大戟狼毒不同部位提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性

研究大戟狼毒不同部位不同溶剂提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性。结果表明:大戟狼毒根石油醚提取物杀螨活性高于根的其他溶剂和茎、叶不同溶剂提取物。该提取物对朱砂叶螨雌成螨有较高的触杀活性,质量浓度为1mg·mL-1时,24h后雌成螨的校正死亡率达到52.73%,对卵的效果相对较差,质量浓度为4mg·mL-1时卵的校正死亡率为55.21%。进一步对大戟狼毒根石油醚提取物进行萃取分离及生物活性跟踪测定发现:萃取物中石油醚相的活性明显大于氯仿相和甲醇相;对石油醚萃取物的柱层析分离最终得到16个流分,其中以第11个流分杀螨效果最好,质量浓度为1mg·mL-1时,24h后雌成螨的校正死亡率达到86.67%,质量浓度为4mg·mL-1时卵的校正死亡率为66.33%。     

地肤不同部位提取物对山楂叶螨活性的研究

研究地肤不同部位提取物对山楂叶螨的生物活性.结果表明:地肤子氯仿提取物的杀螨活性最高,浓度为2 mg·mL-1对山楂叶螨的卵和雌成螨24 h后的校正死亡率分别达到63.37%和70.02%,明显高于根、茎和叶提取物.进一步萃取、柱层析分离发现:萃取物中氯仿相的活性明显大于水相、石油醚相和甲醇相,对氯仿萃取物的柱层析分离最终得到流分11个,其中以第2流分杀螨效果最好,浓度为1 mg·mL-1时,24 h对卵和雌成螨的校正死亡率分别达68.01%和87.10%.     

核桃青皮提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒力及相关酶活性的测定

研究核桃青皮不同溶剂提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒力作用与相关酶活性的影响,结果表明:核桃青皮石油醚提取物的杀螨活性较高,浓度为1 mg·mL-1时,对朱砂叶螨雌成螨24 h后的死亡率可达到83.44%,明显高于氯仿、甲醇提取物(P<0.05).通过对核桃青皮石油醚提取物进一步萃取、柱层析分离,发现萃取物中石油醚相的杀螨活性明显大于甲醇相,浓度为1mg·mL-1时,对朱砂叶螨雌成螨24 h后的死亡率可达到84.39%(P<0.05).对石油醚萃取物的柱层析分离最终得到19个流分.其中以第6、7、13、17流分杀螨效果较好,死亡率均达到印%以上,且经高压液相检测得第6流分纯度可达90%以上,对其毒力作用进行浓度梯度检测,发现浓度为10 mg·mL-1时,提取率与死亡率分别为6.34%,98.455%.采用比色法测定第6流分对朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)与Na ,K -ATPase活性的影响,表明浓度为10 mg·mL-1,AchE与Na ,K -ATPase的活性低于对照,8 h后分别为对照的0.47与0.62倍.     

萹蓄提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性及相关酶活性的影响

研究萹蓄不同溶剂提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒力,发现萹蓄氯仿提取物的杀螨活性最高,浓度为2 mg·mL-1时,雌成螨48 h的校正死亡率可达89.95%,LC50为(0.715 3±0.125 3)mg·mL-1,明显高于石油醚、甲醇提取物(P<0.05).对萹蓄氯仿提取物进一步萃取、柱层析分离,发现最终得到的19个流分中,第2,7,8,15,16,17,18流分杀螨效果较好,死亡率均达到70%以上,其中流分16的杀螨率达到87.12%.采用比色法测定第16流分对几种酶活性的影响,发现其对朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE),Na+、K+-ATPase,GSH-S-转移酶的活性均产生不同程度的影响.     

