灌区交接断面管理技术研究

通过阐述灌区交接断面管理技术研究的重要性和必要性,以寻找可再生能源为出发点,以信息化技术为平台,研究出易为中、小型灌区应用的管理新技术。研究表明,风、光互补闸门控制系统、浮桥式拦污、清污平台和测流信息化技术应用能够作为有效的管理技术,应用于灌区交接断面上。     

高含沙量黄河水滴灌泥沙分离系统研究

针对高含沙量黄河水不易用于滴灌的问题,应用旋流分离技术结合网式过滤技术对黄河水泥沙进行分离。根据黄河水的特征,利用Rietema公式进行理论计算,选取合适的旋流分离器。采用基于颗粒动力学理论的混合多相流模型与有限体积法对高浓度水沙空气三相三维流动进行模拟研究,分析内部流场,改进旋流器结构。实际应用结果表明：改进后旋流分离器与网式过滤器组成的多级泥沙分离系统能有效分离高含沙黄河水,而且耐用性强、易于维护,为滴灌系统稳定有效的工作提供保障。     

手摇清洗网式过滤器水力性能试验研究

[目的]测试手摇清洗网式过滤器性能,为微灌过滤器的选型提供技术支撑.[方法]针对A(AZUD)和B(ARKA)2种常用型号手摇清洗网式过滤器,通过清水试验,获得了清洁压降曲线;通过含沙水试验,分析对比了 2种过滤器在不同流量和含沙量条件下的过滤效果;针对B型过滤器开展了排污效果试验,验证了手摇清洗网式过滤器清污能力.[...     

Dilution of brackish waters in irrigation networks —An analytic approach

Summary Rational method of improving poor water by the admixture of good-quality water for irrigation purposes is proposed and demonstrated. The principles of the dilution process, carried out in dilution junctions, are explained. Continuity equations for water and for the mass of relevant substances present in the water are derived for a dilution junction. These equations characterize the suitability of the mixture for irrigation. The optimal operation of a dilution network for irrigation with brackish, sewage and fresh water is formulated and analyzed based on graph theory. A system of non-linear constraints which satisfactorily describes requirements for water quality and flow rates in terms of field demands and water sources is presented. Optimal operation is defined as the minimum water delivery cost. In dilution networks having no more than one outflow conduit of unknown concentration per junction, the non-linear optimization problem can be reduced into a linear one, making the use of Linear Programming (LP) possible.Adapting the proposed dilution network concept to irrigation can provide a practical means for controlling the quality of water applied in the field.     

泵站漂浮物拦污栅拦截与过栅试验研究

泵站在进水前设置拦污栅拦截大体积漂浮物,避免因水泵缠堵造成流量、效率降低和电动机过载等现象.但为减小拦污水头损失和清污量,允许小体积漂浮物过栅通过水泵.拦污栅前单个漂浮物,一旦被拦污栅拦截,会导致后续小尺寸漂浮物被拦截概率增大.为掌握漂浮物拦污栅拦截与过栅特性,研究河道漂浮物特性,观测其运动状态,探究漂浮物过栅、拦截条件与规律.研究结果表明:漂浮物过栅概率与栅条间距、漂浮物大小、质地和水流流速等因素有关.漂浮物过栅概率随着物距比δ(漂浮物长度与栅条间距比值)的增大而减小,当物距比增大到某一临界值δ_c时,漂浮物过栅概率曲线趋向水平,即对于类型和大小一定的漂浮物,通过减小拦污栅栅条间距,可以降低过栅概率,但当δ=δ_c后,再增大物距比δ,对提高漂浮物拦截概率作用不大,相反会增大拦污栅造价和水力损失.研究结果对拦污栅和清污机设计与运行管理有重要意义.     

