新城疫病毒强毒株的分离与鉴定

从发病率为１００％、病死率为９７％的鸡群中分离到１株病毒。该病毒凝集鸡红细胞的作用可被新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制,证明所分离的毒株为新城疫病毒。鸡胚半数致死量、最小致死量致死鸡胚的平均时间、１日龄雏鸡脑内致死指数、６周龄雏鸡静脉致死指数、血凝解脱及血凝素热稳定性等试验表明,分离毒为新城疫病毒强毒株,其毒力比标准强毒Ｆ４８Ｅ８株还强。血凝抑制试验和中和试验表明,分离毒的血凝性与Ｆ４８Ｅ８相同,但中和特性与Ｆ４８Ｅ８有较大差异     

鸡新城疫病毒的分离及生物学特性的鉴定

用SPF鸡胚及鸡胚成纤维细胞,从有神经症状的病死鸡的脑组织中分离出一株病毒,该病毒可凝集鸡的红细胞,而且此凝集可以被新城疫的特异性血清所抑制。通过对分离株进行MDT(77h)、ICPI(1．1)、IVPI(2．63)等生物学试验、空斑试验及电镜观察等,证实该分离株为鸡新城疫病毒中等毒力的毒株,并命名为SNND。     

斗鸡新城疫病毒的分离与生物学特性鉴定

从病死的越南斗鸡脑组织中分离到l株病毒,能凝集鸡的红细胞,而且这种凝集能被新城疫阳性血清特异性抑制。通过对分离株进行RT—PCR检测、动物致病性试验、MDT与ICPI值测定,证实为中等偏强毒力新城疫病毒。动物感染试验表明,20日龄非免疫鸡感染分离毒后24～120h可用RT—PCR方法从喉头和泄殖腔检出新城疫病毒。     

一株鸡源新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

从海盐县某鸡场发病鸡群采集的拭子样品中分离到1株病毒,血凝试验、血凝抑制试验结果表明,该病毒可与1%鸡血红细胞发生凝集,且这种凝集作用可被新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制。同时进行RTPCR检测,结果可扩增出目的条带,进而确定该毒株为鸡源新城疫病毒。根据OIE对新城疫病毒毒力的判定标准和方法对该病毒进行鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)、1日龄易感雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)和鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50)测定。结果表明,MDT=55.2 h,ICPI=1.76,ELD50=10-8.3/0.2 m L,最终判定该毒株为新城疫强毒株。     

云南省鸽新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从疑为鸽新城疫的云南省某信鸽场分离到一株毒株。该毒株能凝集鸡红细胞，且其凝集作用能被抗新城疫阳性血清抑制；该毒株对氯仿、酸敏感；在病毒中和试验中，抗NDV阳性血清对该毒株中和效价为1：2^1.75；将病毒分离物回归鸽子，复制出与自然病例相似的临床症状，且全部感染鸽都发生子血清学抗体转换；静脉接种6周龄雏鸡，10天后HI价显著增高，且其IVPI为0。试验结果表明该毒株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

乌骨鸡体内鸡肾传染性支气管炎病毒的分离鉴定

从具有鸡肾型传染性支气管炎临床病变特征的乌骨鸡体内分离到一株病毒。该病毒经鸡胚盲传代后，可引起４０％上鸡胚死亡，并出现典型的侏儒胚；人工感染雏鸡表现为肾肿大和尿酸盐沉积；能干扰新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ株在鸡胚中的繁殖；病毒对氯仿和乙醚敏感，５６℃水浴３０分钟被灭活，而ＰＨ３和ＰＨ１１；不能直接凝集红细胞，但经１．５％胰酶处理后能凝集鸡红细胞（１；５２），这种血凝性可被传染性支气管炎病毒澳大利亚Ｔ株阳性血     

新城疫强毒河南株分离鉴定及新城疫二价油乳剂灭活苗研制

从豫北某蛋鸡场病死鸡中分离出一株病毒，经HA试验、HI试验、电镜观察、回归试验确认所分离毒株为新城疫病毒，经对分离株MDT、ICPI测定表明该分离株为新城疫强毒。对该分离株进行抗原性变异检测和基因型鉴定，证明为基因Ⅶ型新城疫病毒。用新城疫Lasota株和新城疫Ⅶ型毒株制备成新城疫二价油乳剂灭活苗，在河南一些种鸡场和蛋鸡场应用，获得了满意的效果，有效地控制了新城疫的发生和流行。     

鸽新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从疑似鸽新城疫病鸽群中分离到1株病毒,该病毒株能凝集鸡红细胞,这种凝集作用能被抗新城疫病毒阳性血清抑制。病毒对氯仿、乙醚、胰蛋白酶、盐酸敏感。将病毒分离物回归鸽子,复制出与自然病例相似的临床症状,且全部感染鸽都发生了血清学抗体转换;静脉接种6周龄雏鸡,10 d后HI价显著增高,且其IVPI为0。试验结果表明该毒株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

南京地区非典型新城疫病毒分离及其生物学特性测定

从南京地区和合肥以呼吸道症状为主的部分发病鸡场中取气管粘膜、肺脏及脾，经无菌处理后，通过鸡胚接种分离病毒，结果有８株病毒能凝集红细胞，且均被新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制，抑制效价为５ｌｏｇ２￣１０ｌｏｇ２，证明所分离的病毒株为新城疫病毒。经鸡胚最小致死量平均死亡时间、１日龄雏鸡 脑内致病性，红细胞凝集素的热稳定性及离解的速率测定表明，８株病毒均属新城疫强毒株，且与Ｆ４８Ｅ８毒力差异不显著。     

南京地区非典型新城疫病毒分离及其生物学特性测定

从南京地区和合肥以呼吸道症状为主的部分发病鸡场中取气管粘膜、肺脏及脾，经无菌处理后，通过鸡胚接种分离病毒，结果有８株病毒能凝集红细胞，且均被新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制，抑制效价为５１ｏｇ２～１０ｌｏｇ２，证明所分离的病毒株为新城疫病毒。经鸡胚最小致死量平均死亡时间、１日龄雏鸡的脑内致病性，红细胞凝集素的热稳定性及离解（洗脱）的速率测定表明，８株病毒均属新城疫强毒株，且与Ｆ４８Ｅ８毒力差异不显著。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.