Rational choice, context dependence, and the value of information in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

Both human and nonhuman decision-makers can deviate from optimal choice by making context-dependent choices. Because ignoring context information can be beneficial, this is called a "less-is-more effect." The fact that organisms are so sensitive to the context is thus paradoxical and calls for the inclusion of an ecological perspective. In an experiment with starlings, adding cues that identified the context impaired performance in simultaneous prey choices but improved it in sequential prey encounters, in which subjects could reject opportunities in order to search instead in the background. Because sequential prey encounters are likely to be more frequent in nature, storing and using contextual information appears to be ecologically rational on balance by conditioning acceptance of each opportunity to the relative richness of the background, even if this causes context-dependent suboptimal preferences in (less-frequent) simultaneous choices. In ecologically relevant scenarios, more information seems to be more.     

ACTINOMYCIN D EFFECTS IN FROG EMBRYOS: EVIDENCE FOR SEQUENTIAL SYNTHESIS OF DNA-DEPENDENT RNA

Early gastrulae of Rana pipiens exposed to actinomycin D for 2 days were then cultured in saline. The resulting larvae were immotile; histological examination revealed impaired development of axial nerve and muscle tissues, but normal differentiation of sensory, pronephric, heart, and digestive tissues; this suggests sequential synthesis of the different tissue-specific molecules of DNA-dependent RNA.     

关于序贯抽样检验

利用Wald 的序贯概率比检验中接收产品时对应的批检验数:n1 ＊(0 , c11), n2 ＊(1 , c12),, nk ＊(k -1 , c1k), , 设计出一种改进型序贯检验(其中当c1t s 时(t =1 , , s), 取c1t ＊=c1t ;当c1t s 时, 取c1t＊ =s):n1＊(0 , c11), n2 ＊(1 , c12＊), , ns ＊(s -1 , s)。证明了当次品率较小(p p0)时, 改进型序贯检验的平均抽检个数N ＊(p)与序贯概率比检验的N(p)比较接近, 但抽检周期要小得多。表1 参6     

水稻田福寿螺序贯抽样技术研究

在对宁波市水稻田福寿螺种群分布进行调查分析的基础上,研究了福寿螺在水稻田中的序贯抽样技术。结果表明:福寿螺的平均拥挤度M*与平均密度m的回归方程为M*=1.6194+1.2123 m;以Iwao的序贯抽样为基础,结合Kuno的序贯抽样的复序贯抽样技术为:防治指标上限T0(′n)=3n+1.96(9.7689n)~(1/2),下限T0′′(n)=3 n-1.96(9.7689n)~(1/2),截止线T(n)=2.6194/(D02-0.2123/n)(t=1.96,D0=0.15),最大抽样样本数为n=62。     

mGluR1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells essential for long-term depression, synapse elimination, and motor coordination

Targeted deletion of metabotropic glutamate receptor-subtype 1 (mGluR1) gene can cause defects in development and function in the cerebellum. We introduced the mGluR1alpha transgene into mGluR1-null mutant [mGluR1 (-/-)] mice with a Purkinje cell (PC)-specific promoter. mGluR1-rescue mice showed normal cerebellar long-term depression and regression of multiple climbing fiber innervation, events significantly impaired in mGluR1 (-/-) mice. The impaired motor coordination was rescued by this transgene, in a dose-dependent manner. We propose that mGluR1 in PCs is a key molecule for normal synapse formation, synaptic plasticity, and motor control in the cerebellum.     

基于MODIS-NDVI的浙江省耕地复种指数监测

【目的】耕地复种指数是重要的农情信息，本文旨在运用遥感数据对于这一参数进行监测与分析，为指导农业生产提供参考。【方法】采用美国国家航空和宇宙航行局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration，NASA)提供的中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution imagine spectroradimeter，MODIS)植被数据，利用1﹕25万浙江省土地利用现状图，设计二次差分的算法，对浙江省连续4年（2001～2004）耕地复种指数进行监测；【结果】一年内农作物播种、出苗、抽穗、成熟及收获等物理生长过程，反映在归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index，NDVI）时间曲线上呈现出波动变化，其波峰所对应的是农作物群体生物量最大的时相。根据此原理通过提取耕地NDVI在一年内时间序列峰值频数，得出浙江省市级耕地的复种指数。【结论】浙江省耕地复种指数在空间分布上表现为西南大于东北。在时间上，从2001年到2003年有降低的趋势；而2004年有所增加。但相对于浙江的地理位置与气候条件来说，复种指数普遍偏低，潜力很大。     

From Sequential Pattern Mining to Structured Pattern Mining： A Pattern-Growth Approach

Sequential pattern mining is an important data mining problem with broad applications. However, it is also a challenging problem since the mining may have to generate or examine a combinatorially explosive number of intermediate subsequences. Recent studies have developed two major classes of sequential pattern mining methods: (1) a candidate generation-and-test approach, represented by (i) GSP, a horizontal format-based sequential pattern mining method, and (ii) SPADE, a vertical format-based method; and (2) a pattern-growth method, represented by PrefixSpan and its further extensions, such as gSpan for mining structured patterns. In this study, we perform a systematic introduction and presentation of the pattern-growth methodology and study its principles and extensions. We first introduce two interesting pattern-growth algorithms, FreeSpan and PrefixSpan, for efficient sequential pattern mining. Then we introduce gSpan for mining structured patterns using the same methodology. Their relative performance in large databases is presented and analyzed. Several extensions of these methods are also discussed in the paper, including mining multi-level, multi-dimensional patterns and mining constraint-based patterns.     

