影响中国白菜孤丁发病的一些因素

 中国白菜(Brassica pekinensis Rupr.)孤丁的病原业已鉴定为无菁病毒(Turinp Viurs 1 Hoggan&Jhnson)的一个株系,而且证明在华北地区油青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)的花叶病毒、萝卜(Raphanus sativus var,longipinnatus Bail.)的花叶病毒和甘兰(Brassoca oleracea var.capitata L.)的花叶病毒是和白菜孤丁同属于一个毒种而且很可能是同一个毒株^[3]。     

北京玉米和高粱上的玉米矮花叶病毒

 北京郊区玉米和高粱上的三个汁传病毒分离物鉴定为玉米矮花叶病毒株系B (MDMV),它可被桃蚜(Myzus persicoe)由玉米传至玉米,这三个分离物不侵染约翰逊草(Sorghum halepense(L) pers)。稀释终点是10^-2-10^-3;致死温度是50-55℃;体外保毒期是1-2天。MDMV的颗拉长度是735±15毫微米,在染病高粱叶的细胞质中观察到凤轮状内含体。狗尾草(Setaria viridis(L) Beauv),马唐(Digitavia Sanguinalis(L) Scop),蟋蟀草(Eleusine indica(L) Gaertn),矛叶荩草(Arthraxan Lancelatus(Roxb) Hochst)是北京地区MDMV的天然寄主。该病毒也侵染大油芒(Spodiopogon Sibiricus Trin)。     

大麦条纹花叶病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

大麦条纹花叶病毒为禾本科作物上一种重要的病原,可造成严重的经济损失。该病毒的主要传播方式为种传,因此对种子进行检疫监管是控制病害传播的一种有效途径。本文依据病毒保守序列RNA2beta C蛋白设计引物,研发了一种实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法。经特异性与灵敏度评价,仅对大麦条纹花叶病毒有效,无法对小麦线条花叶病毒、甘蔗花叶病毒及玉米褪绿斑驳病毒的阳性样品进行鉴定;且扩增灵敏度与普通RT-PCR相当,处于0.02 ng/μL水平。该方法相较于已有的检测方法,操作更简便快速,不易污染,灵敏度高,特异性优。此外,本研究结合实时荧光RT-PCR与普通RT-PCR两种检测方法,对未知谷物粉进行大麦条纹花叶病毒的检测鉴定,证实了新方法的可行性。     

重组酶聚合酶扩增技术(RPA)快速检测玉米褪绿斑驳病毒

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒(maize chlorotic mottle virus,MCMV)是我国颁布的一种禁止进境的检疫性有害生物,自然寄主有玉米、小麦、黍、大麦等。自然情况下,MCMV常与甘蔗花叶病毒(sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV)、玉米矮花叶病毒(maize dwarf mosaic virus,MDMV)、小麦线条花叶病毒(wheat streak mosaic virus,WSMV)共同侵染玉米,可造成玉米产量损失高达10%~90%(Hilker et al.,2017)。     

广西胜红蓟黄脉病样中发现多种菜豆金色花叶病毒属的病毒

 双生病毒科(Geminiviridae)病毒是一组植物单链DNA病毒,它的特点是病毒粒子形态为孪生颗粒状。双生病毒分为菜豆金色花叶病毒属(Begomovirus)、甜菜曲顶病毒属(Curtovirus)、玉米线条病毒属(Mastrevirus)和番茄伪曲顶病毒属(Topocuvirus)^[1]。     

胶体金免疫电镜技术检测和鉴定病汁液中不同形态的植物病毒

 本文报道胶体金免疫电镜技术的建立:铜网捕获病毒后,用其稀释约200倍的同源抗血清修饰处理3~5分钟,羊抗兔IgG-金复合物标记3~5分钟,经磷钨酸负染,电镜下可见病毒粒子周围金颗粒特异性吸附,而背景上非特异性吸附很少。用此技术成功地快速检测和鉴定了病汁液中线状病毒(大麦黄花叶病毒,大麦温和花叶病毒,小麦梭条斑花叶病毒,芜菁花叶病连和马铃薯Y病毒)、棒状病毒(烟草花叶病毒、长叶车前草花叶病毒和土传小麦花叶病毒)以及球状病毒(水稻矮缩病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒和大麦黄矮病毒)。用0.5M PBSpH7.0制备病汁液,可大幅度提高同源抗血清对黄瓜花叶病毒的捕获能力。     

观赏百合感染黄瓜花叶病毒后的超微病变研究

 黄瓜花叶病毒(Cymbidium mosaic virus,CMV)是雀麦花叶病毒科(Bromoviridae)黄瓜花叶病毒属(Cucumovirus)的典型成员,寄主范围极其广泛,能侵染1000多种的单、双子叶植物.该病毒可经75种蚜虫传播,有些分离物还可通过种子传播,是寄主植物最多、分布最广、最具经济重要性的植物病毒之一^[1].     

