, besides plum, apricot and peach, monitoring was extended to sweet cherry. At that time, surveys and testing did not reveal any new PPV focus, but the eradication of infected trees continued in a couple of orchards. In 2001–05, particular attention was paid to peach, as devastating PPV-M outbreaks had developed in other areas of the country. A new PPV focus was found in apricot, caused by PPV-Rec, which was promptly eradicated. In the following two years, surveys in the once infected orchard and surrounding peach plantings did not detect any virus spread. The endeavour has taken 15 years making this PPV monitoring and eradication programme the longest in Italy. Its overall results indicate that the fruit tree industry in Puglia region can now be regarded as essentially PPV-free.     

Effect of different formulations on tebuconazole residues in stone fruits

BACKGROUND: The correlation between pesticide residue levels and formulation of an active substance is often not considered, even if it is reasonable to expect some differences arising from behaviour during dilution and spraying, from adhesion to plant and from degradation. An experimental study to investigate the magnitude of tebuconazole residues as a function of different tebuconazole formulated products was carried out in Italy. The fungicide was applied as wettable powder (WP) and water‐dispersible granule (WG) formulations to peach, plum, apricot and nectarine orchards, on four different sites. The fruit samples gained from the field trials were quantitatively analysed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/NPD) for tebuconazole residues. RESULTS: Tebuconazole residues in the fruits gained from the plot treated with the WP formulation, 14 days after application, were in the range 0.01–0.07 mg kg^?1, while corresponding residues in the plot treated with the WG formulation were in the range 0.01–0.06 mg kg^?1. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in the residue levels of tebuconazole could be observed between the trials conducted with the WP and the WG formulation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

梨小食心虫在桃树和核桃间转移规律初步研究

为了掌握梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta在新疆和田县桃园和核桃园间的转移为害和种群动态变化规律, 以期确定核桃园内梨小食心虫的最佳防治时间, 同时在桃园和核桃园设立监测点, 通过对梨小食心虫在桃园和核桃园间的发生动态监测以及在核桃园内产卵情况和蛀果率调查, 明确了梨小食心虫在桃园和核桃园间的转移规律。研究发现梨小食心虫在和田县桃园1年发生5代, 越冬代成虫于3月下旬开始出现, 各代高峰期分别在4月上旬、5月中旬、6月下旬至7月上旬、7月下旬至8月上旬、9月上旬, 以第1代和第2代发生为害严重, 具有世代重叠现象。梨小食心虫在核桃园1年发生2代, 成虫产卵于核桃果实和叶片, 主要以幼虫为害果实。于6月下旬开始从桃园向核桃园转移, 8月下旬又从核桃园转移至桃园, 具有明显的寄主转移规律。7月初为核桃园内梨小食心虫的防治关键期。     

桃小食心虫成虫种群动态监测与防治指标

为明确桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura成虫的种群动态变化,2002—2014年在陕西省礼泉县当地具有代表性的苹果园中,采用性诱剂诱捕器对桃小食心虫成虫的种群动态进行系统监测,并于2010年和2011年的7—8月桃小食心虫成虫盛发期,系统调查了成虫发生量与苹果着卵量的关系,建立基于性诱剂监测的桃小食心虫成虫防治指标。结果显示,苹果园桃小食心虫成虫的种群动态、始见期和终见期在年度之间差异很大,每年主要集中在6—8月发生;桃小食心虫成虫每年出现多次无规律的高峰,但第1代成虫高峰期发生的早晚与越冬代成虫高峰期出现的早晚有密切联系,即越冬代成虫高峰期出现早,则第1代成虫高峰期出现也就相对较早,且越冬代成虫发生量明显多于第1代成虫。性诱剂诱捕的成虫与卵果率之间呈极显著的对数关系,当以卵果率1%或2%为防治指标时,性诱剂诱捕器诱蛾量为8.3头/诱捕器·日或30.0头/诱捕器·日。     

Characteristic of Monilinia spp. fungi causing brown rot of pome and stone fruits in Poland

Brown rot, caused by fungi belonging to the genus Monilinia, is one of the most important diseases of stone and pome trees in the world. During the summers of 2010 and 2011, a total of 670 Monilinia spp. isolates were obtained from infected fruits. They were collected from different commercial stone and pome fruit orchards, located in northern, southern and central Poland. All isolates were identified using multiplex PCR. Twenty isolates obtained from plum, peach and apple fruits were identified as M. polystroma and 5 isolates from plums as M. fructicola. The remaining isolates were identified as M. fructigena or M. laxa. The identification of the isolates was also confirmed on the basis of growth characteristics in culture according to the EPPO standard PM 7/18. A comparison of morphological features of four Monilinia spp. growing on two selective growth media, APDA-F500 and CHA, indicated significant differences between these species. In artificial inoculation of fruits, all the examined Monilinia spp. isolates were pathogenic. The species affiliation of M. polystroma and M. fructicola isolates collected from orchards in Poland was confirmed on the base of phylogenetic and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1/5.8S rDNA/ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA.     

喀什地区多毛小蠹发生与为害规律

在喀什地区疏勒县系统调查、研究了杏树多毛小蠹（Scolytus seulensis Murayama）的发生、为害规律,结果表明：4月中旬始见多毛小蠹成虫在杏树上蛀孔产卵,于6月下旬、7月下旬、8月中旬和9月上旬达到高峰期;高度80~110 cm的枝干和东、南2个方向生长的枝干易遭受小蠹虫的入侵;多毛小蠹聚集为害;随为害程度的加重,杏树韧皮部含可溶性糖量也随之升高,韧皮部含水量随之降低,并且不同为害程度杏树韧皮部的可溶性糖含量和水含量存在差异。     

Unusual behavior of oviposition and development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitophilus zeamais</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in peach and apple fruits

The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a worldwide pest on stored products, as maize, wheat and rice grains. However, in South Brazil, these weevils have been found attacking fruits in field conditions. It was reported that adults attack fruits to feeding, but there was no information of oviposition and larval development on these hosts. Furthermore, due to monitoring apple orchards, was observed that some fruits showed distinct kind of punctures, suggesting a oviposition by these weevils. The present study reports first record an unusual behavior of S. zeamais by oviposition and larval development in peach and apple fruits. The study was conducted in laboratory conditions (temperature: 25?±?1 °C, RH: 70?±?10% and photophase of 14 h). Peach and apple fruits were offered to S. zeamais females. The oviposition and duration of immature stages in peach were measured in fruits and in corn grains, used as control observation. The oviposition and larval development occurred in peach and apple fruits, with a development until to adult. The average of egg-to-adult was 47.4 d in peach and and 45.1 d apple fruits, respectively, while in corn grains, its natural host, the duration was 38.2 d. These results show that the damage caused by S. zeamais in peach and apple fruits may be due to oviposition and the development of immature stages. So, the novelty is in demonstrating that the maize weevil does not just feed as an adult opportunistically on the fruits, but can complete a full life cycle using fresh fruits.