Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861-1999

A fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life-span limit. We examined the maximum age at death in Sweden, which rose from about 101 years during the 1860s to about 108 years during the 1990s. The pace of increase was 0.44 years per decade before 1969 but accelerated to 1. 11 years per decade after that date. More than 70 percent of the rise in the maximum age at death from 1861 to 1999 is attributable to reductions in death rates above age 70. The rest are due to increased numbers of survivors to old age (both larger birth cohorts and increased survivorship from infancy to age 70). The more rapid rise in the maximum age since 1969 is due to the faster pace of old-age mortality decline during recent decades.     

2013年中国小麦市场形势展望

2012年,在供需格局偏紧及最低收购价上调等因素支撑下,国内小麦市场迎来历史性辉煌。现货市场价格屡创历史新高,全国主要粮油批发市场三等白小麦交易均价为2355元／t,月比涨56元／t,较2011年同期上涨280元／t,年涨13．49％;各主产区累计收购新产小麦5619．1万t,比2011年同期增加281．7万t;虽然小麦播种面积略有下降,但单产大幅提高使得全国小麦产量达12058万t,较2011年增产318万t。预计2012／13年度全国小麦供给量约12260万t,需求量约12050万t,年度结余210万t,相比2011／12年度小麦供需有所改善;2013年国内小麦市场行情整体上涨格局不变,但在供需与政策影响下,价格波动空间或将加大,不排除出现阶段性行情。     

2014年国内外奶业市场形势及后期展望

2014年1—10月,国内原料奶收购价格总体呈下行走势,鲜奶零售价格高位平稳运行,原料奶收购价格和鲜奶零售价格均高于2013年同期水平,奶粉零售价格稳中略涨,国产奶粉涨幅快于进口奶粉。受国内消费需求刺激,乳品进口继续大幅增加,奶粉进口国家仍以新西兰为主,但是从新西兰进口奶粉的比重明显下降。全球乳制品供应增加,俄罗斯禁止进口,需求下降,国际市场乳制品价格持续下滑。预计国际乳制品价格继续低迷,乳制品进口量则进一步增加,这使得国内原料奶收购价格将面临下行压力。     

初果期泡核桃性状分析——以腾冲市界头镇为例

[目的]调查2个泡核桃品种初果期的表现,为今后抚育管理提供参考。[方法]分别在腾冲市界头镇南、中、北产区随机抽取9年生的大泡核桃和细香核桃各3株,对其单株产量、基径、树高、综合冠幅、果形指数、单果重和出仁率7个性状进行调查分析。[结果]细香核桃与大泡核桃在界头镇全域内都能正常生长;细香核桃树体生长速度较快,单株产量、出仁率都表现优良;二者坚果形状相似,呈圆形或椭圆形,细香核桃的坚果较大泡核桃小。细香核桃更适应界头中北部较高海拔的气候,而大泡核桃较适应界头南部较低海拔的气候。[结论]应选择细香核桃为界头镇主栽品种,大泡核桃作为补充品种,在局部低海拔地区种植或作为授粉品种种植。     

不同基质条件下甜瓜营养期生长动态的研究

[目的]解决甜瓜设施栽培中土壤酸化、返盐和土传病害等连作障碍问题。[方法]用有机生态无土栽培基质(有机)和无土栽培基质(对照)栽培新疆甜瓜,观察比较其营养期生长特性。[结果]有机的甜瓜平均每天生长0.003 7 cm,对照甜瓜平均每天生长0.004 9cm,对照甜瓜比有机甜瓜生长得快。从定植后到4月14日,有机甜瓜的平均株高为17.61 cm,对照甜瓜的为17.77 cm,有机和对照甜瓜的生长趋势基本相同。从4月14日到5月12日有机甜瓜的生长达到最高峰,平均每天生长4.43 cm,从4月14日到5月19日对照甜瓜的生长达到最高峰,平均每天生长2.52 cm。有机甜瓜生长前期叶面积小于对照,中后期叶面积大于对照。[结论]该研究对甜瓜的丰产栽培、果实品质的提高及病虫害的生物防治具有重要意义。     

