Capacity of stem water conductivity for two eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus urophylla ) plantations in South China

The sap flux density (SFD) was used as a measure of water capacity through stems of eucalyptus in this paper. It was found that daily SFD increased with daily vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in nonlinear regression Y=AX ³+BX ²+CX+D (R ²=0.702 1, n=135, p=0.01) at both sites (Hetou and Jijia) in the Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province, China, where Y was daily SFD, X was mean daily VPD, A, B, C, D were constants. But extremely high VPD might limit stem water conductivity. The environmental factors, such as air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), solar radiation (RAD), etc., were the main determinants of SFD for E. urophylla plantations. The upper threshold of diurnal SFD was 51.55–55.65 mL·cm⁻²·h⁻¹ under the selected extremely high environmental conditions.     

Water use by fast-growing Eucalyptus urophylla plantations in southern China

Tree growth, water use, climate and soil water conditions were monitored over 12 months in two 3-4-year-old Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake plantations on the Leizhou Peninsula of southern China. The Hetou plantation was established on a sandy soil of sedimentary origin with low water storage capacity, and the Jijia plantation was established on a clay soil formed on basalt. Sapwood area was approximately 50% higher at Jijia than at Hetou because of differences in plant spacing (1994 versus 1356 stems ha(-1)). Annual water use, assessed by heat pulse measurements, was 542 mm at Hetou and 559 mm at Jijia, with mean sap flux densities of 2772 and 1839 l m(-2) day(-1), respectively. Limitations to water use, imposed by climatic and soil factors, were quantified by analysis of daily canopy conductance in relation to daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content. Similar annual water use at the two sites was a result of higher VPD and soil water availability at Hetou compensating for the greater sapwood area at Jijia. Potential annual water use in the absence of soil water limitation was estimated at 916 mm at Jijia and 815 mm at Hetou. Higher water availability during the dry season and early wet season at Hetou than at Jijia was the result of deep root systems. The results imply that water use by plantations on soils with high water availability and in areas of high VPD may be reduced by establishment at wider spacing. The environmental cost of water use by plantations must be weighed against their economic and environmental values to determine an appropriate mix of forestry, agriculture and other land uses in regions where water resources are limited.     

Shoot water relations of mature black spruce families displaying a genotype x environment interaction in growth rate. III. Diurnal patterns as influenced by vapor pressure deficit and internal water status

Pressure-volume curves were constructed and shoot water potentials measured for +20-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) trees from four full-sib families growing on a moist site and a dry site at the Petawawa Research Forest, Ontario, to determine whether differences in diurnal water relations traits were related to productivity. To assess the basis for the observed diurnal patterns, we analyzed effects of environmental and internal water stress variables on diurnal water relations traits. Among the water relations traits examined, turgor pressure was the most sensitive, responding to site, family and environmental variables and displaying the strongest diurnal responses to varying soil water availability and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Overall, there was an 84% drop in turgor pressure with increasing VPD: turgor pressure fell 46% in response to the first 0.75 kPa increase in VPD, and 9.7% in response to a second 0.75 kPa increase in VPD. The families differed in water relations responses to moderate water stress, but not in responses to minor or more extreme water stresses. Thus, at a VPD of 0.5 kPa, there was an estimated 83% greater family difference in turgor pressure on the dry site compared with the moist site. Soil and atmospheric water stress appeared to exert effects in tandem to elicit these responses (r(2) = 0.728). A comparison of the mechanisms of response to water deficit indicated that osmotic adjustment was more important than change in cell wall elasticity. We used a conceptual water relations model to illustrate the differences between tolerant and intolerant families in their mechanisms of water stress response. We conclude that, because genetic responses to site factors are dynamic, the integrated response over time contributes to the observed genetic x environmental interaction in growth.     

雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林树液茎流特征的研究

应用热脉冲法对雷州半岛4年生尾叶桉单株树干液流时空的动态变化及与各环境因子的关系进行观测研究.研究结果表明(1)形成层以内木质部不同深度的茎流密度不同,其中靠近形成层部分液流速度较快,但各层都具有相同的日变化趋势,中午12点至1点达到最大;夜间因根压作用影响各层仍有微弱上升液流;各深度日平均茎流密度11.6 L·m-2·d-1,最大为15.3 L·m-2·d-1(晴天),最小仅为5.4 L·m-2·d-1(雨天);(2) 不同直径尾叶桉的日茎流密度具有相似日变化趋势,胸径与高度相近其茎流密度相同,大树较小树快,这主要与树木根系吸收土壤水分的能力有关;(3)热脉冲法与整树容器法对2年生幼树耗水量的同步测定结果相一致,误差仅为3.4%;(4)树干茎流量与饱和蒸气压差和太阳辐射相关性特别显著.     

Influence of irradiance on water relations and carbon flux during rooting of Shorea leprosula leafy stem cuttings

Single-node leafy stem cuttings of Shorea leprosula Miq. were subjected to a high, intermediate or low irradiance treatment for 16 weeks in an enclosed mist propagation system. Before rooting, maximum photosynthesis of the cuttings occurred at an irradiance of 400 micro mol m(-2) s(-1). Although none of the irradiance treatments affected the number of roots produced per cutting, the numbers of cuttings that formed roots were 50 and 30% in the high irradiance (diurnal range of 0-658 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) and low irradiance (diurnal range of 0-98 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) treatments, respectively, compared with 62% in the intermediate irradiance treatment (diurnal range of 0-360 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)). Low rooting frequency of cuttings in the high irradiance treatment was associated with water deficits (maximum leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) = 3.6 kPa), whereas cuttings in the low irradiance treatment had a low rooting frequency because they were below the light compensation point most of the time. In the intermediate irradiance treatment, cuttings withstood a daily maximum VPD of 1-2 kPa and recovered overnight from the previous day's deficit, as indicated by higher relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) in the morning than in the previous afternoon and evening. Higher RWC and g(s) of cuttings in all treatments on Days 14 and 21 compared with Day 8 probably indicated recovery from water deficit following severance and insertion of the cuttings in rooting medium. There were negative relationships between stem volume of cuttings and both number of cuttings that rooted and number of roots per cutting.     

Diurnal and seasonal changes in stem increment and water use by yellow poplar trees in response to environmental stress

To evaluate indicators of whole-tree physiological responses to climate stress, we determined seasonal, daily and diurnal patterns of growth and water use in 10 yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) trees in a stand recently released from competition. Precise measurements of stem increment and sap flow made with automated electronic dendrometers and thermal dissipation probes, respectively, indicated close temporal linkages between water use and patterns of stem shrinkage and swelling during daily cycles of water depletion and recharge of extensible outer-stem tissues. These cycles also determined net daily basal area increment. Multivariate regression models based on a 123-day data series showed that daily diameter increments were related negatively to vapor pressure deficit (VPD), but positively to precipitation and temperature. The same model form with slight changes in coefficients yielded coefficients of determination of about 0.62 (0.57-0.66) across data subsets that included widely variable growth rates and VPDs. Model R2 was improved to 0.75 by using 3-day running mean daily growth data. Rapid recovery of stem diameter growth following short-term, diurnal reductions in VPD indicated that water stored in extensible stem tissues was part of a fast recharge system that limited hydration changes in the cambial zone during periods of water stress. There were substantial differences in the seasonal dynamics of growth among individual trees, and analyses indicated that faster-growing trees were more positively affected by precipitation, solar irradiance and temperature and more negatively affected by high VPD than slower-growing trees. There were no negative effects of ozone on daily growth rates in a year of low ozone concentrations.     

