Negro variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (A-) in man

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes of the Negro type associated with enzyme deficiency (A(-)) was separated by chromatography on a carboxymethyl-Sephadex column from the electrophoretically indistinguishable Negro variant with normal enzyme activity (A(+)). Quantitative immunologic neutralization tests indicated that the A(-) enzyme had about the same enzymatic and serological activity as the A(+) and the normal (B(+)) enzymes. The enzyme activity of the A(-) variant in young erythrocytes was similar to that in young cells from normal individuals, although the activity of the A(-) variant in unfractionated red cells was 10 to 15 percent of normal. These data indicate that the basic defect in the variant enzyme (A(-)) is a structural mutation which causes more rapid degradation of the enzyme during erythrocyte aging.     

Oxygen-hemoglobulin dissociation curves: effect of inherited enzyme defects of the red cell

The blood of a patient with a deficiency of hexokinase in the red cells and a decreased concentration of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate in the red cells showed an increased affinity for oxygen, whereas a patient with a deficiency of pyruvate kinase and an elevated concentration of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate in the red cells had blood with a decreased affinity for oxygen. Defects in red cell glycolysis may alter the oxygen affinity of blood by virtue of their effect on 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in red cells.     

人及兔醛化红细胞的制备和应用

[目的]用4种血型的人醛化红细胞测定植物凝集素(PHA)的活性,并用标准抗血清对血型进行复查。同时初步探讨兔醛化红细胞对植物凝集素(PHA)凝集活性的测定效果。[方法]将新鲜的人A、B、O、AB型血以及兔血进行红细胞的提取并醛化,然后用抗A和抗B血清测定醛化后的人红细胞的血型,并用醛化的人的4种血型的红细胞悬液以及兔的醛化红细胞悬液对植物凝集素进行效价的测定。[结果]醛化后的人的4种血型的红细胞仍保持原血型不变,并且可以与植物凝集素发生凝集反应,结果与用新鲜血浆测定的效价一致。用兔醛化红细胞悬液也测定出同样的植物凝集素效价,且灵敏度与用人的醛化红细胞悬液测定相同。[结论]醛化的人的4种血型的红细胞以及兔醛化红细胞不仅未改变其表面的抗原,而且均可用于对植物凝集素的效价测定,同时具有保存时间长的优点。从降低成本的角度考虑,也可采用兔的醛化红细胞血液对植物凝集素进行效价测定。     

Athens variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

A variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), characterized by slower than normal electrophoretic migration and associated with mild deficiency of G6PD in the red cells, was detected in two unrelated Greek males. Electrophoretic, chromatographic, and enzymologic study indicated that the new mutant is structurally different from normal G6PD (B+) and from the Mediterranean variant associated with red-cell enzyme deficiency (B-). Convincing electrophoretic separation of the new variant from the normal B+ and the Mediterranean B- enzymes was achieved only by detailed electrophoretic study in different buffer systems and conditions.     

Hemoglobin: molecular changes during anuran metamorphosis

Anuran metamorphosis is accompanied by changes in the sedimentation patterns of the lysates of red blood cells of several species. Rana grylio and Rana catesbeiana tadpoles have hemoglobins that sediment at 4.3S (molecular weight, 68,000) and gradually produce a heavier 7.0S component (estimated molecular weight, 136,000) during metamorphosis to the adult frog. There is extensive change in the amino acid compositions of these hemoglobins; these changes may account for observed changes in electrophoretic mobility.     

绵羊、肉牛不同组织酶化学定位的研究

选用屠宰绵羊与肉牛各10头的新鲜回肠,肝、肾、肺、脾和淋巴结作5种酶在组织中的位置与活性的比较研究.结果表明:在回肠与肾脏.以碱性与酸性磷酸酶活性最强,主要分布于肠绒毛上皮细胞与肾皮质近曲及远曲小管;在肝脏,酶主要位于实质细胞内,其中酸性磷酸酶活性明显;在肺脏,细支气管呼吸上皮内非特异性酯酶的活性最强;脾脏的红、白髓处相应为酸性与碱性磷酸酶最强活性部位;在淋巴结,以碱性磷酸酶与琥珀酸脱氢酶最为活跃,主要集中于皮质部的淋巴滤泡内。     

Blood catalsase polymorphism: some immunological aspects

The immunological properties of the erythrocyte catalase of mice-normal (wild type) strain, one lacking catalase (acatalasemic), and four with only slight catalase activity (hypocatalasemic strains)-have been investigated. Agardiffusion tests and antigen titration of red-cell lysates against rabbit antiserum to catalase from normal mouse blood showed that immunologically identical catalase protein was present in large amounts in the acatalasemic as well as in the hypocatalasemic mutant strains. Despite lack of catalatic activity, the erythrocytes lacking catalase as well as those with only a little catalase contain catalase protein that has been modified at the site of enzyme activity, although the antigenic determinants are identical with those of normal catalase protein. This mutation is purely structural, being characterized by modification of the enzyme active site but not of the antigenic site.     