芜菁花叶病毒—崇明大白菜分离株的鉴定

 从崇明大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)上分离到一种病毒,经鉴别寄主测定,在青菜(B.chinensis)、芜菁(B.rapa)上为系统花叶,千红日(Gom-phrema globasa)、苋色藜(Chenopodium amaranticolor)上为局斑,不侵染心叶烟(Nicotiana glutinosa)、黄苗榆(N.tabacum)、黄瓜(Cucumis sa-tivus)。电镜下,病叶组织细胞内观察到风轮状内含体;病叶浸渍液和纯化的病毒制剂中都可见到均一的线状粒体,长660~740nm,宽12.5~15nm。对流兔疫电泳和琼脂扩散试验,病毒与其抗血清产生专一的沉淀线。温度钝化点为55~65℃,稀释终点10^-3,体外保毒期2~3天。经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和氨基酸自动分析仪分别测得该病毒的衣壳蛋白亚基分子量为25,000,氨基酸残基数226个。鉴定结果认为它为芜菁花叶病毒崇明分离株(TuMVc.M)。     

水稻瘤矮病毒越冬研究

 1982~1984年研究结果,广东水稻瘤矮病毒田间的自然越冬寄主植物主要是再生稻、自生稻,带毒率分别为63.95~100%和28.57~41.20%;还新发现看麦娘(Alopecurus aequulis)是越冬寄主植物,但只个别株发病,故不重要。人工接种成功的寄主植物还有小麦(Triticum aestivum)、燕麦(Arena sativa)、野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)和玉米(Zea mays)。玉米是本研究接种成功的新寄主。稗草(Echinochloa crus-gallis)和李氏禾(Leersia hexandra)不受侵染。在自然情况下,迄未发现越冬的小麦和野生稻有感染此病的。     

用A蛋白免疫电镜快速检测几种蔬菜作物的两种杆状病毒

 应用A蛋白免疫电镜技术对几种蔬菜作物的长叶车前草花叶病毒(RMV)、烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的检测比常规的电镜负染技术至少要灵敏近10,000倍,比普通的免疫电镜技术要灵敏10~100倍,抗血清浓度稀释至400,000倍,病毒粗提液稀释到1,000,000倍或病毒提纯液浓度为2.5×10^-7 mg/ml时均能观察到病毒粒子。同时由于抗体分子能特异性地结合到病毒粒子表面,能够很容易地区分不同的病毒种类。
应用此项技术作者检测了杭州地区几种常见的蔬菜病毒病,对大白菜(Brassica campestris L.),蕃茄(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill),榨菜(Brassica juncea var.tsatsai Mao),雪里(Brassicajuncea var.multiceps Tsen et Lee)等作物发病期的叶或果的浸提液用A蛋白免疫电镜进行快速检测,结果在大白菜,番茄等病株上检测到较多的病毒粒子,且大多能被RMV抗血清修饰,同时在番茄病株检测到的少量病毒粒子亦能被TMV抗血清修饰,而榨菜及雪里等病株上检测到的病毒粒子很少能被RMV及TMV抗血清所修饰,另外,病毒粒子的含量以番茄病果中为最高,要比其它几种蔬菜作物叶子中高约10~30倍。     