Vulnerability of low temperature induced needle retention in balsam fir (Abies balsamea L.) to vapor pressure deficits

Low temperature (LT) exposure has been shown to delay postharvest needle abscission and senescence (NAS) in balsam fir and changes in vapor pressure deficit (VPD) are expected to alter these processes. Two and half year-old seedlings were exposed to a LT of 5°C for 15 days while the control (CT) group was maintained at 22°C. Seedlings were then exposed to four different VPD (0.22, 0.87, 1.3 and 1.86?kPa) and observed for relative water content (RWC), xylem pressure potential (XPP), membrane injury index (MII), stem capacitance (SC) and NAS. An interactive effect of LT and VPD was observed in RWC, XPP, MII and NAS. Low VPD (0.22 and 0.87?kPa) resulted in less negative XPP, lower electrolyte leakage, higher SC and ultimately higher NAS than those at high VPD. Maximum NAS was recorded at 0.22?kPa. At 1.86?kPa, LT had 5× lower RWC (13%), 3× more negative XPP (?1.1?MPa), 1.8× higher membrane damage and 35% lower NAS (47 days) than CT. The SC declined with an increase in VPD with no effect of LT. The XPP and RWC of LT seedlings showed a positive relationship with NAS with R² values of 0.54 and 0.59, respectively. LT offered no benefits to NAS at high VPD environments.     

梨枣茎直径微变化的气象因子

枣树(ziziphus jujuba)作为陕北黄土高原地区的主要经济林树种,因其可观的经济效益与生态效益,成为国家退耕还林(草)工程的优选树种与工程后续良性发展的优势树种。实施精确灌溉是现代节水农业的发展趋势,而掌握作物的需水信息是实现精     

Stomatal conductance, transpiration and sap flow of tropical montane rain forest trees in the southern Ecuadorian Andes

We investigated tree water relations in a lower tropical montane rain forest at 1950-1975 m a.s.l. in southern Ecuador. During two field campaigns, sap flow measurements (Granier-type) were carried out on 16 trees (14 species) differing in size and position within the forest stand. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) and leaf transpiration (E(l)) were measured on five canopy trees and 10 understory plants. Atmospheric coupling of stomatal transpiration was good (decoupling coefficient Omega = 0.25-0.43), but the response of g(s) and E(l) to the atmospheric environment appeared to be weak as a result of the offsetting effects of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) on g(s). In contrast, sap flow (F) followed these atmospheric parameters more precisely. Daily F depended chiefly on PPF sums, whereas on short time scales, VPD impeded transpiration when it exceeded a value of 1-1.2 kPa. This indicates an upper limit to transpiration in the investigated trees, even when soil water supply was not limiting. Mean g(s) was 165 mmol m(-2) s(-1) for the canopy trees and about 90 mmol m(-2) s(-1) for the understory species, but leaf-to-leaf as well as tree-to-tree variation was large. Considering whole-plant water use, variation in the daily course of F was more pronounced among trees differing in size and crown status than among species. Daily F increased sharply with stem diameter and tree height, and ranged between 80 and 120 kg day(-1) for dominant canopy trees, but was typically well below 10 kg day(-1) for intermediate and suppressed trees of the forest interior.     

Environmental control of daily stem growth patterns in five temperate broad-leaved tree species

Tree ring analysis investigates growth processes at time horizons of several weeks to millennia, but lacks the detail of short-term fluctuation in cambial activity. This study used electronic high-precision dendrometry for analyzing the environmental factors controlling stem diameter variation and radial growth in daily resolution in five co-existing temperate broad-leaved tree species (genera Fraxinus, Acer, Carpinus, Tilia and Fagus) with different growth and survival strategies. Daily stem radius change (SRC(d)) was primarily influenced by the atmospheric demand for water vapor (expressed either as vapor pressure deficit (D) or relative air humidity (RH)) while rainfall, soil matrix potential, temperature and radiation were only secondary factors. SRC(d) increased linearly with increasing RH and decreasing D in all species. The positive effect of a low atmospheric water vapor demand on SRC(d) was largest in June during the period of maximal radial growth rate and persisted when observation windows of 7 or 21 days instead of 1 day were used. We found a high synchronicity in the day-to-day growth rate fluctuation among the species with increment peaks corresponding to air humidity maxima, even though the mean daily radial growth rate differed fivefold among the species. The five -species also differed in the positive slope of the growth/RH relationship with the steepest increase found in Fraxinus and the?lowest in Fagus. We explain the strong positive effect of high RH and low D on radial stem increment by lowered transpiration which reduces negative pressure in the conducting system and increases turgor in the stem cambium cells, thereby favoring cell division and expansion. The results suggest that mechanistic models of tree growth need to consider the atmospheric water status in addition to the known controlling environmental factors: temperature, soil moisture and precipitation. The results further have implications for sensitivity analyses of tree growth to climatic changes.     