Exercise: effects on hexokinase activity in red and white skeletal muscle

Single bouts of exercise increase hexokinase activity in red and white skeletal muscle of guinea pigs. Multiple bouts of exercise cause two-fold increases. In contrast to other enzymes associated with glycolysis, hexokinase activity is higher in red than in white skeletal muscle.     

黄颡鱼外周血细胞的组成及其显微与超显微结构

将土池饲养的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)成鱼在室内养鱼系统中充分恢复,采用光镜和电镜技术对外周血细胞的组成及结构进行观察。在血涂片上可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中粒细胞和单核细胞,电镜观察可确认这些细胞类型。血涂片上还观察到幼红细胞及正在分裂的红细胞。血栓细胞是数量仅次于红细胞的血细胞,在白细胞分类计数中占78%。淋巴细胞是核质比最高的血细胞,在白细胞分类计数中占17.5%。一种与斑点叉尾鮰非特异性细胞毒性细胞相似的淋巴细胞被观察到。嗜中粒细胞是所观察到的唯一一种有粒细胞,是最大的白细胞,在白细胞分类计数中占3.7%。在嗜中粒细胞中只观察到一种有丝状内涵物的特殊颗粒,呈椭圆状或杆状。单核细胞在白细胞分类计数中不超过1%。     

17 beta-estradiol: inducer of uterine hexokinase

Administration of estradiol to ovariectomized rats induced new synthesis of uterine hexokinase which was prevented by actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, cycloheximide, or ethionine. The estradiol-induced increase in uterine hexokinase activity was detectable as early as 4 hours. The increase in enzyme activity was dependent upon the dose of the hormone. The evidence indicates that the increased hexokinase activity induced by 17beta-estradiol may entail an acceleration of the synthesis of certain RNA species.     

Human monocytic cell lines derived from cord leukocytes by co-cultivation with irradiated CM-S cells

The CM-S cell line was established from the bone marrow of a child with congenital hypoplastic anemia and resembles its monocyte-macrophage lineage. Lethally x-irradiated CM-S cells from various passages and clones, representing different stages in the progression of the transformed growth phenotype, were tested for their ability to affect the survival and proliferation of normal human cord or adult blood leukocytes in co-culture. One clone, CM-SM, which is tumorigenic in athymic mice, consistently immortalized umbilical cord mononuclear cells but did not immortalize adult peripheral blood leukocytes. Six autonomous monocyte-like diploid cell lines were obtained and all were found to be of cord origin. Three lines were tumorigenic in athymic mice. Attempts to immortalize human leukocytes with cell-free supernatants from CM-S cells were unsuccessful.     

4种鲑鳟鱼外周血细胞显微及超微结构比较

为研究鲑鳟鱼的血细胞形态学差异,采用光镜及电镜技术对白点鲑Salvelinus malma(体质量49.07 g±12.05 g)、红点鲑Salvelinus leucomaenis(体质量83.23 g±15.07 g)、虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss(体质量60.12 g±11.86 g)和金鳟Onco...     

Red-cell transport defect in patients with cystic fibrosis and in their parents

The ouabain-sensitive and the ethacrynic acid-sensitive sodium efflux from erythrocytes of patients with cystic fibrosis are both decreased. Furthermore, the ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase activity is diminished in the red blood cell ghosts of these patients. Perhaps of greater significance is the fact that ethacrynic acid-sensitive sodium efflux is clearly diminished in the erythrocytes of the asymptomatic parents of these sick children. This defect in sodium transport may be valuable for detecting the heterozygous carrier state.     