Strategies for Promoting Rice Self-sufficiency in Sierra Leone

Rice is the main food of Sierra Leoneans and an important source of employment and income for rural communities. According to the West African Rice Development Association report, annual consumption of rice is amongst the highest in SubSaharan Africa（SSA）, 104 kg. Mainly, small scale farmers who are resource poor on both the upland and various lowlands grow rice. Sierra Leone has not been able to produce enough rice to meet its local consumption demand for a very long time now. 530 000 MT of milled rice is the required consumption need of the Sierra Leonean population per annum. In 2007, national paddy rice production was projected at 638 000 MT. The level of rice self-sufficiency rose from 50.57% in 2002 to 62.15% in 2006 and then to 63.49% in 2007. The remainder must be imported at increasingly expensive prices in the current situation of high food prices, which includes rice. The price of rice has seen a steady increase in the entire country. What most affected by this, is the low-income urban and peri-urban households. The promotion of domestic rice production is therefore a key element in the strategies for improving rice self-sufficiency, stimulating economic growth and increasing rural income. Therefore, supporting rice production programme is the only solution to pull the country out of the worsening rice situation and maintain the present trend in rice self-sufficiency. Therefore, having an understanding of the strategic interventions in rice production in Sierra Leone is an important ingredient in the promotion and attainment of rice self-sufficiency.     

中国乳品消费及影响因素研究

总结1995年以来中国乳品消费的现状、特征,分析消费偏好、收入水平、价格、城镇化、人口及结构对乳品消费的影响后,发现随着中国人口、收入的增长,城镇化进程的加快以及乳品质量安全水平的提高,中国乳品消费增势显著。以城镇居民为例,2011年其奶类消费量为21．08kg／人,为1995年的2．8倍,年均增长6．58％;家庭人均乳制品支出234元,扣除通胀因素后比1995年增加了4．2倍;乳制品支出占食品支出比例由1995年的1．78％增加到2011年的4．25％,并趋于稳定。展望未来,中国乳品消费仍具有较大潜力,并为此提出促进乳品消费的政策建议。     

金针菇软腐病的研究

金针菇软腐病是近年来普遍发生的病害,病菌初步鉴定为Cladobotryum sp. 菌丝生长的适宜温度为13～27℃,最适15～19℃;适宜pH值为5.6～8.1,最适为6.0。在马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基上生长最好。病害发生期在10月下旬至11月和3～4月。气温高（15℃以上）、湿度大的年份发病严重。室内药剂抑菌试验结果表明:0.010%～0.001%百菌清和0.05%～0.20%多菌灵对该病菌的菌丝生长具有100%抑菌率。本文对病菌的防治措施提出了建议。     

Small area variations in health care delivery

Health information about total populations is a prerequisite for sound decision-making and planning in the health care field. Experience with a population-based health data system in Vermont reveals that there are wide variations in resource input, utilization of services, and expenditures among neighboring communities. Results show prima facie inequalities in the input of resources that are associated with income transfer from areas of lower expenditure to areas of higher expenditure. Variations in utilization indicate that there is considerable uncertainty about the effectiveness of different levels of aggregate, as well as specific kinds of, health services. Informed choices in the public regulation of the health care sector require knowledge of the relation between medical care systems and the population groups being served, and they should take into account the effect of regulation on equality and effectiveness. When population-based data on small areas are available, decisions to expand hospitals, currently based on institutional pressures, can take into account a community's regional ranking in regard to bed input and utilization rates. Proposals by hospitals for unit price increases and the regulation of the actuarial rate of insurance programs can be evaluated in terms of per capita expenditures and income transfer between geographically defined populations. The PSRO's can evaluate the wide variations in level of services among residents of different communities. Coordinated exercise of the authority vested in these regulatory programs may lead to explicit strategies to deal directly with inequality and uncertainty concerning the effectiveness of health care delivery. Population-based health information systems, because they can provide information on the performance of health care systems and regulatory agencies, are an important step in the development of rational public policy for health.     

草菇不同发育时期子实体菌柄细胞形态变化研究

测量了草菇子实体不同发育时期菌柄细胞的长与宽,同时通过对蛋形期菌柄标记,观察了菌柄不同部位的伸长速率,结果显示：菌柄细胞从蛋形期开始伸长,在伸长期的伸长速度显著高于其它发育时期,同时菌柄中上部的细胞伸长远多于菌柄底部细胞的伸长,并决定着整个菌柄的生长。     

2012年黑龙江省大豆市场行情分析及后市展望

在大豆生产方面,受种植效益低、农民种豆积极性低等因素影响,2012年黑龙江省大豆播种面积下降260万hm2,较2011年下降25．5％,同时播种面积的下降导致大豆产量预计为450万t,较2011年下降16．6％。2012年黑龙江省大豆市场价格总体呈现逐步上行走势。新季大豆上市后,农民惜售,企业观望,虽然在国储政策支撑下大豆价格保持4．60元／kg左右的高位,但市场持续购销不旺。     

