落叶松褐锈病的研究锈寄生菌的形态特征及其萌发生理

 落叶松褐锈病的重寄生菌经鉴定为锈寄生菌[Darluca filum(Biv.)Cast.],寄生在褐锈病菌冬孢子堆上。它的分生孢子萌发喜低温,萌发温度范围2-27℃,适温4-12℃。不同营养液对分生孢子萌发速率各异,5%葡萄糖及蒸馏水滴中萌发率较高,2.5%硫酸铵液滴中不萌发。pH值对分生孢子萌发也有影响,pH9萌发较好,偏碱性pH9下不萌发。
锈寄生菌对褐锈病菌有较强的杀伤性能,被寄生的冬孢子以上失去发芽力且逐渐破碎乃至消失。因此,它将为落叶松褐锈病的生物防治提供依据和可能。     

小豆锈病病原菌鉴定

 小豆锈病是小豆的重要病害。然而,小豆锈病病原菌在我国还没有被鉴定。本文对从黑龙江省和内蒙古自治区采集的5个小豆锈病菌样品的分类地位进行了研究。形态学观察表明,小豆锈病菌夏孢子芽孔位于赤道线或赤道线上方,冬孢子平均壁厚为2.0 μm。分子标记检测发现,小豆锈病菌不能被疣顶单胞锈菌特异性引物对UA-ITSF/UA-ITSR扩增,小豆锈病菌和豇豆锈病菌不能被豇豆单胞锈特异性引物对UV-ITSF/UV-ITSR区分。对豇豆单胞锈特异性引物对扩增的4个小豆锈病菌样品PCR产物进行测序,比对分析表明目标序列与小豆单胞锈ITS序列的同源性为99%~100%。基于夏孢子的芽孔位置、冬孢子壁的厚度、疣顶单胞锈菌及豇豆单胞锈特异性引物检测结果和ITS序列分析,小豆锈病菌被鉴定为小豆单胞锈。     

大叶白蜡树锈病及其重寄生菌研究

 小叶白蜡树锈孢锈菌(Aecidium fraxinibungeanae Diet.)引起大叶白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis var.rhynchophylla Hemsl)锈病为国内新记录。该锈病在我国重要白蜡产区乐山市严重发生,病株率和病叶率分别可达100%和56%,造成叶片病部坏死,病叶脱落,严重影响白蜡产量。大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌在乐山市及雅安市大叶白蜡树锈病菌上寄生很普遍,自然重寄生率达46.8%。重寄生菌寄生在大叶白蜡树锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子(锈孢子)的释放。本文还报道了大叶白蜡树锈病的危害、症状特点、病原形态特征及大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌形态特征。     

小驳骨锈病的重寄生现象及重寄生菌鉴定(英文)

在小驳骨锈病的冬孢子堆上发现一种重寄生菌。被重寄生菌寄生的病斑表面可见到一层白色菌丝体。光学显微镜下发现,被寄生的柄锈菌菌丝和冬孢子断裂、变形和退色。18S rDNA PCR扩增及测序结果表明,重寄生菌为刀孢轮枝菌(Lecanicillium psalliotae),本文首次报道刀孢轮枝菌寄生柄锈菌。     

吉林省白杨锈菌鉴定（英文）

银白杨,杨属植物,广泛种植于中国东北部地区,其锈病发生特别严重。在本研究中,根据形态特征和生活史将白杨锈菌鉴定为Melampsora laricis。使用杨树锈病叶片上的担孢子对日本落叶松及白山落叶松进行接种试验,结果证实了其精子器和锈子器世代发生在落叶松植物上。     

吉林省白杨锈菌鉴定

 银白杨,杨属植物,广泛种植于中国东北部地区,其锈病发生特别严重。在本研究中,根据形态特征和生活史将白杨锈菌鉴定为Melampsora laricis。使用杨树锈病叶片上的担孢子对日本落叶松及白山落叶松进行接种试验,结果证实了其精子器和锈子器世代发生在落叶松植物上。     