苏丹红I对泥鳅红细胞微核率和组织磷酸酶活性的影响

[目的]为明确苏丹红Ⅰ的危害提供试验依据。[方法]用不同浓度(0.312 5、0.625、1.25、2.50和5.00 mg/L)苏丹红Ⅰ处理泥鳅后8、162、4、32和40 h,观察带有微核的红细胞数,并测定肝脏、肌肉和肾脏组织中磷酸酶活性,研究苏丹红Ⅰ对泥鳅红细胞微核率和不同组织中磷酸酶活性的影响。[结果]泥鳅红细胞微核的自然发生率为1.128 3‰。经不同浓度苏丹红处理一定的时间后,泥鳅红细胞微核率较对照组均显著提高,最高达6.063 6‰。随着苏丹红Ⅰ浓度的提高,泥鳅红细胞微核率出现最高峰的时间也相应提前。染毒后各组织的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性迅速上升,而碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性迅速下降。[结论]泥鳅红细胞微核率与苏丹红Ⅰ浓度大体上呈正相关,同时也有一定的时间效应。     

啤酒废酵母制备的富铬酵母对糖尿病小鼠糖代谢的影响

[目的]研究富铬酵母对糖尿病小鼠糖代谢的影响。[方法]利用富集铬元素的啤酒废酵母制备富铬酵母,检测其基本营养指标。通过建立糖尿病小鼠模型考察富铬酵母对糖尿病小鼠的作用和有效剂量,给药试验4周后,检测血糖值、己糖激酶和苹果酸脱氢酶活性。[结果]富铬酵母的蛋白质含量为44.7%,铬含量为810.4±14.3 mg/kg,其中有机铬含量占85%以上。富铬酵母剂量在中剂量（150 mg/kg）时可显示显著的降糖能力,在高剂量时降糖能力更为显著。糖尿病小鼠在补充富铬酵母后,小鼠体内己糖激酶和苹果酸脱氢酶活力均有提高,且酶活力的增加随富铬酵母的添加量的增加而增加。[结论]在试验范围内,小鼠体内苹果酸脱氢酶活力与对照组还有较大差异,而高剂量组富铬酵母己糖激酶活力已与正常对照无显著差异。     

Choline acetyltransferase activity is increased in combined cultures of spinal cord and muscle cells from mice

The activity of choline acetyltransferase was more than tenfold greater in combined cultures of spinal cord and muscle cells than in cultures of spinal cord cells alone. This increase was associated with the formation of functional neuromuscular junctions in culture. Counts of silver-stained cells and determinations of other enzyme activities indicated that the increased choline acetyltransferase activity was not due to nonspecific neuronal survival but reflected greater activity in the surviving neurons. Hence, muscle had a marked, highly specific trophic effect on the cholinergic neurons that innervated it.     

Immunization of normal mouse spleen cell suspensions in vitro

Dissociated cells from the spleens of unimmunized mice were cultured with and without various mammalian erythrocytes. Spleen cell suspensions cultured with heterologous red cells developed levels of hemolytic plaque-forming cells only one log(2) less than those seen in vivo. The reaction is specific for the in vitro immunizing erythrocytes. Antibody was demonstrated in the culture fluids.     

Dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase: introduction into erythrocyte by the malaria parasite

Mature, circulating mammalian erythrocytes lack dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase activity. However, we have detected activity, which appears to reside in an enzyme, in malaria parasites purified from mammalian blood.     

Hemoglobins S and C interfere with actin remodeling in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes

The hemoglobins S and C protect carriers from severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Here, we found that these hemoglobinopathies affected the trafficking system that directs parasite-encoded proteins to the surface of infected erythrocytes. Cryoelectron tomography revealed that the parasite generated a host-derived actin cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm of wild-type red blood cells that connected the Maurer's clefts with the host cell membrane and to which transport vesicles were attached. The actin cytoskeleton and the Maurer's clefts were aberrant in erythrocytes containing hemoglobin S or C. Hemoglobin oxidation products, enriched in hemoglobin S and C erythrocytes, inhibited actin polymerization in vitro and may account for the protective role in malaria.     

Development. Survival is impossible without an editor

RNA editing is a fascinating phenomenon that is found in both animal and plant cells. By converting an adenosine base to an inosine (which behaves like guanosine) in RNA that has already been transcribed, certain RNA sequences (and hence the amino acids they encode) are altered. In a Perspective, Keegan, Gallo and O'Connell explore new results showing that activity of the editing enzyme ADAR1 is crucial for normal development of red blood cells in mouse embryos.