Numerical computation of surface irrigation

A mathematical model based on the complete hydrodynamic equations describing open-channel flow is developed for simulation of a complete irrigation in a surface irrigation system. An explicit two-step numerical scheme has been employed for the solution of the flow equations. The total infiltrated water depth at each location along the field is determined. From this intermediate result three performance parameters, expressing the merits of the irrigation as affected by the magnitude of each of the various independent physical or management variables involved in the process, are evaluated. Through an analysis of these effects the selection of the proper size or magnitude of a number of the major parameters becomes possible and thus an optimum combination of the main design or operation parameters in a surface irrigation system can be obtained. Two examples of the proposed technique are included as well as some typical graphs of standardized solution.     

TCC控制下的渠道水流数值模拟研究

青铜峡灌区建立了全国首个全渠道控制系统(简称TCC)示范区,TCC通过测控一体闸控制水位流量,运行调度过程中渠系产生非恒定非均匀流。本文应用圣维南方程组模拟渠道水位流量过程,应用普列斯曼有限差分法离散方程组,采用牛顿-拉普森迭代法求解非恒定非均匀流的代数方程组。针对U形渠道进行了水流过程的数值计算,验证结果表明,圣维南方程组及牛顿-拉普森迭代法适用于测控一体闸的水流模拟,水位和流量的计算结果与实测值误差较小。研究结果为建立测控一体闸的控制模式提供依据。     

Using an ADCP to determine canal seepage loss in an irrigation district

Seepage from earthen irrigation canals represents substantial water loss in irrigation districts. Historically, the determination of canal seepage was accomplished using the inflow-outflow method with propeller and electromagnetic type flow meters. This method was difficult, time consuming, and limited by measurement device accuracy. In recent years, advances in technology have lead to the widespread use of Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) for discharge measurements in streams and rivers. Even though ADCP use has become widespread for stream discharges, studies to determine canal seepage using this new technology are limited. Using an ADCP, extensive field measurements were conducted in the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District. This paper describes the ADCP measurement protocol used to measure irrigation canal seepage and presents predictive equations for determining canal seepage based on flow rate and canal geometry.     

大田滴灌用网式过滤器滤网堵塞成因分析

过滤器是滴灌系统中最核心的设备,其中网式过滤器以其良好的过滤性能保障了滴灌系统的正常运行,在我国新疆等西北地区农业滴灌系统中应用最广泛。但其应用过程中也存在滤网清洗不彻底以及堵塞的问题,为此,在对网式过滤器滤网堵塞成因及机理进行全面论述基础上,分别从水源水质、不同滤网类型、反清洗设计问题以及水肥一体化对滤网的化学影响等方面对滤网堵塞成因进行了详细的分析,并提出相应对策;这为今后深入研究滤网堵塞机理、解决滤网堵塞问题提供一种思路,为进一步研制更适用西北地区的农业滴灌过滤设备提供理论依据。     

滴灌系统网式和叠片式过滤器水力性能试验研究

滴灌系统过滤器的性能直接影响系统正常运行及使用寿命,以网式和叠片式过滤器为研究对象,进行了不同流量下清水和3种质量浓度浑水工况下,不同目数的2种过滤器水头损失和过滤性能试验,分析了过滤器水力性能的影响因素及其相互关系。结果表明,在清水条件下,过滤器的局部水头损失hj与流量Q成正比,随着系统过流量的增加而增加;相同流量下,高目数过滤器产生的水头损失大于低目数;浑水条件下,过滤器的水头损失与系统过流量、含沙量有关。随流量、含沙量的增大,过滤器初始水头损失增大,过滤周期变短。相同条件下,叠片式过滤器的水头损失明显大于网式过滤器,除沙率高于网式过滤器,即网式过滤器水力性能优于叠网式片过滤器,叠片过滤器的过滤效果优于网式过滤器。     

Design and analysis of a swinging drag body flowmeter for irrigation pipe

A swinging drag body flowmeter was designed and tested under laboratory conditions. The meter was designed to measure flowrate in an irrigation water pipe. The meter consisted of a paddle, a rotating mechanism, and a potentiometer to measure paddle position. The rotating mechanism was mounted in a head unit that was strapped to a water pipe. The paddle extended from the rotating mechanism at the pipe wall, down through the center of the pipe. Drag and lift formulas were used to analyze flowmeter behavior and determine if these equations could be used to develop other flowmeters of this design. The lab data showed a strong correlation to the theoretical equations but there were significant errors between the two sets of data. The meter behaved in a repeatable and stable manner over two months of lab testing. It is believed that this design is particularly suited for irrigation pipe flow applications.     