Water use by Eucalyptus tereticornis stands of differing density in southern India

We studied water use by Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. in two plantations, differing in tree density (1800 stems ha(-1) at Site I and 1090 stems ha(-1) at Site II), in different years. At both sites, stomatal conductance, predawn and midday water potentials and microclimate were measured and used to estimate hourly transpiration by the Penman-Monteith equation. Growth in girth was also measured. Stomatal conductance was closely correlated with atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (D); however, stomata did not close completely even at high D ( approximately 5.0 kPa). Midday leaf water potentials did not fall below -2.0 MPa during any part of the year at either site. Predawn leaf water potentials were greater than -0.25 MPa during the postmonsoon period, but declined to -0.7 MPa at Site I during the premonsoon period. Transpiration estimates ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 mm h(-1) at Site I and from 0.2 to 0.6 mm h(-1) at Site II. The extrapolated transpiration values for the rain-free days of the year were 1563 mm and 853 mm for Sites I and II, respectively. Growth in girth was negligible during the premonsoon period. Photosynthesis was not affected by the minor water stress that developed during the premonsoon period.     

黄土高原半干旱区人工林刺槐展叶期树干液流动态分析

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2008年4月26日至5月31日,在黄土高原半干旱区安塞县对人工林刺槐展叶期树干液流及其气象、土壤水分等6个指标进行连续测定.结果表明:刺槐展叶期可分为芽期、展叶初期、中期和全叶期.在芽期,刺槐树干液流速率日变化无明显昼夜波动;在展叶初期至全叶期日变化呈现出从微弱波动逐渐增大到趋于平稳的剧烈波动;在展叶中期以后液流速率表现为上升快、下降缓慢的单峰曲线;在全叶期平均峰值约为0.002 7 cm·s-1;树干液流速率与光合有效辐射强度、大气温度、水蒸气压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关,其相关程度依次为光合有效辐射强度>大气温度>水蒸气压亏缺>相对湿度>风速,且可用光合有效辐射强度和大气温度线性表达式来估测;土壤水分在展叶期呈逐渐减少趋势,但对树干液流的胁迫不显著;在展叶期刺槐单株日蒸腾耗水量随直径的增大而增大并与胸径呈良好的线性关系,可用来估算展叶期刺槐人工林蒸腾耗水量.     

Modeling tree water deficit from microclimate: an approach to quantifying drought stress

Tree water deficit estimated by measuring water-related changes in stem radius (DeltaW) was compared with tree water deficit estimated from the output of a simple, physiologically reasonable model (DeltaWE), with soil water potential (Psisoil) and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) as inputs. Values of DeltaW were determined by monitoring stem radius changes with dendrometers and detrending the results for growth. We followed changes in DeltaW and DeltaWE in Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus pubescens Willd. over 2 years at a dry site (2001-2002; Salgesch, Wallis) and in Picea abies (L.) Karst. for 1 year at a wet site (1998; Davos, Graubuenden) in the Swiss Alps. The seasonal courses of DeltaW in deciduous species and in conifers at the same site were similar and could be largely explained by variation in DeltaWE. This finding strongly suggests that DeltaW, despite the known species-specific differences in stomatal response to microclimate, is mainly explained by a combination of atmospheric and soil conditions. Consequently, we concluded that trees are unable to maintain any particular DeltaW. Either Psisoil or VPD alone provided poorer estimates of DeltaW than a model incorporating both factors. As a first approximation of DeltaWE, Psisoil can be weighted so that the negative mean Psisoil reaches 65 to 75% of the positive mean daytime VPD over a season (Q. pubescens: approximately 65%, P. abies: approximately 70%, P. sylvestris: approximately 75%). The differences in DeltaW among species can be partially explained by a different weighting of Psisoil against VPD. The DeltaW of P. sylvestris was more dependent on Psisoil than that of Q. pubescens, but less than that of P. abies, and was less dependent on VPD than that of P. abies and Q. pubescens. The model worked well for P. abies at the wet site and for Q. pubescens and P. sylvestris at the dry site, and may be useful for estimating water deficit in other tree species.     