三裂叶豚草锈病的发生与空气中冬孢子浓度及温湿度的关系

通过在北京怀柔宝山寺地区设置孢子捕捉器,定点定株系统调查三裂叶豚草锈病的发生普遍率与冬孢子数量,结合当地气象数据,研究了三裂叶豚草锈病的流行与温、湿度的关系。结果表明,豚草锈病普遍率与其空气中锈病冬孢子数量变化不存在明显相关性;三裂叶豚草锈病的发生与湿度相关,与温度和空气中锈菌冬孢子浓度无关。     

牛奶子锈病及其重寄生菌

2002年在四川省宝兴县蜂桶寨国家自然保护区和天全县喇叭河自然保护区牛奶子上发现了牛奶子锈病,经鉴定,该锈病为牛奶子春孢锈菌Aecidiumelaeagni-umbellatae Diet.其病株率100%、病叶率26%,叶片枯斑、脱落和削弱树势.在牛奶子锈病菌上采集到自然重寄生菌,经鉴定为Tuberculina sp.,该重寄生菌为国内外首次发现.重寄生菌寄生于牛奶子锈菌春孢子器出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放,具有潜在的生防应用价值.笔者对牛奶子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及牛奶子锈病菌的重寄生现象与重寄生菌的形态特征等进行了研究.     

甜菜锈病在我国适生性的分析(摘要)

本文着重对甜菜锈病发生的气象因素进行分析研究,搜集了国外甜菜产区和加拿大甜菜锈病流行年、流行地区的气象资料,结合病源和甜菜生物学特性的分析,认为甜菜锈病的发生和流行,除了需要具备足够数量的甜菜锈病病原菌和大量感病品种外,关键在于气候条件是否适合锈病的发生,即冬孢子萌发和锈孢子阶段的适宜温度、湿度(甜菜播种后较长时期     

重寄生菌葡酒锈生座孢(Tuberculina vinosa)和白蜡锈生座孢(T.fraxinis)的寄生专化性

 用葡酒锈生座孢(Tuberculina vinosa)的孢子悬浮液,在贴梗海棠、木瓜、苹果和垂丝海棠锈病发生期,喷雾接种于叶面锈菌性子器处,7-12 d出现重寄生现象。表明葡酒锈生座孢除能在自然条件下寄生梨锈病菌外,在人为接种条件下,其寄主范围包括贴梗海棠锈病菌、木瓜锈病菌(Gymnosporangium asiaticum)、苹果锈病菌和垂丝海棠锈病菌(G.yamadai)。用葡酒锈生座孢和白蜡锈生座孢(T.fraxinis)在梨锈病菌和大叶白蜡锈病菌(Aecidium fraxinibungeanae)上交互接种,结果表明,两者不能交互寄生。研究T.vinosa和T.fraxinis的寄生专化性,对2种重寄生菌的应用及锈生座孢属(Tuberculina)种的鉴定具有意义。     

Histological responses in Hordeum chilense to brown and yellow rust fungi

The histological reaction of 16 Hordeum chilense accessions to Puccinia recondila, P. hordei and P striiformis was investigated. It is not possible to generalize about the reaction of H. chilense to these rust fungi. Several lines showed a susceptible infection type to a brown rust harvested on H. juhatum. One of these lines had an intermediate infection type to the wheat brown rust fungus. The H. chilense reaction to the yellow rust fungi ranged from susceptible to resistant. The lines differed in their response to the rust fungi, as expressed by the level of early abortion of sporelings, and the frequency of plant-cell necrosis associated with the infection sites. All the lines caused complete early abortion associated with infrequent necrosis of the rye brown rust fungus. The responses were to some extent rust non-specific. The differences in response between the lines may reflect differences in general defence mechanisms.     

