花椒窄吉丁气味结合蛋白AzanOBP5的克隆与表达

为进一步明确花椒窄吉丁Agrilus zanthoxylumi气味结合蛋白AzanOBP5在昆虫嗅觉识别过程中的功能,基于花椒窄吉丁转录组数据(SUB6796283)利用cDNA末端快速扩增技术对花椒窄吉丁气味结合蛋白基因AzanOBP5进行全长克隆并进行生物信息学分析;通过实时荧光定量检测技术测定基因AzanOBP5在成虫不同组织中的表达情况。结果显示,克隆获得基因AzanOBP5全长740bp(GenBank登录号为MT318834),5''端非编码区为172bp,3''端非编码区114bp,开放阅读框453bp,编码150个氨基酸。序列分析表明,AzanOBP5氨基酸序列与苹果小吉丁Agrilus mali AmalOBP5的氨基酸序列一致性最高。成功构建pET-21a-AzanOBP5重组质粒并在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中表达,经过诱导和纯化条件的优化及Western blot鉴定,得到的融合蛋白His-AzanOBP5大小符合预期。基因AzanOBP5在雌雄成虫的不同组织中均有表达,其中在成虫腹部的表达量最高。表明花椒窄吉丁气味结合蛋白基因AzanOBP5除参与嗅觉识别过程外,还可能具有其他生理功能。     

昆虫对植物源手性气味的立体选择性识别

昆虫对手性植物气味表现出立体选择性反应和行为,手性识别影响植物/昆虫的关系。3种鳞翅目雌蛾对寄主中(-)-D-杜鹃烯高度敏感和具有高选择性反应。棉铃虫对α-蒎烯对映异构体表现出立体选择性的行为反应和记忆。云杉八齿小蠹(Ips typographus)利用其寄主中的(-)-α-蒎烯合成其聚集信息素(S)-Z-马鞭草烯醇。虫瘿雄蜂(Antistrophus rufus)通过识别其幼虫危害诱导的手性单萜异构体比例作为性信息素寻找雌蜂。     

棉铃虫危害对转基因棉花挥发物成分和释放速率的影响

采用顶空吸附法和气质联用对棉铃虫轻度危害的苗期转基因棉花33B释放的挥发物进行研究。结果表明:棉花挥发物的主要成分是绿叶气体、萜类及其衍生物,包括己醛,α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯、β-水芹烯、香芹醇、壬醛、顺3己烯醇乙酸酯、十四碳烯、β-石竹烯和柏木酮等;棉花的茎、叶及地上部分的释放速率分别为27.2、391.4、223.5 ng/g.h,棉株挥发物的总释放量主要由叶片所释放;棉花受棉铃虫幼虫轻度危害后,地上部分挥发物的释放速率明显增加,危害后1 h和12 h时的释放速率分别为622.54、69.6 ng/g.h,与对照棉花有明显差异;24h后其释放速率基本恢复;在受害棉花的挥发物组分中,主要是绿叶气体和萜类成分变化明显。     

两种产卵引诱物质刺激下橘小实蝇雌成虫的转录组分析

为阐明橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis感受2种气味物质γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的分子机制,于室内测定记录其已交配雌成虫的触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）反应和行为,利用RNA-Seq测序技术测定其已交配雌成虫在2种气味物质刺激下的头部组织转录组并进行比较分析,应用实时荧光定量PCR对部分化学感受基因进行验证。结果表明,橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫对γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯2种气味物质均有浓度依赖性反应,随着浓度增大,EAG反应值有增大趋势,且2种气味物质均对橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫具有明显的引诱作用。γ-辛内酯刺激后橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫的头部转录组中共有851个差异表达基因,包括20个化学感受基因,其中有261个基因上调表达,590个基因下调表达;而β-石竹烯刺激后共有523个差异表达基因,包括15个化学感受基因,其中162个基因上调表达,361个基因下调表达。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果证实,分别有4个和6个化学感受基因可能与橘小实蝇雌成虫对γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的感受相关。表明橘小实蝇雌成虫感受γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的分子机制可能是由多种化学感受基因共同参与完成。     