春尺蠖种群空间分布型及抽样技术研究

对春尺蠖成虫和卵块的空间分布型及抽样技术研究表明,各组样本各项指标均符合聚集分布的检定标准.应用Taylor幂法则、Iwao回归分析法测定出春尺蠖成虫和卵块的空间格局是基本成分为个体群的聚集分布,聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加.得出了春尺蠖成虫在一定精确度水平下的序贯抽样模型和最适理论抽样模型分别为:Tn=(2.269 3)/(D2-0.8/n)且n＞0.8/D2和N=(1)/(D2)((3.070 2)/(m)+0.800 9).卵块在一定精确度水平下的序贯抽样模型和最适理论抽样模型分别为:Tn=(0.628 1)/(D2-0.633 7/n)且n＞0.633 7/D2和N=(1)/(D2)((1.255 5)/(m)+0.633 7).     

针刺调理糖耐量异常兼见痰湿体质人群的临床研究

目的 通过辨识糖耐量异常人群的中医体质,并依据体质选取穴位,探索临床上针灸干预糖耐量异常兼见痰湿体质的优化治疗方案。方法 将66例糖耐量异常兼见痰湿体质的受试者,随机分为治疗组（针刺+生活方式干预）和对照组（生活方式干预）各33例,观察3个疗程后比较两组的空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2-hour postprandial blood glucose,2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（glycohemoglobin,HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）、餐后2 h胰岛素（2 hours fasting insulin,2hINS）以及中医痰湿体质积分等指标的改变,客观评价针刺干预糖耐量异常以及调理痰湿体质的治疗效果。结果 （1）两组治疗后FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、FINS、2hINS、痰湿体质积分等指标均较治疗前有明显改善（P<0.05）,且除FPG两组差异不明显外（P>0.05）,其余指标治疗组的干预效果明显优于对照组（P<0.05）;（2）治疗后治疗组痰湿体质改善程度与对照组比较,差异具有显著性意义（P<0.05）;（3）两组干预糖耐量异常的疗效和生活方式干预依从性比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 根据体质不同选取相应穴位,运用针刺手段干预痰湿体质兼见糖耐量异常人群的疗效具有一定的优势,可以在临床进一步推广运用。     

Monitoring the Sequential Cropping Index of Arable Land in Zhejiang Province of China Using MODIS-NDVI

The sequential cropping index of arable land is important agricultural information. The aim of this article is to monitor and analyze the parameter, and offer reference for agricultural production. The cropping index of arable land in Zhejiang Province, China from 2001 to 2004 was calculated using the second order difference based MODIS （moderate resolution imagine spectroradimeter） vegetation data from NASA （National Aeronautic and Space Administration） in America and the land use map with a scale of 1：25 000. It was found that the peak of the time series of the NDVI curve indicated that the ground biomass of crops reached the maximum, and fluctuated with the crops growing processes such as sowing, seeding, heading, ripeness, and harvesting within one year. Thus, the sequential cropping index was defined as the number of peaks of the time series of the NDVI curve. The sequential cropping index of all cities in Zhejiang Province, China was worked out. It is seen from the spatial distribution that the cropping index in the southwest Zhejiang Province is larger than that in the northeast. As for the temporal distribution, the sequential cropping index decreased from 2001 to 2003, whereas it increased slightly from 2003 to 2004. However, the index of arable land was relatively low, as far as the geographic position and climatic resource were concerned, and the potential of the sequential cropping index was great.     

落叶松叶蜂自然种群的空间分布及序贯抽样

落叶松叶蜂的空间分布服从均匀分布,并在海拔1550～2500m之间存在不同的生态类型,据此分别建立了防治指标值及序贯抽样式,为检验防治效果,确定防治方式及必要的抽样调查提供依据。     

烟田烟蓟马种群空间分布型及序贯抽样技术的研究

采用聚块性指标和Iwao回归法等,研究了烟田烟蓟马种群空间分布型,结果表明其符合聚集型的负二项分布,且具有共同的K值(K=3.11653)。在此基础上建立了不同精度水平下的Kuno序贯抽样图、不同防治指标下的Iwao序贯抽样图及复序贯抽样图。3种序贯抽样中,以复序贯抽样为优。     