Hyperspectral signal decomposition and symptom detection of wheat rust disease at the leaf scale using pure fungal spore spectra as reference

This study establishes a method to detect and distinguish between brown rust and yellow rust on wheat leaves based on hyperspectral imaging at the leaf scale under controlled laboratory conditions. A major problem at this scale is the generation of representative and correctly labelled training data, as only mixed spectra comprising plant and fungal material are observed. For this purpose, the pure spectra of rust spores of Puccinia triticina and P. striiformis, causal agents of brown and yellow rust, respectively, were used to serve as a spectral fingerprint for the detection of a specific leaf rust disease. A least-squares factorization was used on hyperspectral images to unveil the presence of the spectral signal of rust spores in mixed spectra on wheat leaves. A quantification of yellow and brown rust, chlorosis and healthy tissue was verified in time series experiments on inoculated plants. The detection of fungal crop diseases by hyperspectral imaging was enabled without pixel-wise labelling at the leaf scale by using reference spectra from spore-scale observations. For the first time, this study shows an interpretable decomposition of the spectral reflectance mixture during pathogenesis. This novel approach will support a more sophisticated and precise detection of foliar diseases of wheat by hyperspectral imaging.     

落叶松褐锈病的研究1.夏孢子的发生及其形态鉴定

 落叶松褐锈病[Triphragmiopsis laricinum(Chou) Tai],是由落叶松拟三孢锈菌引起的一种叶锈病。现已知在黑龙江、吉林、辽宁三省的落叶松人工林内,均有不同程度的发生。发病率一般70~80%,重病区可达90%以上。病原菌能为害各种落叶松,以苗期和落叶松人工幼林较为严重。     

甘蔗优良新品种(系)抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分子检测及自然抗性评价

甘蔗褐锈病是目前中国蔗区发生最普遍、危害最严重的病害之一,选育和种植抗病品种是防治该病最为经济有效的措施。为明确近年国家甘蔗体系育成的50个新品种(系)对甘蔗褐锈病的抗性,确定其应用潜力,本研究通过在甘蔗褐锈病高发蔗区云南德宏、保山2个区域化试验站,采用田间自然抗性调查与分子标记辅助鉴定抗性基因的方法,于2014年和2015年对中国近年选育的50个优良新品种(系)及2个主栽品种进行抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分子检测及自然抗性评价。田间自然发病调查结果表明,50个优良新品种(系)及2个主栽品种中,高抗至中抗的有34个,占65.38%。其中15个材料表现高抗,占28.85%,16个材料表现抗病,占30.77%,3个材料表现中抗,占5.77%;分子检测结果显示,共29个抗病材料含有抗褐锈病基因Bru1,出现频率为55.77%,表明中国近年选育的优良新品种(系)中抗褐锈病性主要由Bru1控制;其余5个抗病材料均不含抗褐锈病基因Bru1,暗示除了Bru1外,可能还有其他抗褐锈病基因存在。不同系列品种田间感病品种的频率和含抗褐锈病基因Bru1的频率不同,粤糖系列品种感病品种的频率最高达到60%,含Bru1的频率最低,只有30%,抗性最弱;云蔗系列品种感锈病品种的频率最低只有12.5%,含Bru1的频率最高,达到81.25%,抗性最好。本研究结果为深入开展甘蔗抗褐锈病育种,选育和推广优良抗病品种,有效防控甘蔗褐锈病提供了科学依据和优良抗性新品种(系)。     

鸟类对落叶松鞘蛾的抑制作用观察

兴安落叶松鞘蛾为东北地区落叶松的主要害虫。1986年3月～1987年10月春秋两季观察:捕食该虫的鸟类有17种。10月间试验用网罩方法阻止鸟类的捕食,到翌年4月调查,未网罩区松鞘蛾密度较网罩区减少33.09％,充分说明自然界鸟类有控制该虫的作用。     

Histology of the infection of tritordeum and its parents by cereal brown rusts

The reactions of tritordeum lines and their Hordeum chilense and Triticum spp. parents to infection by Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, P. recondita f.sp. agropyri and P. hordei were studied at the seedling stage. The histological observations indicated that tritordeum behaves as the wheat parent, whatever the H. chilense parental line reaction. Tritordeum is to be considered a host of wheat brown rust where genes for hypersensitive resistance may occur; these are apparently contributed by the wheat parent. Both H. chilense and wheat are highly resistant to barley brown rust, and the reaction of tritordeum is that of the wheat parent with respect to the levels of necrosis associated with the early aborted infection units. The tritordeum reaction is also that of the wheat parent to a rust collected on H. jubatum (putatively P. recondita f.sp. agropyri ), with the susceptibility or resistance of H. chilense being overruled by the wheat parent reaction.     

