H5亚型禽流感病毒一步法复合RT-PCR检测方法的建立

针对近年来H5亚型禽流感(AI)频发的严峻形势,本研究通过分析GenBank中AI的221个HA基因和M基因序列,在保守区内用Oligo4.0软件设计合成2对引物,建立了能同时鉴别AIV型与亚型的一步法复合RT-PCR,其扩增的目的片段大小分别为372、229 bp。通过对AIV尿囊液和棉拭子浸出液进行不同稀释倍数检测,结果病毒在尿囊液最低检出量为10-4稀释。用病毒分离和该方法同时检测不同脏器、口咽及泄殖腔棉拭子样品,结果该方法检测灵敏度比病毒分离低10~100倍。用该方法检测H1~H15亚型AIV和鸡新城疫病毒等其他14种禽病毒,结果所有AIV均有M基因229 bp的目的条带,且仅H5亚型AIV有372 bp的特异性条带,而其他14种禽病毒无任何目的条带。     

H6亚型禽流感病毒一步法RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为快速检测临床样品中的H6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),本研究通过分析流感数据库中H6亚型的HA基因,在HA保守区设计一对引物,建立一种用于扩增H6亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的一步法RT-PCR检测方法,扩增片段为327bp.采用该方法对H6亚型AIV的尿囊液10倍倍比稀释样品进行检测,结果显示最低检出量为102.5 EID50/mL.用该方法检测其他亚型AIV和鸡新城疫病毒等病原均为阴性,具有良好的特异性.对H6AIV人工感染鸡的咽喉、泄殖腔棉拭子样品进行一步法RT-PCR检测,并与病毒分离进行比较,显示该方法对棉拭子的检测极限可达102.5 EID50/mL,同时利用该方法及病毒分离对临床样品进行检测,两者检测结果一致.实验结果表明该RT-PCR方法具有较好的特异性、敏感性,可以应用于临床样品的实验室检测.     

Coexpression of avian influenza virus H5 and N1 by recombinant Newcastle disease virus and the impact on immune response in chickens

To analyze the contribution of neuraminidase (NA) toward protection against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, three different recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) expressing hemagglutinin (HA) or NA, or both, of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) were generated. The lentogenic NDV Clone 30 was used as backbone for the insertion of HA of HPAIV strain A/chicken/Vietnam/P41/05 (H5N1) and NA of HPAIV strain A/duck/Vietnam/TG24-01/05 (H5N1). The HA was inserted between the genes encoding NDV phosphoprotein (P) and matrixprotein (M), and the NA was inserted between the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) genes, resulting in NDVH5VmPMN1FHN. Two additional recombinants were constructed carrying the HA gene between the NDV P and M genes (NDVH5VmPM) or the NA between F and HN (NDVN1FHN). All recombinants replicated well and stably expressed the HA gene, the NA gene, or both. Chickens immunized with NDVH5VmPMN1FHN or NDVH5VmPM were protected against two different HPAIV H5N1 and also against HPAIV H5N2. In contrast, immunization of chickens with NDVN1FHN induced NDV- and AIV N1-specific antibodies but did not protect the animals against a lethal dose of HPAIV H5N1. Furthermore, expression of AIV N1, in addition to AIV H5 by NDV, did not increase protection against HPAIV H5N1.     

Epidemiology of H5N1 avian influenza

High pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza (AI) infection has been reported in domestic poultry, wildlife, and human populations since 1996. Risk of infection is associated with direct contact with infected birds. The mode of H5N1 spread from Asia to Europe, Africa and the Far East is unclear; risk factors such as legal and illegal domestic poultry and exotic bird trade, and migratory bird movements have been documented. Measures used to control disease such as culling, stamping out, cleaning and disinfection, and vaccination have not been successful in eradicating H5N1 in Asia, but have been effective in Europe.     