天目山柳杉古树的液流特征研究

应用热扩散技术法,于2010年4—8月对浙江天目山自然保护区内的2株柳杉古树的树干液流进行连续观测,结合所测定的相关环境因子,分析了柳杉树干液流和耗水量的变化规律,以及液流与各环境因子的关系。结果表明:不同季节柳杉树干液流速率日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰波动曲线,但树干液流启动时间、达到峰值时间及迅速下降时间存在明显差异;树干液流密度与光合有效辐射、空气温度和水汽压差间存在极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度和CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关;液流密度随树干直径的增加,无明显变化差异,但液流速率和日均耗水量均随树干直径的增加而增大;胸径75.6 cm柳杉和胸径62.8 cm柳杉的日均耗水量季节变化过程相同,但2者变化差异较大,6月份日均耗水量最低,分别为(49.356±14.883) kg和(9.531±4.297)kg;4月份日均耗水量最高,分别为(110.022±21.890)kg和(49.352±2.629)kg。     

Changes in whole-tree water relations during ontogeny of Pinus flexilis and Pinus ponderosa in a high-elevation meadow

We measured sap flux in Pinus ponderosa Laws. and Pinus flexilis James trees in a high-elevation meadow in northern Arizona that has been invaded by conifers over the last 150 years. Sap flux and environmental data were collected from July 1 to September 1, 2000, and used to estimate leaf specific transpiration rate (El), canopy conductance (Gc) and whole-plant hydraulic conductance (Kh). Leaf area to sapwood area ratio (LA/SA) increased with increasing tree size in P. flexilis, but decreased with increasing tree size in P. ponderosa. Both Gc and Kh decreased with increasing tree size in P. flexilis, and showed no clear trends with tree size in P. ponderosa. For both species, Gc was lower in the summer dry season than in the summer rainy season, but El did not change between wet and dry summer seasons. Midday water potential (Psi(mid)) did not change across seasons for either species, whereas predawn water potential (Psi(pre)) tracked variation in soil water content across seasons. Pinus flexilis showed greater stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and maintained higher Psi(mid) than P. ponderosa. Both species showed greater sensitivity to VPD at high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; > 2500 micromol m-2 s-1) than at low PAR (< 2500 micromol m-2 s-1). We conclude that the direction of change in Gc and Kh with increasing tree size differed between co-occurring Pinus species, and was influenced by changes in LA/SA. Whole-tree water use and El were similar between wet and dry summer seasons, possibly because of tight stomatal control over water loss.     

Canopy conductance and stand transpiration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus simonii Carr</Emphasis> in response to soil and atmospheric water deficits in farmland shelterbelt,Northwest China

Populus simonii Carr trees are the most abundant species in Xinjiang farmland shelterbelt. They played an important role in protecting farmland ecosystem. Their stand transpiration rates and canopy conductances ranged from 0.14 to 1.02 cm d^?1 and from 1.19*10^?3 to 8.99*10^?5 m s^?1, respectively, during the 2014 growing season. Transpiration rate was showed quadratic polynomial regression with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (T), and exponential relationship with solar radiation (R_n). Furthermore, transpiration peaked at VPD, T, and Rn were 2.1 kPa, 23 °C, and 200 W m^?2, respectively. Canopy conductance increased exponentially with the increasing R_n, whereas decreased logarithmically with the increasing VPD. Besides, transpiration increased with the increasing T and VPD ,and decreased sharply with the increasing soil water deficit. Finally, canopy conductance increased with the decreasing atmospheric water deficit. These results are not only providing the basis for more detailed analyses of water physiology and growth of Populus simonii Carr trees for the later application of a climate-driven process model, but also might have implications for farmland shelterbelt management.     

