SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS IN THE BEQA'A PLAIN, LEBANON

Physical and chemical properties of red soils, white rendzina, light chestnut, dark chestnut, grey, black, and recent alluvial soils as mapped by Geze (1956) were compared statistically. No statistically significant differences were found between surface soil (0–15 cm) and upper subsoil (15–30 cm) in any properties. Red soils were significantly lower than the others in total N, CEC, and CaCO₃ content. Recent alluvial soils were high in montmorillonite probably derived from the white rendzinas. The rendzinas were significantly higher in available P and CaCO₃ than any other soil. Black and grey soils, previously classified as one category, should be separated as they were significantly different in most properties.     

白浆土形成过程中某些物理、化学性质的研究

白浆土发育在我国温带半湿润条件下,母质为第四纪河湖沉积物,土壤长期处于季节性干湿交替过程,使土壤剖面中铁、锰、铝等矿物元素被还原淋失,粘粒下移,在A及SB层中粘粒显著减少,淀积层中粘粒明显增加。整个剖面中硅铁率、硅铝率和硅铁铝率变化较小。土壤酸度稳定、盐基饱和度在70—90%。没有明显的矿物分解与灰化淀积层,在白浆化过程中,呈现了粘粒非破坏性的机械淋移,或者侧向漂洗作用。     

CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BROWN PODZOLIC SOILS IN COMPARISON WITH SOILS OF OTHER GROUPS

Chemical and mineralogical properties of brown podzolic soils, brown earths, a podzol, and an Andept have been studied with particular reference to the kinds and distribution of amorphous materials. In addition to pyrophosphate extractable (Fe + Al)/per cent clay, brown podzolic soils can be distinguished from brown earths by Fe-oxalate/Fe-dithionite and Fe-pyrophosphate/Fe-dithionite ratios, fluoride reactivity, and the presence of intergrade 2:1-2:2 and smectite-like clay minerals in surface horizons. Significant amounts of amorphous alumino-silicates resembling allophane were found in the Bs horizons of the brown podzolic soils, particularly those on igneous rocks. These amounts are sufficiently large to suggest the recognition of an Andic sub-group of brown podzolic soils in England and Wales.     

美国玛洛试验地的种植制度和施肥措施对土壤理化性状和产量的影响

美国伊利诺大学农学系玛洛试验地(Morrow Plots)建于1876年,是美国最早用来研究种植制度和施肥效应的试验地.我们通过养分、土壤结构、土壤水分等测定,结合历年的产量,研究玉米连作、玉米-大豆轮作和玉米-燕麦-三叶草轮作以及土壤施肥处理对土壤性状的影响.玉米连作使土壤有机质和全氮减少一半以上,其他营养元素也相应降低,土壤容重增加,孔隙度减少,结构变坏,土壤蓄水保墒能力减弱.而轮作结合施用有机肥料和化学肥料,有利于改善土壤理化性状和作物生长的环境条件,使作物高产稳产.     

THE USE OF MOUNDS OF THE TERMITE MACROTERMES FALCIGER (GERSTÄCKER) AS A SOIL AMENDMENT

Twelve termite mounds and adjacent Ah and Ap horizons were sampled at three sites near Salisbury, Rhodesia. The mass of termite mounds occupied by M. falciger at one site was estimated at 620 t/ha, and contained the following amounts of nutrients expressed as percentages of the amounts in mounds and Ap horizon combined: extractable Ca 95%, mineral N 81% extractable K 69%, and available P 69%. Pot experiments using perennial ryegrass gave higher dry matter yields from termite mounds than from the Ap and Ah horizons. Crop production could therefore be increased by mixing termite mounds with the soil.     