大豆花叶病毒病的鉴定

 1978年到1979年在江苏南京和扬州进行了大豆上发生最普遍的一种花叶病毒病的鉴定工作。系统地观察了病害的症状。发病初期表现明脉,并发展为斑驳花叶,叶缘自下呈波纹状卷曲,以后出现皱缩或沿叶脉两侧呈泡状突起等症状。病株根系发育差,产生的根瘤少而小,并常常形成无绒毛的豆荚和褐色斑纹的种子,病株有恋青情况。
病株种子的传毒率可高达58.1%。测定的6种蚜虫中有桃蚜(Myzus per-sicae)、大豆蚜(Aphis glycine),首蓿蚜(Aphis craccivera)、棉蚜(Aphis gossgpii)、菜蚜(Rhopalosiphuns pseudobrassicae)能传病,而麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)不能传病。
这种病毒的寄主范围很窄,测定的14种植物中只能侵染大豆,不能侵染其它豆科植物,也不能侵染烟草、心叶烟、千日红、百日菊、曼陀罗和小藜等。
抗性测定的致死温度为65~68℃,稀释限点是1:2000~1:10,000倍,体外保毒期6天。
用浸出法和磷钨酸负染的电子显微镜观察为大小±750×13nm的线条状病毒粒体。
根据以上性状,这种大豆病毒病的病原鉴定为大豆花叶病毒(SMV)属马铃薯Y病毒群(Poly virus group)。     

瘿螨传播植物病毒病害的研究进展

瘿螨是植物病毒病的一类传播媒介。根据国内外大量最新资料,从瘿螨生物学,为害和病毒不的角度较为详尽地分析了小麦线条花叶病毒,小麦斑点花叶,黑麦草花叶病,冰草花叶病,葱属植物病毒,小麦糜疯病,黑醋栗退化病,无花果花叶病,桃花叶病,樱桃斑驳花叶,蔷薇丛簇病和木豆不孕花叶病这１２种已被确认为瘿螨所传播的病毒病的特点,症状,病毒特性和防治方法,帮助人们进一步了解螨传病毒。     

An isolate of Wheat streak mosaic virus from foxtail overcomes Wsm2 resistance in wheat

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is an economically important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing major yield losses in regions where severe infection occurs. To detect the presence of any new virus or new WSMV isolates, green foxtail (Setaria viridis) plants exhibiting virus-like symptoms were sampled in a summer-fallowed wheat field at the Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas. These plants were tested serologically for four wheat viruses: WSMV, Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) and Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). Among 38 plant samples exhibiting virus-like symptoms, 29 contained WSMV as indicated by ELISA. Four isolates from samples with relatively strong reactions were transferred to healthy wheat seedlings by mechanical inoculation in a growth chamber for pathogenicity testing. Three isolates were avirulent to a wheat variety RonL, which contains Wsm2, a gene providing temperature-sensitive resistance to currently prevalent isolates of WSMV. However, one isolate, KSH294, was able to infect RonL and showed more virulence on two other varieties/lines containing Wsm2. Further sequence and phylogenetic analysis of KSH294 confirmed that this isolate displays a sequence homology with WSMV, but has sequence differences making it distinct from previously identified WSMV isolates included in the phylogenetic analysis.     

Sequence of the 3′-terminal region of the RNA of a mite transmitted potyvirus fromHordeum murinum L.

The 3026 nucleotides upstream of the 3-polyadenylated tract of a mite transmitted virus fromHordeum murinum L. were cloned and sequenced, and portions of the sequence were expressed inEscherichia coli. Sequence comparisons with wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Agropyron mosaic virus (AgMV) and Hordeum mosaic cirus (HoMV), three mite transmitted potyviruses, and potato virus Y (PVY), the type member of the genusPotyvirus, revealed that the virus is probably a potyvirus, but distinct from WSMV, AgMV, HoMV, and PVY. Serological tests further demonstrated these differences and that the virus is serologically related to another potyvirus, brome streak mosaic virus (BrSMV). We conclude that the virus should be named as the Hordeum isolate of BrSMV.     

侵染唐菖蒲的烟草环斑病毒的研究

 1987年3月,从荷兰引进的唐菖蒲球茎,在Saxany品种上,选取症状为斑驳的病株,经鉴定是烟草环斑病毒侵害的结果。通过病毒寄主范围的测定、它可侵染豆科、茄科、藜科、葫芦科、番杏科中的17种植物。摩擦接种在菜豆"Pinto"、"家雀旦";豇豆"黑种三尺","黑眼",按种叶出现局部坏死斑,系统生长点坏死。大豆"猴子毛","晋豆84"局部坏死斑,顶枯。在苋色藜及昆诺阿藜上,接种叶局部坏死斑,无系统症状。普通烟White Buriey,接种叶局部退绿环斑,系统退绿环斑和橡叶。
番杏、二青黄瓜接种叶局部退绿斑,系统花叶。
病毒的致死温度为65℃,稀释终点10-⁴,体外存活期6-7天(室温)。病毒粒体为等轴对称,直径约28nm。琼脂双扩散其沉淀线与标准的TRSV沉淀线完全相接,说明其抗原性相同。病毒外壳蛋白由一种蛋白亚基构成,分子量约58000道尔顿。     