Characterization of an H5N1 avian influenza virus from Taiwan

In 2003, an avian influenza (AI) virus of H5N1 subtype (A/Duck/China/E319-2/03; Dk/CHN/E319-2/03) was isolated from a smuggled duck in Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed that the virus displayed high similarity to the H5N1 viruses circulating in Asia during 2004 and 2005. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the virus contained multiple basic amino acid residues (-RERRRKR-) adjacent to the cleavage site between the HA1 and HA2 domains, showing the highly pathogenic (HP) characteristics. The HP phenotype was confirmed by experimental infection of chickens, which led up to 100% mortality within 24-72h postinfection. The virus replicated equally well in the majority of organs of the infected chickens with titers ranging from 10(7.5) to 10(4.7) 50% embryo lethal dose (ELD50) per gram of tissue. In a mouse model the virus exhibits low pathogenic characteristics with a lethal infection observed only after applying high inoculating dose (>or=10(7.6) ELD50) of the virus. The infectious virus particles were recovered only from the pulmonary system including trachea and lungs. Our study suggests that ducks infected with H5N1 AIV of HPAI pathotype showing no disease signs can carry the virus silently and that bird smuggling represent a serious risk for H5N1 HPAI transmission.     

H5、H9亚型禽流感病毒和新城疫病毒的多重RT-PCR检测

根据Genbank注册发表的H5、H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的HA基因和新城疫病毒(NDV)的HA基因序列,设计多对引物,每种病毒各筛选出一对特异性好、灵敏度高的引物,其中FP1/FP2扩增H5亚型AIVHA基因片断长为545bp;P3/P4扩增H9亚型AIVHA基因片断长为321bp;P11/P22扩增NDVHA基因片断长为672bp。用RT-PCR方法,通过特异性试验、灵敏度试验,H5、H9亚型AIV和NDV引物的灵敏度分别达到了1:104、1:108、1:104稀释度,与传染性支气管炎(IB)、传染性法氏囊病(IBD)、传染性喉气管炎(ILTV)、传染性鼻炎(IC)、霉形体(MS)、H1N1猪流感等抗原无交叉反应。实验结果表明,本研究建立了检测H5、H9亚型AIV和NDV的多重RT-PCR方法,混合引物的最佳退火温度为50℃,鉴定检测仅需4小时。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因的克隆及表达

利用RT-PCR扩增了2株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因,并将其克隆到pMD 18-T载体上,进行序列分析.结果显示,这2株禽流感病毒NS1基因核苷酸序列的同源性为70.2%,分别属于NS等位基因群A和等位基因群B.再将克隆的NS1基因插入到pET-28a质粒中构建原核表达载体,将其转化到DH5α大肠埃希氏菌感受态细胞中,经双酶切鉴定及序列分析,表明获得了重组质粒pET-52NS1和pET-174NS1.经SDS-PAGE分析,重组质粒转化BL21（DE3）（pLysS）感受态细胞后,经IPTG诱导,获得了分子质量约为30 ku的NS1融合蛋白.用AIV多克隆血清做Western-blotting分析,发现来自2个等位基因群的NS1蛋白都具有较好的抗原活性.     

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in cats and other carnivores

The Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is a known pathogen of birds. Only recently, the virus has been reported to cause sporadic fatal disease in carnivores, and its zoonotic potential has been dominating the popular media. Attention to felids was drawn by two outbreaks with high mortality in tigers, leopards and other exotic felids in Thailand. Subsequently, domestic cats were found naturally infected and experimentally susceptible to H5N1 virus. A high susceptibility of the dog to H3N8 equine influenza A virus had been reported earlier, and recently also HPAI H5N1 virus has been identified as a canine pathogen. The ferret, hamster and mouse are suitable as experimental animals; importantly, these species are also kept as pets. Experimental intratracheal and oral infection of cats with an HPAI H5N1 virus isolate from a human case resulted in lethal disease; furthermore, cats have been infected by the feeding of infected chickens. Spread of the infection from experimentally infected to in-contact cats has been reported. The epidemiological role of the cat and other pet animal species in transmitting HPAI H5N1 virus to humans needs continuous consideration and attention.     