磁场对土壤理化和机械物理性状影响的研究

对土壤磁效应的研究表明,磁场可引起土壤理化性质,机械物理性质变化,在适宜的外加磁场作用下,土壤电位,土壤比表面,土水势,膨胀量,剪切力下降;土壤胶体电荷密度升高,土壤微团聚化作用增强,土壤结构状况有所改善。     

CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A MINERAL TOPSOIL UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PEAT DEBRIS

Changes are reported of particle size distribution, organic carbon and nitrogen values, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cation populations, and in iron and aluminium patterns as a result of adding varying rates of acid peat debris to a mineral topsoil. Up to 3 cm of peat had beneficial effects on soil chemical and physical properties but 5 to 8 cm was sufficient to cause considerable acidification, release of Fe and other ions from primary minerals and the development of an iron seam (or pan) which contains up to 7 per cent free iron. Greater thickness of peat (up to 30 cm) caused soil reaction to drop to pH 4 or less and produced so much humic acids as to inhibit iron precipitation and to facilitate its removal from the profiles. The effects of soil moisture on the pattern of peat humification in the deeper additions (20–30 cm) are also outlined.     

THE COMPOSITION OF MOUNDS OF THE TERMITE MACROTERMES FALCIGER (GERSTACKER) ON SOIL DERIVED FROM GRANITE IN THREE RAINFALL ZONES OF RHODESIA

Thirty-eight termite mounds (about 1.6 m high and 7.6 m basal diameter) and the same number of adjacent soils were sampled in three rainfall zones: low (below 700 mm annual rainfall), medium (700 to 1000 mm annual rainfall), and high (above 1000 mm annual rainfall). Higher amounts of clay, silt, and fine sand, and lower amounts of coarse sand occurred in termite mounds than in adjacent soils of all rainfall zones. Extractable cations (Ca, Mg, and K), calcium carbonate, pH, electrical conductivity, and organic carbon were also higher in termite mounds than adjacent soils of all rainfall zones. Wide differences in extractable calcium between termite mounds and adjacent soils of low and medium rainfall zones indicated weak leaching of termite mounds; narrow differences in the high rainfall zone indicated strong leaching of the mounds. The ‘umbrella effect’ of termite mounds in shedding rainfall and retarding leaching is clearly displayed in the medium rainfall zone where high concentrations of extractable calcium in termite mounds and low concentrations in adjacent soils indicate weak and strong leaching respectively.     

玉溪市设施栽培与露地栽培的土壤化学性状对比分析

针对玉溪市设施栽培中存在的土壤盐分富集及养分不平衡问题,采用对比分析方法,将设施栽培土壤与露地栽培土壤配对,采集剖面土样和耕作层混合土样进行化学性状测试分析研究。结果表明,玉溪市设施栽培土壤pH值显著降低,盐分浓度、有机质、有效态N、P、K、S、Cu、Zn、Fe及交换态Mg显著提高,而交换Ca和有效Mn提高不明显;设施栽培土壤养分富集主要在0~10cm土层,且集中在0~2cm的表土层,其中以EC值、有效S、有效K及有效Mn在0~2cm表土层的相对富集量最多。     

THE COVARIANCE OF PHOSPHATE SORPTION WITH OTHER SOIL PROPERTIES IN SOME BRITISH AND TROPICAL SOILS

Phosphate sorption capacity estimated by Piper's (1942) ‘anion exchange capacity’ and Bache and Williams's (1971) phosphate sorption index were correlated with soil pH, clay, organic matter, ‘free iron oxides’ and ‘extractable aluminium’ (McLean et al., 1958) for topsoil and subsoil samples from twenty tropical and twenty British acidic soil profiles. These two groups of soils did not differ significantly in phosphate sorption. Extractable aluminium and free iron oxide were well correlated with phosphate sorption, free iron oxide being superior to aluminium in freely drained British soils but not in poorly drained ones. Organic matter content correlated well with phosphate sorption for the poorly drained British soils, and for the tropical soils when sorption capacitywas measured using a high phosphate concentration.     