Phylogenetic relationships within the family potyviridae: wheat streak mosaic virus and brome streak mosaic virus are not members of the genus rymovirus

ABSTRACT The complete nucleotide sequence of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) has been determined based on complementary DNA clones derived from the 9,384-nucleotide (nt) RNA of the virus. The genome of WSMV has a 130-nt 5' leader and 149-nt 3'-untranslated region and is polyadenylated at the 3' end. WSMV RNA encodes a single polyprotein of 3,035 amino acid residues and has a deduced genome organization typical for a member of the family Potyviridae (5'-P1/HC-Pro/P3/6K1/CI/6K2/VPg-NIa/NIb/CP-3'). Because WSMV shares with ryegrass mosaic virus (RGMV) the biological property of transmission by eriophyid mites, WSMV has been assigned to the genus Rymovirus, of which RGMV is the type species. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted with complete polyprotein or NIb protein sequences of 11 members of the family Potyviridae, including viruses of monocots or dicots and viruses transmitted by aphids, whiteflies, and mites. WSMV and the monocot-infecting, mite-transmitted brome streak mosaic virus (BrSMV) are sister taxa and share a most recent common ancestor with the whitefly-transmitted sweet potato mild mottle virus, the type species of the proposed genus "Ipomovirus." In contrast, RGMV shares a most recent common ancestor with aphid-transmitted species of the genus Potyvirus. These results indicate that WSMV and BrSMV should be classified within a new genus of the family Potyviridae and should not be considered species of the genus Rymovirus.     

玉米矮花叶病毒的株系鉴定

 从白草(Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb)花叶病株上分离到1个引起玉米矮化花叶症的新毒株。病毒粒体形态、大小、内含体形状,传染方式、传毒介体和传毒特性,体外抗性,寄主范围等生物学特性与MDMV-B相似,血清学上相关;白草花叶病毒分离物可侵染Paspa-lum dilatatum和Bromus rubens而不同于SCMV;根据在鉴别寄主忻粱7号和Atlas高粱上症状反应的显著差异可与MDMV-B相区别。据此认为它是MDMV的1个新株系,称为MDMV-G。1984年测定结果,玉米、高粱和谷子都感染MDMV-B和G,二者总的比例相近,山西各地均有分布,但高粱上G多于B,而玉米B多于G。白草是G株系的主要越冬寄主,广泛分布在山西省玉米、高粱栽培区,且自然感染率较高,对玉米和高粱的生产是个潜在的威胁,应予注意。白草在我国分布广泛,G株系的重要性可能不限于山西。     

小麦全蚀病菌病毒的研究

 自山东泰安及烟台地区的小麦全蚀病菌中提取到两种类型颗粒,一类是球形至多边形的病毒颗粒,直径在22~45毫微米之间,多数为27~32毫微米;另一类是棒状颗粒,长度为40~185毫微米×16毫微米,平均108×16毫微米,提取的球形病毒具有核蛋白的典型吸收光谱,最大和最小吸收值的波长分别在260毫微米和240毫微米,A260/240=1.24,A260/280=1.62。以烟台株病毒制备的抗血清,分别与烟台及泰安株病毒在琼脂免疫双扩散中作用均产生沉淀线,表明二者具有共同的血清型。烟台株病毒经苯酚抽提后的核酸样品最大吸收波长是260毫微米,最小是230毫微米,经聚丙烯酰胺-琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离为两条迁移率相近的带,表明此病毒有两个基因片断,在分类上属于需要两个dsRNA片断才能复制的等轴dsRNA真菌病毒。其外壳蛋白经测定含分子量70,000的多肽。<>br从浙江、湖北等11个省(市)的12株全蚀病菌中均提取到了病毒,比较了各菌的菌落颜色,生长速度和病毒浓度。