不同多叶型苜蓿单株扦插后生物学性状的比较

选择9个苜蓿品种的多叶单株进行了茎节扦插繁殖,时繁殖后不同苜蓿群体的生长速度、再生性、茎叶比、鲜干比、多叶数量百分率、多叶重量百分率、产量等多个性状进行了综合性能比较。结果表明,多叶枝、多叶节、三叶节扦插均表现出多叶性状,其多叶植株数量百分率和多叶数量百分率均无显著性差异;所有参试品种扦插多叶型苜蓿的多叶植株数量百分率均远大于亲本;皇冠、阿尔冈金2个品种的平均生长速度较快,而WL-252HQ 和WL-232HQ 2个品种的平均生长速度较慢,苜蓿王、阿尔冈金、皇冠、WL-323、飞马5个苜蓿品种的二茬、三茬再生速度均较快,而WL-252HQ和WL-232HQ 2个苜蓿品种的再生速度最慢;飞马的平均多叶数量百分率极显著高于其他8个品种,其中阿尔冈金、皇冠、CW200较高。苜蓿王最低;飞马的茎叶比极显著低于其他品种,WL-252HQ、 WL-323、CW200、皇冠、阿尔冈金5个品种间差异不显著,但均显著低于WL-232HQ;不同苜蓿品种间第1茬和第2 茬产草量均有显著差异,其中飞马的产草量最高,WL-232HQ的最低;飞马的综合生产性能最好,阿尔冈金、皇冠较为理想,WL-232HQ的综合生产性能最差。     

板栗果实褐变的生理因子初探

研究表明，板栗果实成熟后期，过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性均明显上升，边果肉的POD远高于心果肉，POD与果实褐变强度有显著的相关性。总酚和单宁含量在这果肉和心果肉中的差异逐步增大。心果肉中抗坏血酸的上升明显快于边果肉。认为板栗果实褐变主要发生在边果肉。     

2012年黑龙江省玉米市场行情分析及后市展望

分析2012年黑龙江省玉米市场，预计2012年黑龙江省玉米产量同比增加9．1％，创历史新高；每公顷种植玉米纯收益4329．45元，较2011年减少358．20元，减幅达7．64％；2012年前3个季度，黑龙江省玉米市场收购价格持续上升，至9月达到2326．25元／t，较2012年初涨幅达14．35％，之后受季节性压力影响，玉米价格出现大幅回落，i1月中旬在国家出台最低保护价收储政策后，奠定了玉米市场底部，市场价格较为平稳。展望2013年，种植面积将继续扩大，玉米增产潜力仍在，市场供需矛盾或将得以缓解，但由于存在刚性需求，对价格支撑作用还是很明显，但价格反弹空间不大。     

3个珍贵阔叶树种大树移栽效果评价

以格木、柚木和降香黄檀3个珍贵阔叶树种中幼林的间伐木为材料开展大树移栽,依据移栽后的成活率、生长表现、观赏性以及健康状况评价其移栽效果。结果表明:3个树种的大树移栽成活率均在98%以上,移栽3年后所有林木均生长良好,但格木和降香黄檀的冠幅较柚木舒展,其园林绿化效果明显优于柚木。     

Food-related energy requirements

I have used data from input-output studies to determine the quantities of primary and electric energy consumed in the agricultural, processing, transportation, wholesale and retail trade, and household sectors for personal consumption of food. Before one draws conclusions from these results, it is important to note the assumptions and approximations used in this analysis. First, the economic input-output data published by the Department of Commerce are subject to a number of inaccuracies, including lack of complete coverage for an industry, restriction of data for proprietary reasons, and use of different time periods for different data. Second, aggregation can combine within the same sector industries whose energy intensities differ widely. For example, eating and drinking establishments probably consume more energy per dollar of sales (because of refrigerators, stoves, and freezers) than do department stores. However, both types of establishment are included in retail trade. Thus energy use for food-related retail trade may be underestimated because of aggregation. Third, the energy coefficients are subject to error. In particular, the coefficients for the agricultural and trade sectors are vulnerable because energy use within these sectors is not well documented. Finally, the scaling factor used to estimate food-related energy use for the 1960's is approximate, in that it neglects the possibility that these energy coefficients changed differently with time. Because of these limitations, which are described more fully by Herendeen (6), a number of important issues were not addressed here. such as relative energy requirements for fresh, frozen, and canned vegetables; and for soybeans as compared to beef. This analysis shows that the U.S. food cycle consumes a considerable amount of energy, about 12 percent of the total national energy budget. The residential sector, which accounts for 30 percent of the total, is the most energy-intensive sector in terms of energy consumed per dollar of food-related expenditure. This is because food-related expenditures in homes are primarily for fuel to operate kitchen appliances and automobiles. The electricity consumed in these activities constitutes 22 percent of the total amount used in the United States. More than half of the electricity is used in homes, and more than two-thirds in the trade and household sectors. Thus agriculture and processing consume little electricity relative to the total amount used. From past trends, it appears that the amount of energy used in food-related activities will continue to increase at a rate faster than the population, principally because of growing affluence, that is, the use of processed foods, purchase of meals away from home, and the use of kitchen appliances equipped with energy-intensive devices, such as refrigerators with automatic icemakers. However, fuel shortages, rapidly increasing fuel prices, the growing need to import oil, and a host of other problems related to our use of energy suggest that these past trends will not continue. Fortunately, there are many ways to reduce the amounts of energy used for food-related activities. In the home, for example, smaller refrigerators with thicker insulation would use less electricity than do present units. If closer attention were given to the use of ranges and ovens (for example, if oven doors were not opened so often) energy would be saved. Changes in eating habits could also result in energy savings. Greater reliance on vegetable and grain products, rather than meats, for protein would reduce fuel use. Similarly, a reduction in the amounts of heavily processcd foods consumed-TV dinners and frozen desserts-would save energy. Retailers could save energy by using closed freezers to store food and by reducing the amount of lighting they use. Processors could use heat recovery methods, more efficient processes, and less packaging. Shipping more food by train rather than by truck would also cut energy use. Farmers could reduce their fuel use by combining operations (for example, by harrowing, planting, and fertilizing in the same operation), by reducing tillage practices, by increasing thc use of diesel rather than gasoline engines, and by increasing labor inputs. A partial return to organic farming (that is, greater use of animal manure and crop rotation) would save energy because chemical fertilizers require large energy inputs for their production.     