太湖地区水稻土的物理特性与少免耕法的关系

本文从土壤物理特性和作物生长的关系探讨了耕作的要求.土壤水分能量特性可被机械扰动改变,这是导致土壤粘闭的重要原因.水稻土的含水量和有效水均以表土高,而下层低,含水量和容重成线性负相关(n=62,r=-0.909^**).土壤扰动可提高持水量,长年免耕在干旱年份可能会出现水分不足问题.土壤含水量、气容量和机械强度三者的变化相互联系.由三个因素决定的小麦生长最佳范围是在水分吸力0.02-0.5巴内,而田间持水量大于塑性限,所以秋季耕作必然导致土壤粘闭.免耕土壤的容重一般在1-1.25g/cm₃之间,是稻麦生长的较佳环境,所以水稻土本身存在适合稻麦免耕生产的条件.根据水稻和三麦分别52和23组次对比试验,水稻免耕增产19斤/亩,三麦49斤/亩,均达到极显著水平(p=0.01).平田地区连续三年免耕土壤不恶化,囊水型土壤第二年开始有变差趋势,但产量不减低.免耕有保护土壤结构的作用,但不利于结构发展.     

稻草还田配施化肥与腐秆菌剂下的土壤微生物及有机碳组分特征

通过田间试验,研究了稻草还田配施化肥与腐秆菌剂对早稻土壤微生物、酶活性及有机碳组分和产量的影响。结果表明:稻草还田配施化肥与菌剂可以有效地提高土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,增强蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性。与稻草不还田施肥(F)和不施肥(CK)相比,稻草还田配施化肥与菌剂(SFM),提高了土壤不同形态有机碳含量和碳库管理指数,其中活性有机碳、碳库管理指数分别提高了10.33%～28.88%、12.85%～30%;并且因为有利于早稻分蘖,产量增加3.56%～23.29%。可见,稻草还田配施化肥与菌剂,不仅可以提高产量,而且对改善稻田土壤肥力也有重要的作用。     

土壤理化性质对结皮形成的影响

通过人工降雨试验、土壤微形态观察以及理化分析 ,研究了几种土壤结皮形成过程及其影响因素 ,并利用SPSS统计分析了不同因素对结皮形成的影响程度。研究结果表明 ,土壤颗粒组成是土壤结皮形成的主导因素 ,而土壤结构指标、部分胶体性质与结皮形成关系不明确 ,并提出土壤粘粒矿物组成可能是土壤结皮形成的一个重要因素     

黄土区土壤腐殖物质的化学性质及其与成土条件的关系

土壤腐殖质是土壤发生、发育的结果,是土壤区别于成土母质的主要标志。特定的生物气候条件(以及其它成土条件)形成特定的土壤类型,也形成具有特定性质的土壤腐殖质。因此,研究土壤中腐殖物质的组成、特性可以在一定程度上估计土壤生物活动的强弱与成土过程的趋向,从而为土壤分类提供重要的依据。     

不同利用方式和肥力红壤中水稳性团聚体分布及物理性质特征

研究了不同土地利用方式和土壤肥力对红壤水稳性团聚体及土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明,同一肥力水平下不同土地利用方式的土壤中,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量变化趋势相同,均以旱地土壤含量最低,林地土壤最高。不同肥力水平下,林地、果园、水田中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量变化均为:高肥力>低肥力。说明随土壤肥力的逐渐增高,有机质胶结物质含量增加,有利于形成更多的水稳性大团聚体。土壤团聚体稳定性与>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量呈极显著正相关,这表明>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量是影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因素。不同土地利用方式下的土壤物理性质(土壤容重、土粒密度、土壤孔隙度)存在较大差异,变化规律也不一致。但土壤容重和土壤孔隙度与>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量有很好的相关性。     