畦灌灌水要素决策服务系统

根据精细灌溉的要求,采用零惯量模型和土壤入渗理论,开发建立了可进行畦灌水流运动模拟、灌水质量评价、灌水技术参数优化、利用灌溉试验资料率定糙率和入渗参数等功能的畦灌决策计算机服务系统,该系统可为灌区技术人员确定畦灌技术参数、指导灌水实践提供决策服务,也可作为科研人员研究节水灌溉的一种技术工具。     

间隔交替波涌灌溉对冬小麦土壤水分与水分利用效率的影响

【目的】了解间隔交替波涌灌溉对水流推进速度和灌水质量的影响,探究其替代波涌灌溉的可行性。【方法】以冬小麦为研究对象,设置波涌灌溉组(S)、间隔交替波涌灌溉组(AS)、间隔固定波涌灌溉组(FS)以及连续灌溉组(C)4个处理,分析比较了不同灌溉处理对水流推进速度、灌水均匀度、水分利用效率及小麦产量的影响。【结果】波涌灌溉处理下的水流推进速度明显快于连续灌溉的。4种处理下的灌水均匀度S处理为最佳,均值具体表现为:S处理>AS处理>FS处理>C处理;冬小麦产量均值表现为:AS处理>S处理>FS处理>C处理,其中与S处理、FS处理相比,AS处理有更好的增产效果;3种波涌灌溉方式的水分利用效率均值表现为:AS处理>FS处理>S处理,较C处理依次提高了43.84%、28.76%、26.03%。【结论】间隔交替波涌灌溉可显著提高水分利用效率,在山东泰安对冬小麦采用间隔交替波涌灌溉可以取得明显的节水增产效果。     

水位-流量关系曲线在山区无量水设施渠道水量测量中的运用

贵州省灌区渠道兴建较早,渠系量水设施不配套,导致农业灌溉用水量长期以来不能准确测定。因此,探索简单易操作的农业灌溉用水量测定方法,对制定合理的水量分配制度具有重要意义。通过选取贵州省黔西县民乐灌区总干渠作为试点,采用流速仪测定该干渠不同水位下的流量,绘制水位流量关系曲线,并归纳该渠道水位流量关系经验公式,为落后山区无量水设施灌区的农业灌溉用水量探索一种简单实用的测定方法。     

基于非恒定渐变流-急变流方程的变流量畦灌数值模型

传统畦灌模型多是基于非恒定渐变流方程建立的,在模拟变流量畦灌水流运动时的精度难以保障。本文综合分析了变流量畦灌过程中田面水流的运动状况,将其按照边界条件的不同划分为恒定流量进水阶段、变流量进水阶段、畦首消退阶段、田面消退第1阶段、田面消退第2阶段等5个阶段,基于非恒定渐变流方程和非恒定急变流方程构建了适用于变流量畦灌系统的渐变流-急变流数值模型,通过2组恒定流量畦灌、4组变流量畦灌的田间试验以及2组文献资料中的畦灌试验数据对模型进行了验证。结果表明,渐变流-急变流畦灌模型模拟值与现场实测结果吻合较好,模拟推进时间决定系数R2均大于0.96、模拟消退时间R2大于0.90。与目前常用的WinSRFR模型相比,渐变流-急变流畦灌数值模型在模拟恒定流量畦灌方面具有相似的精度,且在模拟变流量畦灌方面精度更高。渐变流-急变流畦灌模型可以较精准地模拟变流量畦灌的水流运动状况,可为分析变流量畦灌系统、优化变流量畦灌方案提供支撑。     