1株H5N1禽流感病毒云南分离株的生物学特性分析

为了解2014年分离自云南省通海县的1株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的生物学特性,对病原A/chicken/Yunnan/1/2014(yn2014)进行了一系列分析,包括全基因组序列测定,遗传演化分析,抗原性分析,以及对SPF鸡、鸭和BALB/c小鼠的致病性试验。交叉血凝抑制试验和免疫保护试验对yn2014分离株进行抗原分析显示,yn2014与Re-5疫苗株之间抗原性差异显著。全基因组序列测定和遗传进化分析表明,yn2014病毒HA基因与韩国、日本、中国流行毒株核苷酸高度同源,同属于2.3.4.6分支;HA含有多个连续碱性氨基酸,具有高致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征。yn2014病毒人工静脉接种SPF鸡和鼻腔感染SPF鸭试验,结果显示,yn2014病毒对鸡、鸭的致死率分别为100%和50%。用10~6EID50病毒鼻腔感染6周龄BALB/c小鼠,结果显示,yn2014病毒对BALB/c小鼠的致病性较低,仅在鼻窦中复制,且不能在小鼠之间传播。本研究为该分支禽流感病毒的防控提供了较好的参考价值。     

鸭源H5N5和H5N1亚型禽流感病毒BALB/c鼠感染试验

比较鸭源H5N5亚型禽流感病毒(A/Duck/Changchun/01/2010)和鸭源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(A/Duck/Liaoning/N/2011)对BALB/c鼠的致病性。以106EID50/50μL剂量鼻腔感染6周龄BALB/c鼠,攻毒后3,5,7,10,14 d取小鼠的肺、脑和肝脏,处理后接种10日龄SPF鸡胚做病毒回收试验,取死亡鸡胚的尿囊液进行RT-PCR检测;分别取接种病毒后5 d小鼠的脑、肝脏、肺脏、脾脏、肾脏进行病理组织学检测。结果显示,小鼠接种H5N5和H5N1亚型禽流感病毒后,均无明显的临床症状,肝脏中分别于接种后3,5 d分离到病毒,肺脏中于接种后5 d分离到病毒,脾脏、肾脏和粪便中均未分离到病毒。病理组织学检测发现,病毒对小鼠的脏器组织产生了不同程度的病理损伤,以肺脏、脑和肝脏较为明显,且H5N1亚型禽流感病毒引起小鼠脑和肝脏的病理损伤比H5N5亚型更严重。这表明2株鸭源禽流感病毒对小鼠均有一定的致病性,且H5N1亚型强于H5N5亚型。     

两株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因诱导细胞凋亡的研究

为了研究H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因诱导的细胞凋亡作用，我们将两株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A／Duck／Guangdong／40／2000（H5NI）（简称DKGD／40／00）和A／Duck／Guangxi／35／2001（H5NI）（简称DKGX／35／01）的NSI基因克隆到真核表达载体plRES2-EGFP，转染Hela细胞后，应用荧光显微镜检测转染表达效率，应用TUNEL和流式细胞仪观察NSI基因产生的细胞凋亡作用。结果两株病毒NSI蛋白表达均能诱导Hela细胞凋亡，凋亡率无明显差异。表明单一的NS1并不能完全阐明凋亡的产生与病毒毒力强弱和病毒扩散之间的关系。     

对麻鸭不同致病力H5N1亚型禽法流感病毒的鉴定

禽流感病毒(avain influenza virus,AIV)根据其HA和NA蛋白分为不同亚型,目前16种HA亚型和9种NA亚型均已从水禽中分离到[1].     

Identifying spatio-temporal patterns of transboundary disease spread: examples using avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks

Characterizing spatio-temporal patterns among epidemics in which the mechanism of spread is uncertain is important for generating disease spread hypotheses, which may in turn inform disease control and prevention strategies. Using a dataset representing three phases of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in village poultry in Romania, 2005–2006, spatio-temporal patterns were characterized. We first fit a set of hierarchical Bayesian models that quantified changes in the spatio-temporal relative risk for each of the 23 affected counties. We then modeled spatial synchrony in each of the three epidemic phases using non-parametric covariance functions and Thin Plate Spline regression models. We found clear differences in the spatio-temporal patterns among the epidemic phases (local versus regional correlated processes), which may indicate differing spread mechanisms (for example wild bird versus human-mediated). Elucidating these patterns allowed us to postulate that a shift in the primary mechanism of disease spread may have taken place between the second and third phases of this epidemic. Information generated by such analyses could assist affected countries in determining the most appropriate control programs to implement, and to allocate appropriate resources to preventing contact between domestic poultry and wild birds versus enforcing bans on poultry movements and quarantine. The methods used in this study could be applied in many different situations to analyze transboundary disease data in which only location and time of occurrence data are reported.