耐盐植物全日照喷雾扦插技术的研究

采用全日照喷雾扦插育苗技术对 7种耐盐苗木进行扦插试验。结果表明 :插穗树龄及插穗的处理是扦插成功的关键 ,激素处理能显著提高插穗的生根率。林生山黧豆、沙枣、银白杨和绒毛白蜡夏季扦插极易生根 ,且 2级侧根发达。在砂壤土中移栽成活率明显高于粘土中的成活率 ,在 2级侧根生长旺盛时期移栽繁育苗木为最佳。采用全日照喷雾扦插技术繁育的苗木与同期用种子繁育的苗木相比 ,移栽后生长快、分枝多、匍匐直径大 ,且耐盐能力增强     

未来10年中国大豆供需形势展望

首先回顾了近年来中国大豆产业发展的基本情况,指出生产连续滑坡、产需缺口不断扩大、进口快速增长、价格总体上涨是市场的主要特点,并分析了其主要影响因素。其次,在判断未来各影响因素变化的基础上对未来10年中国大豆生产、消费、贸易和价格进行了展望,预计中国大豆种植面积降幅有所减小,产量略有恢复,消费继续增长,但增幅明显低于前10年。最后指出未来中国大豆供需仍存在一定的不确定因素。     

不同种植方式对花生生育及产量的影响

针对黑龙江省花生栽培技术落后,生产水平低等问题,研究了不同种植方式对花生生育及产量的影响.研究结果表明,花生大垄双行栽培模式的适宜密度为40株·m-2,比密度32株·m-2的处理增产14.7%,两种密度处理的花生产量在1%水平上差异显著;花生小垄单行栽培模式的适宜密度为30株·m-2,比密度26株·m-2的处理增产8.4%,两种密度处理的花生产量没有显著差异;花生大垄双行栽培模式(密度为40株·m-2)的产量比花生小垄单行栽培模式(密度为30株·m-2)增产37.5%,两种模式处理的花生产量在1%水平上差异显著.应用本项研究取得的成果,集成组装了寒地花生大垄双行高产栽培模式,对推动黑龙江省花生生产的发展具有重要意义.     

长株潭地区生态可持续性

基于长株潭地区被批准为“全国资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设综合配套改革试验区”的背景,针对生态足迹方法的产量因子参数进行改进,利用区域产量因子代替全球产量因子,对长株潭地区1986-2005年生态足迹和生态承载力进行核算,在此基础上,着重采用两种预测方法对该地区2007-2015年生态足迹和生态容量进行预测.两种预测方法分别是二项式曲线预测模型和灰色GM(1,1)模型,对长株潭地区1986-2005年20a的人均生态足迹与时间关系进行了拟合,得出二项式曲线预测模型具有更高的预测精度;用两种预测模型预测了长株潭地区的人均生态容量,GM(1,1)模型的预测精度更高.选取精度最高的模型分别预测研究区未来10a人均生态足迹和生态容量.未来10a人均生态容量增长平缓(年平均增长率1.8％),人均生态足迹增长快(年平均增长率达16％),相应的人均生态赤字增长快.