薄荷中杀螨活性物质的分离与鉴定

为测定薄荷中杀螨活性物质的毒力,分离鉴定该物质的分子结构,利用甲醇、氯仿和石油醚3种溶剂在常温下进行提取后,用液-液萃取法萃取,并用硅胶层析和薄层层析(TLC)结合碘显色法进行分离纯化,同时用玻片浸渍法对活性物质跟踪;最后采用紫外分光光度法(UV)、液相色谱法(HPLC)、红外色谱(RI)和质谱(MS)等技术对该物质进行鉴定.研究发现薄荷地上部分的石油醚粗提物对朱砂叶螨具有很强的毒杀作用,当浓度为1mg·mL-1时,24 h内对成螨的致死率为87.05%,卵为93.16%.经Duncan's检验,3种不同溶剂的粗提物对成螨及卵的致死率差异显著(P＜0.05).同时发现薄荷地上部的甲醇、氯仿提取物杀螨效果相对较差,24 h致死率仅为28.51%与10.73%.用甲醇对石油醚粗提物进行液液萃取后发现,杀螨活性物质主要集中在极性较弱的石油醚中,其对成螨24 h的触杀率高达93.75%.对石油醚萃取物进行分离,共得到8段流分.利用生物活性跟踪,得到一种具有较高杀螨活性的样品V,其对成螨触杀的LC50值为0.546 4 mg·mL-1,95%置信区间为0.326 8～0.913 4 mg·mL-1.经紫外和高压液相色谱分析,该样品纯度达到89.16%;质谱检测该物质的分子离子峰为414,数据库显示该物质为甾醇环状结构.红外分析显示该物质在1 160,1 450,1 380,1 700 cm-1等处有明显特征峰,初步确定该化合物为β-谷甾醇.     

薄荷提取物对朱砂叶螨体内几种酶活性的影响

研究经2 mg·mL-1薄荷活性成分处理后朱砂叶螨的症状表现和处理24 h后的透射电镜亚细胞结构,采用生化方法测定薄荷活性成分对朱砂叶螨体内的单胺氧化酶(MAO)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和蛋白酶活性的影响.结果表明:薄荷提取物处理朱砂叶螨后,成螨经历了静止、活跃、痉挛和死亡4个时期.与对照组相比,处理后螨体内MAO活性增强,12h和24 h时活性差异显著(P＜0.05); GSTS亦被激活,24 h内酶活性呈上升趋势;AchE活性受抑制,处理后12h时酶活性最低,处理组与对照组酶活性24 h内变化趋势相同;蛋白酶活性整体处于被抑制状态.薄荷提取物对朱砂叶螨有毒害作用,并引起了螨体内GSTs的解毒,来维持正常的生理功能.AchE的活力受到一定程度的抑制并可能造成神经递质积累、传递阻断.MAO活性被激活,单胺在螨体内没有积累,因而并非通过此途径导致成螨死亡.蛋白酶活性受到抑制表明该物质对消化系统有破坏.透射电镜观察发现对照组颈部体壁亚细胞结构完整且规律,而处理组结构完全溶解,无法辨认.初步推测薄荷提取物通过破坏神经系统及消化系统,对朱砂叶螨产生毒害作用.薄荷提取物可以作为新型植物源农药,且具有一定的开发价值.     

5种杀虫剂对朱砂叶螨的室内生测活性比较

选用阿维菌素、丁氟螨酯、联苯菊酯、螺虫乙酯、噻虫嗪5种不同作用机制的农药原药对朱砂叶螨进行了室内生测试验,结果表明:阿维菌素和丁氟螨酯对朱砂叶螨具有优异防效,LC50分别为0.102 mg/kg和2.514 mg/kg,联苯菊酯对朱砂叶螨防效较差,LC50为320.76 mg/kg,螺虫乙酯原药对朱砂叶螨具有高效杀卵活性,其LC50为8.12 mg/kg;而螺虫乙酯、噻虫嗪对朱砂叶螨成虫均无明显作用。可见,朱砂叶螨防控应以阿维菌素、丁氟螨酯为主,在叶螨产卵期可兼用螺虫乙酯进行有效防控。     