An advisory model for control of Puccinia recondita in winter wheat

Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application.     

Genetic structure and spatial distribution of the mycoparasite Sphaerellopsis filum on Melampsora larici-epitea in a short-rotation coppice willow planting

AFLP analysis was used to examine the genetic structure of the mycoparasite Sphaerellopsis filum on willow rust Melampsora larici-epitea using two sets of samples of a willow clone in a short-rotation coppice planting. The first set was collected from a plot (short strip) in 1998, 1999 and 2000 and the second from another plot (long strip) in 2000. In all, 228 S. filum isolates were typed, 139 AFLP loci scored and 54 AFLP genotypes identified. In the short strip, genotypes sampled in 1998 were no longer detected in subsequent years and genotype diversity fluctuated (0·25–0·68) over the years, indicating that migration had a major impact on the genotype structure. Two distinct groups (average Nei and Li's similarity coefficient between the groups = 0·047) were identified. The group B genotypes were sampled only in 2000. Within the groups, the average similarities were > 0·96. Both the index of association test and the parsimony tree length permutation test suggest that there was a significant clonality in group A while recombination cannot be ruled out in group B. Localized clusters of AFLP genotypes were detected using the software SaTScan that is based on the spatial scan statistic. Possible mechanisms involved in the spread of S. filum in willow coppice plantations are discussed.     

Effects of recovery time after fire and fire severity on stand structure and soil of larch forest in the Kanas National Nature Reserve,Northwest China

Forest recovery may be influenced by several factors, of which fire is the most critical. However, moderate- and long-term effects of fire on forest recovery are less researched in Northwest China. Thus, the effects of different forest recovery time after fire (1917 (served as the control), 1974, 1983 and 1995) and fire severities (low, moderate and high) on larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) forest were investigated in the Kanas National Nature Reserve (KNNR), Northwest China in 2017. This paper analyzed post-fire changes in stand density, total basal area (TBA), litter mass, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nutrients (total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) with one-way analyses of variance. Results indicate that litter mass, TBA, SOC and soil nutrients increased with increasing recovery time after fire and decreasing fire severity, while the stand density showed an opposite response. The effects of fire disturbance on SOC and soil nutrients decreased with increasing soil depth. Moreover, we found that the time of more than 43 a is needed to recover the litter mass, TBA, SOC and soil nutrients to the pre-fire level. In conclusion, high-severity fire caused the greatest variations in stand structure and soil of larch forest, and low-severity fire was more advantageous for post-fire forest stand structure and soil recovery in the KNNR. Therefore, low-severity fire can be an efficient management mean through reducing the accumulation of forest floor fuel of post-fire forests in the KNNR, Northwest China.     

Mutants in wheat showing multipathogen resistance to biotrophic fungal pathogens

Five fast-neutron-derived mutants were isolated from the wheat line Hobbit 'sib' that show enhanced field resistance towards Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici , the causal agent of yellow rust. Subsequent testing showed the yellow rust resistance phenotypes to differ between mutants, to be expressed at different growth stages and, in some cases, to show an isolate interaction. Three mutants, I3-48, I3-49 and I3-54, exhibited an enhanced yellow rust resistance phenotype from the third seedling leaf onwards, while mutants I3-27 and I3-30 did not show an altered yellow rust phenotype until later growth stages. Additional resistance for brown rust (causal agent Puccinia triticina ) was identified in mutants I3-27, I3-30, I3-48 and I3-49, and for powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici in mutants I3-27, I3-30, I3-48 and I3-54, although in some cases the resistance was isolate-specific.