陕西地区花椒主要病害的生防菌筛选与鉴定

为开发针对陕西地区花椒主要病害的生防菌资源,对陕西省宝鸡市凤县花椒根际土壤微生物进行分离培养,并测定了其对花椒的4种靶标病原菌,即干腐病菌（Fusarium zanthoxyli）、黑胫病菌（Phytophthora citrophthora）、根腐病菌（F. solani）和落叶病菌（Marssonina sp.）的抑菌活性。结果显示：从花椒根际土壤中共分离到297个微生物菌株,其中105个为真菌,192个为细菌。通过初筛,获得了20个对3种及以上靶标病原菌均具有显著拮抗作用的细菌菌株,经形态学和16S rDNA 序列分析,将其中7个鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）,5个鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（B. amyloliquefaciens）,3个鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌属（Burkholderia）的不同种,2个鉴定为安徽黄杆菌（Flavobacterium anhuiense）,3个为其他种。经复筛和验证,发现贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P87的生防潜力最强,可以作为花椒病害生物防治的备选菌种。     

绿盲蝽对七种锦葵科植物挥发物的EAG和趋向行为反应

研究绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)对锦葵科植物挥发物的EAG和趋向行为反应,为研发绿盲蝽引诱剂或驱避剂策略提供科学依据。田间采用动态顶空采样方法收集了7种锦葵科植物的挥发物,通过室内气相-质谱联用系统(GC-MS)进行物质鉴定及定量分析,最终测定了雌、雄绿盲蝽成虫对11种候选特征挥发物的触角电位(EAG)反应和嗅觉趋向选择行为。结果表明,7种锦葵科植物的挥发物种类和含量有较大差异,而且4种棉花品种之间的挥发物差异也很显著。棉花石远321的挥发物总量最大,其中4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯(DMNT)含量最高,壬醛和罗勒烯其次。蜀葵的挥发物种类和含量均最少。11种候选特征挥发物均能够引起绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫EAG反应,且雄性成虫的反应值大都高于雌性成虫。其中,绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫触角对反-2-己烯酸丁酯EAG反应值最大,芳樟醇、乙酸叶醇酯、甲基庚烯酮及DMNT也能够激发绿盲蝽较大的EAG反应。在趋向行为检测中发现,DMNT及柠檬烯等对雄性成虫具有吸引作用。对雌性成虫有吸引作用的物质有γ-萜品烯、DMNT、月桂烯、α-石竹烯、罗勒烯及乙酸叶醇酯等,其中γ-萜品烯和乙酸叶醇酯对雌性成虫具有极显著吸引效果。锦葵科候选植物挥发物对绿盲蝽雌、雄虫具有不同EAG和趋向行为反应影响,候选气味化合物可以作为设计绿盲蝽引诱剂组分进行害虫防控田间实践。     

入侵害虫松树蜂气味结合蛋白与其相关信息化学物质的分子对接

为探究入侵我国的重大林业检疫性害虫松树蜂Sirex noctilio的气味结合蛋白(odorant binding protein,OBP)与其相关信息化学物质的结合模式和结合能力,采用Swiss-model在线服务器对松树蜂触角中高表达的4种OBP序列进行同源模建,采用Procheck、Verify_3D和ERRAT程序对模建质量进行评价;并应用Autodock软件对OBP模型和相关信息化学物质进行分子对接分析。结果显示,在松树蜂触角中高表达的4种蛋白为SnocOBP4、SnocOBP6、SnocOBP9和SnocOBP12,其同源模建所得模型质量较好:均满足拉氏构象图中氨基酸位于最佳合理区的数量大于90%的条件;三维结构与一级结构的兼容性评分大于0.2;所得ERRAT值分别为85.71%、95.10%、98.15%和91.82%。分子对接显示,与松树挥发物α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯结合最好的蛋白是SnocOBP12,结合能分别为-5.36 kJ/mol和-5.48 kJ/mol;与雌性信息素成分顺-9-二十九烯结合最好的蛋白是SnocOBP4,结合能为-5.42 kJ/mol;与雄性信息素成分顺-3-癸烯醇和顺-4-癸烯醇结合最好的蛋白是SnocOBP9,结合能分别为-4.37 kJ/mol和-4.45 k J/mol;而3-蒈烯、顺-7-二十七烯和反-2,4-癸二烯醛等气味分子与SnocOBP6的结合能较低,结合能最低的是顺-7-二十七烯,为-6.08 k J/mol。雄蜂主要信息素成分顺-3-癸烯醇与其同分异构体反-3-癸烯醇相比,与SnocOBP9的结合能较低;但是反-3-癸烯醇能以较强的氢键竞争SnocOBP9结合位点。研究表明这4种松树蜂OBP与相应植物挥发物或雌雄信息素具有较好的亲和力,参与了松树蜂对不同信息化学物质的识别过程。     