大戟狼毒对朱砂叶螨的毒性作用

研究大戟狼毒石油醚提取物中最佳杀螨活性流分11(EFPE-11)处理雌成螨后的症状表现,并采用生化方法测定EFPE-11对朱砂叶螨体内的蛋白含量、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和Ca2+-Mg2+ ATP酶活性的影响.从症状观察初步推测它们可能通过影响朱砂叶螨的神经传导而导致雌成螨死亡.EFPE-11击倒作用迅速,从12 h开始朱砂叶螨就进入了大量死亡期.在施药过程中,EFPE-11引起成螨体内谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性被激活,而乙酰胆碱酯酶活性则被一定程度的抑制,Ca2+-Mg2+ ATP酶活性最后被强烈抑制.乙酰胆碱酯酶和Ca2+ -Mg2+ ATP酶的被抑制,会造成神经传递的阻断,导致螨体的死亡,而神经传递的阻断,可能是EFPE-11作用螨体的主要方式.     

不同分离方法对甘肃瑞香叶提取物灭蚜活性的影响

瑞香的叶提取物对月季长管蚜有较强毒杀作用。用水提醇沉法和醇提水沉法获得的提取物对蚜虫的致死中浓度(LC50)3963mg/L和6397mg/L。水提醇沉提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物对月季长管蚜的毒力较其它萃取物强,其LC50为1953mg/L,结果表明:瑞香叶含有杀虫活性物质主要存在于乙酸乙酯萃取物中。对水提醇沉提取物进行硅藻土柱层析分离,得到的第三组分得率和灭蚜效果均优于氧化铝柱层析离到的第三组分。     

桉树植物杀灭钉螺的初步研究

目的研究桉树植物杀灭钉螺的效果.方法对桉树属中的异心叶桉和赤桉树叶的水提剂、乙醇提取物和桉油等提取物,采用室内浸杀法,观察其在恒温(25±1℃)下的杀螺效果及对钉螺卵毒性作用.结果:异心叶桉和赤桉树叶的水提剂浸泡钉螺72h后的LC50为分别为0.24%和0.18%;乙醇提取物浸泡钉螺72h后的LC50分别为12.1mg/l和16.5mg/l;两种桉油浸泡钉螺72h后的LC50分别为42.0mg/l和9.7mg/l.异心叶桉乙醇提取物在50.0mg/l时浸泡钉螺卵5d以上、25.0mg/l浸泡钉螺卵7d以上,可完全抑制钉螺卵的孵出.结论异心叶桉和赤桉两种桉树叶的水提剂、乙醇提取物和桉油对钉螺都具有较强的杀螺作用.提示这两种桉树可能是研究植物杀螺剂较有价值的候选植物.     

牵牛子杀螨活性物质鉴定及其作用机制初探

朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)具有个体小、繁殖快、代数多、适应性强、为害重等特点,是世界公认的最难防治的有害生物群落(Hazan et al.,1974;何林等,2004),可危害百余种农作物和果树,并对其产量和品质造成严重的影响(Ho et al.,1997)。长期以来,大量重复使用非专一性化学杀螨剂,使许多螨类已产生抗药性(唐除痴等,1998),并且对杀螨剂出现了交互抗性(王旭等,1997),与     

Antioxidant activity of propolis: role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and galangin

Propolis, a natural product produced by the honeybee, has been used for thousands of years in folk medicine for several purposes. The extract contains amino acids, phenolic acids, phenolic acid esters, flavonoids, cinnamic acid, terpenes and caffeic acid. It possesses several biological activities such as antiinflammatory, immunostimulatory, antiviral and antibacterial. The exact mode of physiological or biochemical mechanisms responsible for the medical effects, however, is yet to be determined. In this work, we have investigated the antioxidant activity of a propolis extract deprived of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). In addition, the activity of CAPE and galangin was also examined. Propolis extract (with and without CAPE) and its active components showed a dose-dependent free radical scavenging effect, a significant inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity, and an antilipoperoxidative capacity. Propolis extract with CAPE was more active than propolis extract without CAPE. CAPE, used alone, exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, higher than galangin. The experimental evidence, therefore, suggests that CAPE plays an important role in the antioxidant activity of propolis.     