Environmental control of ozone uptake in Larix decidua Mill.: a comparison between different altitudes

We studied ozone (O(3)) uptake by European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) needles under ambient conditions at both a low and a high elevation site. At a given ambient O(3) concentration, the rate of O(3) uptake by needles was effectively controlled by stomatal conductance and, hence, by factors such as light, humidity and water status, which control stomatal conductance. At both study sites, atmospheric water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was the climatic factor most closely correlated with ambient O(3) concentration. Thus, when ambient O(3) concentrations were highest, O(3) flux into the needles tended to be restricted by narrowing of the stomata. Mitigation of potential O(3) stress by stomatal closure was most marked at the low elevation site where both soil water stress and atmospheric VPD were greater than at the high elevation site.     

Leaf gas exchange in the frankincense tree (Boswellia papyrifera) of African dry woodlands

A conceptual model was tested for explaining environmental and physiological effects on leaf gas exchange in the deciduous dry tropical woodland tree Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst. For this species we aimed at (i) understanding diurnal patterns in leaf gas exchange, (ii) exploring cause-effect relationships among external environment, internal physiology and leaf gas exchange, and (iii) exploring site differences in leaf gas exchange in response to environmental variables. Diurnal courses in gas exchange, underlying physiological traits and environmental variables were measured for 90 trees on consecutive days at two contrasting areas, one at high and the other at low altitude. Assimilation was highest in the morning and slightly decreased during the day. In contrast, transpiration increased from early morning to midday, mainly in response to an increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and gradual stomatal closure. The leaf water potential varied relatively little and did not influence gas exchange during the measurement period. Our results suggest that the same cause-effect relationships function at contrasting areas. However, leaves at the higher altitude had higher photosynthetic capacity, reflecting acclimation to higher light levels. Trees at both areas nevertheless achieved similar leaf assimilation rates since assimilation was down-regulated by stomatal closure due to the higher VPD at the higher altitude, while it became more light limited at the lower altitude. Gas exchange was thus limited by a high VPD or low light levels during the wet season, despite the ability of the species to acclimate to different conditions.     

雷州半岛加勒比松人工林旱季液流特征与耗水量研究

利用热脉冲技术对雷州半岛25年生加勒比松人工林旱季 (2000年10月至2001年2月)树干液流特征、耗水及环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明:加勒比松边材不同位点的液流密度由外到内呈低-高-低的态势;观测期间林分日液流密度变幅为411～4 120 L·m-2·d-1,日平均液流密度为2 084 L·m-2·d-1;旱季无雨时,加勒比松日液流密度与太阳辐射、饱和蒸汽压差、气温及湿度相关性显著;有雨时,加勒比松日液流密度仅与饱和蒸汽压及湿度相关性显著;单株日耗水量变幅为6.4～169.5 L,日平均耗水量为55.5 L,林分日耗水量变幅为0.35～3.52 mm·d-1,日均耗水量为1.71 mm·d-1,旱季总耗水量为257.7 mm,占同期降水量的72.3%.     

金森女贞光合生理特性的研究

研究了金森女贞光合生理日变化及其光补偿点和饱和点.结果表明:金森女贞的单日净光合速率(Pn)呈双峰曲线,出现"午休"现象,造成Pn下降的主要原因是非气孔因素.蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的变化趋势与Pn相似,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与之相反.Pn与Ci和PAR的相关性达到极显著水平,Tr与PAR、RH和VPD均达到极显著水平.金森女贞的光补偿点(LCP)为16.67 μmol/(m2·s),饱和点(ISP)约为1 000 μmol/(m2·s),属于阳性植物.