基于稻纵卷叶螟触角转录组的羧酸酯酶类气味降解基因CXE66鉴定及其表达谱

为了解稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis气味降解机制,利用稻纵卷叶螟基因组和触角转录组鉴定羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase,CXE）基因,同时采用同源比对和系统发育进化树对其进行分类,进一步克隆获得稻纵卷叶螟CXE66的全长序列,并采用实时荧光定量PCR分析该基因在各组织中的表达情况。结果显示,共鉴定出触角特异性表达的45个CXE基因,其中新发现29个CXE,分属于CXE八个亚族。触角组织中高表达的CXE66基因开放阅读框长1 605 bp,编码534个氨基酸,且具有典型CXE结构特征,其在稻纵卷叶螟触角、头、胸、腹、足和翅中均有表达,且在触角中表达量最高。表明45个CXE基因可能参与稻纵卷叶螟的气味降解和性信息素降解、有毒物质代谢、蜕皮发育和神经发育等生理生化过程,其中CXE66可能参与酯类植物挥发物的降解。     

中华弧丽金龟甲对十二种常见植物挥发物的触角电位和嗅觉反应

为筛选中华弧丽金龟甲Popillia quadriguttata的行为调控剂,利用触角电位仪测定中华弧丽金龟甲雌、雄成虫对12种挥发物的电生理反应,利用Y型嗅觉仪测试其对8种具有电生理活性的挥发物的行为反应。结果表明:寄主植物挥发物1-辛烯-3-醇引起的中华弧丽金龟甲雌成虫触角电位(EAG)相对反应值分别为己醛的3.08倍、反式-2-己烯醛的2.96倍、3-辛酮的2.33倍,显著高于这3种挥发物;5种非寄主植物挥发物引起的雌成虫EAG相对反应值之间不存在显著差异。在浓度为0.1 mol/L时,寄主植物挥发物2-乙基-1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇和β-石竹烯均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(-)-β-蒎烯对雄成虫具有显著驱避作用;在浓度为0.001 mol/L时,寄主挥发物2-乙基-1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、β-石竹烯和芳樟醇均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(R)-(+)-柠檬烯、1,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯对雄成虫具有显著引诱作用;在浓度为0.00001 mol/L时,寄主挥发物β-石竹烯、芳樟醇均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(R)-(+)-柠檬烯、1,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯对雄成虫具有显著引诱作用。说明一定浓度的β-石竹烯、芳樟醇、2-乙基-1-己醇对中华弧丽金龟甲雌成虫具有显著的引诱能力,可作为引诱剂成分加以开发利用。     

啶氧菌酯对意大利蜜蜂幼虫生长发育及免疫应答的影响

为探究啶氧菌酯对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica幼虫生长发育和免疫应答的影响,使用田间推荐浓度（113、150、225和281 mg/L）的啶氧菌酯连续饲喂意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫,记录处理后工蜂幼虫的存活率、化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率和羽化初生重,并测量幼虫体内发育相关基因、营养相关基因及免疫相关基因表达情况。结果显示,不同浓度啶氧菌酯对意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫存活率、蛹重和羽化初生重均有显著影响,且具有显著的浓度效应;150、225和281 mg/L啶氧菌酯处理后意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫的化蛹率和蛹的羽化率均较对照显著下降。不同浓度啶氧菌酯均可诱导幼虫体内蜕皮激素受体（ecdysone receptor,Ecr）基因、卵黄原蛋白（vitellogenin,Vg）基因、蜜蜂防卫素（defensin 1,Def1）基因和膜翅抗菌肽（hymenoptaecin,Hym）基因的表达量上调,且大部分与对照差异显著;不同浓度啶氧菌酯均可显著抑制幼虫体内胰岛素样肽（insulin-like peptide 1,ILP1）基因的表达量;281 mg/L啶氧菌酯分别显著抑制和显著增加幼虫体内蜜蜂抗菌肽（apidaecin,Api）基因和蜂蛾抗菌肽（abaecin,Aba）基因的表达量,225 mg/L和281 mg/L啶氧菌酯可诱导幼虫体内ILP2的表达量显著上调,显著抑制幼虫体内储存蛋白（hexamerin,Hex）基因Hex70b的表达量,其他浓度处理对幼虫体内Api、Aba、ILP2和Hex70b无显著影响。表明啶氧菌酯对意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫有慢性毒性,长时间暴露会扰乱幼虫的生长发育和免疫应答。在生产实践中应当考虑啶氧菌酯对意大利蜜蜂的潜在风险。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。