小麦/玉米/玉米种植模式的高产研究

小麦/玉米/玉米种植模式是实现高产高效的有效途径。2.7 m带宽的麦玉玉模式两年平均产量为1258.1kg/667 m~2,比麦玉一年两熟平作增产20.19％。突破了北京地区小麦玉米一年两熟667 m~2产吨粮的格局,并且经济效益同步增长。     

M~*—M幂法则在昆虫种群抽样技术研究中的应用

基于笔者提出的研究生物种群空间格局的新模型——M~*—M幂法则,推导出一组新的抽样设计模型:(1)推导出一个计算简单随机抽样最适理论抽样数的公式;(2)提出一个确定最适样本单元大小的准则;(3)提出一个新的序贯抽样决策限模型。     

Rejection of renal allografts: specific immunologic suppression

Kidneys were transplanted across a major genetic barrier (Ag-B locus), from LewisxBN F(1) hybrid rats into bilaterally nephrectomized Lewis rats. Survival of grafts is prolonged (indefinite?) in rats treated with a combination of (i) intravenous injection of donor spleen cells 1 day before the graft, and (ii) passive immunization with antiserum prepared in rats of the recipient strain against donor spleen and lymph-node cells. The recipient's immune response to other antigens is not impaired.     

Comparison of analytical procedures for measuring phosphorus content of animal manures in China

The concentration and components of manure phosphorus (P) are key factors determining potential P bioavailability and runoff. The distribution of P forms in swine, poultry and cattle manures collected from intensive and extensive production systems in several areas of China was investigated with sequential fractionation and a simplified two-step (NaHCO₃-NaOH/EDTA) procedures. The mean total P concentration, determined by the sequential fractionation procedure of intensive swine, poultry and cattle manure, expressed as g·kg⁻¹, was 14.9, 13.4 and 5.8 g·kg⁻¹, respectively, and 4.4 g·kg⁻¹ in extensive cattle manure. In intensive swine, poultry and cattle manure about 73%, 74% and 79% of total P, respectively, was bioavailable (i.e., P extracted by H₂O and NaHCO₃) and 78% in extensive cattle manure. The results indicated the relative environmental risk, from high to low, of swine, poultry and cattle manure. There is considerable regional variation in animal manure P across China, which needs to be considered when developing manure management strategies.     

氯代硝基苯类生产废水厌氧-好氧序列生物处理研究Ⅰ. 反应器起动过程的特性

结果表明,以对氯硝基苯、邻氯硝基苯等目标污染物或氯代硝基苯生产废水和模拟有机废水混合水样作为厌氧/好氧(A/O)序列生物处理反应器进水,通过逐步提高目标污染物浓度与负荷,可驯化富集得到转化、降解硝基苯类、苯胺类的厌氧与好氧污泥;除硝基苯类在厌氧段得到转化外,苯胺类也可得到转化与降解.处理氯代硝基苯生产废水的厌氧/好氧系统在控制COD＜600 mg/L,HRT 44 h (A段20～24 h,O段22 h)的条件下,COD、硝基苯类(NAC)、苯胺类(AAC)的平均去除率分别为68%、97.4%及98.8%, 出水主要污染物指标可达到GB 8978-1996二级排放标准,对氯硝基苯、邻氯硝基苯等在系统中得到有效转化或降解.因此,厌氧/好氧序列生物工艺处理氯代硝基苯类生产废水是有效的.     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂虫瘿空间格局及其抽样技术研究

应用频次分布法、聚集度指标法和回归模型分析法对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂虫瘿在桉树林间的空间格局进行了测定。结果表明,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂虫瘿在林间呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分为个体群,其聚集原因主要是由本身的生物学特性与环境的差异性因素综合影响所致。同时,应用Iwao M*-M回归模型中的2个参数α、β的值,建立了理论抽样数模型N=t2(1.474 0/x+0.105 4)/D2和序贯抽样模型Tn=nm0±(n[1.474 0m0+0.105]4m02)～(1/2),并计算了林间调查的理论抽样数,列出了序贯抽样分析表,旨在为揭示该虫的生态学特性和种群消长趋势,提高虫情调查及预测预报的准确率和制订防治策略提供理论依据。     

啶虫脒对B-Z化学振荡体系的影响及其分析检测

在连续搅拌反应器(CSTR)中,研究了杀虫剂啶虫脒对封闭体系中的Belousov-Zhabotinsky化学振荡体系(B-Z振荡体系)的影响.结果表明:啶虫脒的浓度在4.80×10-5~2.00×10-4mol.L-1范围内,振幅变化值(ΔE)和周期变化值(ΔT)与啶虫脒浓度(C)的关系分别符合方程:ΔE=0.026 5+0.045 9c和ΔT=0.200 4c2-0.020 9c+0.001 3,相关系数分别为0.999 5和0.997 6,最低检测限达5.0×10-7mol.L-1.