黑荆树树皮原花色素生物活性的研究

对黑荆树树皮中原花色素的提取及生物活性进行了研究.实验分别以水、甲醇和乙醇作为提取溶剂,对黑荆树皮中原花色素的提取进行了探讨,通过测定其总抽出物含量和原花色素粗提物得率的影响,确定了适宜的提取条件,并重点对原花色素生理活性包括抗肿瘤和抗氧化活性进行了评价.利用MTT比色法对原花色素抗肿瘤活性进行了测定,利用清除DPPH自由基能力测定了其抗氧化能力.实验结果表明,黑荆树树皮是一种富含原花色素的植物资源.提取溶剂选择性试验结果表明,乙醇作为提取溶剂,不仅可以得到较高提取率的原花色素,而且所得原花色素粗提物具有较高的生理活性.黑荆树树皮原花色素适宜提取工艺条件为:溶剂浓度 70%,提取温度 60 ℃,液料比7∶1.体外癌细胞培养的抑制作用测试结果显示,黑荆树树皮提取得到的原花色素粗产品对人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60有中效,分别对人低分化胃腺癌细胞BGC-823和人肝癌细胞BEL-7402有弱效.自由基清除能力测定结果显示黑荆树树皮中原花色素提取物有很强的抗氧化活性.     

Estrogenic activity of the dichloromethane extract from Pueraria mirifica

Pueraria mirifica and its extracts are widely used as the ingredient(s) in many rejuvenating products. Up to now, the extract of P. mirifica roots that has been used in most studies, is the alcoholic extract. In the present study, we investigated the estrogenic activity using uterotropic and MCF-7 cell proliferation models of the dichloromethane extract as well as the water extract which was obtained from partitioning the ethanolic extract. The results indicated that among the three extracts, i.e. the ethanolic extract (PM1), the water extract (PM2) and dichloromethane extract (PM3), PM3 exhibited the most potent estrogenic activity in both models, followed by PM1. The extracts produced uterotropic activity associated with the increase of water content while uterotropic activity of 17beta-estradiol was related to the increase of muscle mass. The two isoflavonoids, genistein and daidzein, were not the major active phytoestrogens involving the estrogenic activity of these extracts.     

Investigation into semen characteristics of naturally-fertile pairs in vitro and their correlation with fertility in Florida Sandhill crane

IntroductionIn1980,ThomasLovejoyoftheWorldWildlifeFundStatedthatreduCtioninthebiologicaldiversityoftheplanetisthemoStbasicissueofourtimeandthatslowingthisprocessof"bioticimpoverishment"isagreatchallengetotheingenuityofbiologiSts.Extinctionofaspeciesrepresentsthelossofaresourcethathasevolvedthroughthousands,perhapsmillions,ofyearsofmutationandnaturalseleCtion(Durrant,1990).Asthenumberofbieds'speciesthreatenedwitheXtinCtionincrease,agriculturistsandconservationistshavejoinedforceinaneffortt…     

Evaluation of biological activities of extracts from the fruiting body of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus citrinopileatus</Emphasis> for skin cosmetics

Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer has recently become a popular delicacy in East Asian countries. We prepared a methanol extract, soluble fractions from the methanol extract, and a hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus. The biological activities such as melanin biosynthesis inhibition, tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant activities [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity], antibacterial activities, and antihyaluronidase activities of these extracts were evaluated. We found that the n-hexanesoluble, diethyl ether-soluble, and ethyl acetate-soluble fractions exhibited melanin biosynthesis inhibition in B16 melanoma cells, as well as antioxidant (ORAC) and antibacterial activities. However, the n-butanol-soluble and water-soluble fractions and the methanol and hot water extracts exhibited antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging, SOD-like activity) and antihyaluronidase activities. These results indicate that the fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus have the potential to be used as an ingredient in skin cosmetics.     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the topical preparation of Glaucium grandiflorum