马尾松林下套种阔叶树土壤理化性质的研究

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是我国南方的主要用材树种，具有适应性强、主根明显、用途广、速生丰产等优点。然而营造的人工马尾松纯林，树种层次单一，结构简单，针叶化明显，弱点逐渐暴露出来，导致林地地力衰退、林分抗逆性差、火灾频率增加，已引起人们的广泛关注。研究表明，大力营造混交林，增加森林生态系统中生物类群的多样性、多层性，就能从根本上改善林分的生态环境，提高生产力。营造马尾松混交林不仅是一项重要的营林技术措施，而且涉及到对树种生物学和生态学特征，尤其是种间关系的全面了解。良好的混交模式应该既可以充分利用地力，增加产量，又可改善生态环境，提高系统的多样性和稳定性。马尾松属阳性树种，林冠稀疏，透光度大，深根发达。     

江苏省沿海地区盐渍土发生过程及盐渍特性的转化

本文简要地说明了江苏省沿海地区盐渍土壤的自然发生过程及盐渍特性转化的规律,文中主要论点,可初步归纳如下:1、本区域的土壤,发育于盐渍性的冲积母质,土层中富含以氯化钠为主的可溶性盐类,并呈一定的“碱性”。土壤碱性表现在两方面:一方面是土壤胶体表面存在有较多的吸附性钠,另方面表现在本身具有较高的pH 值。2、在自然发生过程中,土壤盐渍性为地质过程遗留的影响;随受自然降水淋盐,河沟排水排盐及生物作用的影响,开始“脱盐、脱碱”和肥力积累过程,发育成为本区内现存的各种不同盐渍程度的土壤。3、随着土壤脱盐作用的进行,土壤盐渍的组成在变化;主要是可溶性盐阴离子中钠离子的含量淋失较速,最后降低了土壤溶液中Na~+/Ca~(++)比率。由于这种盐渍组成的改变,土壤胶体上吸收性Na~+也相应的降低,从而导致土壤的脱碱作用。因此本区土壤的脱盐不致引起土壤碱化。4、在自然发生过程中,本区域盐渍土的脱盐过程,一直是在潜水位较高的情况下进行的。在脱盐过程中,潜水位经常在临界水位以内,为本区自然脱盐过程中,最大特点;潜水动能和土壤的脱盐过程,存在着许多内在的联系。在一定地区内,一定盐渍程度、盐渍特性的土壤,则常有和其相适应的矿化潜水类型。...     

我国热带、亚热带干热地区土壤发生特性的研究

本文对我国四川渡口、云南元谋和元江、广西田林以及海南岛西部等几个干热地区土壤的形成条件和发生学特征及发育程度进行了对比研究,同时对该类土壤发生上的共性及差异性进行了对比研究.结果表明,干热地区土壤与相应湿润地区土壤相比,具有淋溶特征不明显及土壤发育程度较轻等共同特征.不同干热地区因干热程度及水热配置上的不同,土壤在发育强度上也表现出明显差异,其顺序是:粤11号>滇5号>桂7号>滇1号>滇4号,分别处于铁铝化、弱铁铝化、准铁铝化、铁硅铝化及硅铝化阶段.     

粉煤灰的理化性质与农业化学行为的研究

对粉煤灰的理化性质和农业化学行为研究结果表明，粉煤灰颗粒以物理性砂粒为主体，主要物相为玻璃体（或无定形物质）。硅、铁、铝、磷、钙、镁的含量与土壤大致相同;锌、铜、钼、硼等微量元素高于土壤中的含量;重金属元素含量均未超过国家规定的控制标准，并以集合体的形态存在，活性低。粉煤炭有效硅（SiO2）含量在2.56～11.57g／kg之间，其硅的释放速度比土壤高2.0～11.0倍，施用量在75t／hm2以上能为水稻等禾本科作物提供相当数量的硅素。Elovich方程比较适合描述粉煤灰硅的释放过程，其b值能反映硅释放能力的大小。粉煤灰中磷的有效性低，对加入磷具有较强的吸附固定作用，并随粉煤灰含水量增加而显著增大。粉煤灰无论是作为土壤改良剂还是复合肥填充料，都必须考虑粉煤炭对磷的固定作用。