灌溉渠道流量调控模型

本文根据Ｓａｉｎｔ－Ｖｅｎａｎｔ方程和闸孔出流方程建立了一个比较简单的渠道流量调控模型，可以预报配水方案下整个渠系的运行状态和闸门调节过程，并可选择系统最佳运行方案，对渠系用水管理和工程管理有很大帮助。文中还讨论了建模过程中应考虑的一些问题及处理方法，通过实例验证，得到了令人满意的结果。     

Two-dimensional zero-inertia model of surface water flow for basin irrigation based on the standard scalar parabolic type

The two-dimensional zero-inertia equations for basin irrigation were formulated as a standard scalar diffusion equation subject to Neumann boundary conditions. The formulation can handle anisotropic variations in hydraulic resistance. A numerical solution was developed using finite-volume method on unstructured triangular cells. The simulation performance of the constructed model was validated based on typical experimental data. The complete hydrodynamic model of basin irrigation was selected as the comparative model. The validated results show that the constructed model can successfully simulate the basin surface water flow when the basin surface microtopography condition is relatively smooth. Similar results were found in terms of both the water quantity conservation and convergence rate. Moreover, the computational efficiency of the constructed zero-inertia model is approximately 17 times of the complete hydrodynamic model of basin irrigation. Therefore, the constructed zero-inertia model has good simulation performance.     

我国灌区量水现状及发展趋势

灌区量水是灌区实行计划用水、按方收费的重要手段。针对我国灌区量水的现状和存在的主要问题，提出了灌区量水要符合技术、经济和工程上的基本要求，指出灌区量水设施的发展应以经济实用为主导方向，逐步实现灌区量水自动化。     

Resource-centred thinking in river basins; should we revoke the crop water requirement approach to irrigation planning?

The paper examines the method of using project irrigation requirements (PIR) in the design and rehabilitation of small-scale smallholder irrigation systems within multi-sector and dynamic river basins. This procedure, which employs equations that determine irrigation and crop water requirements, is found embedded in irrigation thinking and planning methodologies throughout the irrigation world. The paper argues that if the PIR equations are used formally and conventionally without sufficiently accounting for changing demands for water in semi-arid river basins, they can lead to irrigation designs that over-prioritise water for individual irrigation systems and as such be labelled ‘irrigation-centred’. Although other adjustments and attempts at re-allocating water might be undertaken, basin managers are often unable to recognise, accommodate or transcend the irrigation focus that this approach generates thus curtailing the efficacy of re-allocation efforts. This argument is made on the basis of observations in the Usangu Plains of Tanzania of farmer-originated irrigation and donor attempts at rehabilitation and modernisation. Features of a modified planning and design methodology are suggested, which considers irrigation alongside other water sectors, and focuses on the river basin rather than on the individual system; an alternative which, it is proposed, is more flexible and ‘water-resource-centred’. The implications of this dualism in approaches (irrigation-centred or resource-centred) for basin management, livelihoods, conflict mediation and formal irrigation rehabilitation projects are explored.     

机械打孔节点渗灌管的出水特性试验

在一定水头压力和出水历时条件下，通过实验室内试验和温室内试验，测量节点渗灌管每单节管的出水量，利用均匀度公式，分别按照单位节点计算渗灌管的出水均匀度，同时考虑渗灌管与灌水毛管的粘合与否的区别。试验结果表明，机械打孔渗灌管出水流量小于一般节点渗灌管。温室内、实验室内渗灌管出水均匀度都不够高，渗灌管总出水量与时间不成线性关系；粘合后的渗灌管出水比较稳定。室内试验发现，灌水毛管的总水头损失很小，整个管路的总水头损失不大。