The species of Glaucium have been used in Iranian herbal medicine in the treatment of dermatitis. Due to anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Glaucium grandiflorum methanolic extract in i.p. administration, these effects in topical administration were studied using carrageenan-induced edema and formalin test. Several formulations were prepared and the best cream was chosen as vehicle. Piroxicam gel and methyl salicylate ointment were studied as positive control for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, respectively. The edema inhibition of preparations containing extract at the doses of 1-5% w/w were significantly different from control group. The anti-inflammatory effect of MS4-5% was similar to the effect of piroxicam gel at 3 h after carrageenan injection. Topical preparation containing G. grandiflorum methanolic extract showed analgesic effect in concentrations more than 4% w/w in early phase in formalin test. This activity was observed in concentrations more than 3% w/w in late phase. The topical analgesic activity of extract was less than the analgesic activity of methyl salicylate ointment.     

广东紫珠抑菌有效部位的筛选

以广东紫珠药材粉末为原料,探讨其不同提取部位的抑菌作用,并筛选其有效部位。对广东紫珠药材用不同极性大小溶剂（石油醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、70%乙醇、水）回流提取,获得广东紫珠粗提物,用滤纸片法测定其抑菌圈大小（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、白色念珠菌）,对抑菌活性明显的提取部位进行梯度萃取,并分别测定其抑菌圈大小,得到广东紫珠抑菌有效部位,并测定其有抑菌作用的有效部位的最小抑菌浓度。结果显示广东紫珠70%乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌、乙型溶血性链球菌均表现了不同程度的抑菌活性,初步判定为广东紫珠的抑菌活性部位,70%广东紫珠提取物经过萃取后,石油醚萃取物及二氯甲烷萃取物没有抑菌作用,乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物及剩余的水部分均有不同程度的抑菌作用。70%乙醇广东紫珠提取物通过二氯甲烷萃取除去部分脂溶性杂质,即得到广东紫珠抑菌部位,可以此为基础寻找广东紫珠抑菌活性成分,为后期开发利用提供理论依据。     

不同方法提取蒿属植物有效物质的抑菌活性研究

用生长速率法对大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿进行不同提取溶剂的抑菌活性筛选,结果表明,大籽蒿、黄花蒿最适提取溶剂为乙醇,猪毛蒿最适提取溶剂为丙酮。其中,黄花蒿乙醇提取物对杨树烂皮病和落叶松枯梢病菌丝生长抑制率分别为100%、91.74%;猪毛蒿丙酮提取物对杨树烂皮病和落叶松枯梢病菌丝生长抑制率为100%。用生长速率法,以筛选出的最适提取溶剂对大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿进行不同提取方法的抑菌活性筛选。黄花蒿、猪毛蒿最适提取方法为超声波法,大籽蒿最适提取方法为冷浸法。     

锥栗保鲜工艺的研究

以锥栗为材料,研究锥栗的保鲜工艺。通过将10%的竹叶提取液,0.03%的纳他霉素对不同浓度的紫胶(A),柠檬酸(B),EDTA-2Na(C)进行正交试验,测定锥栗的PPO活性、POD活性、单宁含量和褐变度(BD)指标,筛选优化的涂膜保鲜剂配方组合。结果表明:筛选出的最优化保鲜剂组合为A1B2C2,即紫胶2%、柠檬酸0.2%、EDTA-2Na(0.15%、竹叶提取液10%、纳他霉素0.03%。该保鲜剂在锥栗的贮藏过程中有效地抑制了PPO活性、POD活性,降低了单宁含量和褐变度,减少锥栗褐变的发生,呈现出较好的保鲜效果。