红壤不同含水量对尿素氨挥发的影响

根据第四纪红壤水分特征设计160、200、240、280、320、360g/kg6个土壤含水量处理,通过温室模拟,研究了红壤不同含水量对尿素氨挥发的影响。结果表明,等量尿素施入红壤后,氨挥发通量与土壤含水量之间无显著相关性,而高含水量(280、320、360g/kg)处理氨挥发通量峰值较低含水量(160、200g/kg)处理提前10天。氨挥发过程可分为快速-慢速2个阶段,氨累积挥发量(y)与对应时间(t)符合Elovish动力学方程(y=a blnt)。第1～10天,氨挥发累积量随红壤含水量的增加而递增;第11天后,以含水量为240g/kg处理的氨挥发累积N量最低。试验期间,氨挥发累积总N量,以含水量240g/kg时最低(0.90gN),含水量320g/kg时最高(1.16gN),分别占尿素施入N量的9.0%和11.6%。     

黑土氮肥氨挥发损失特征研究

采用密闭室法测定土壤氨挥发通量.进而计算施入土壤中氮肥的氨挥发损失量,研究了东北黑土区不同作物镲施氮量和施肥深度下氮肥的氨挥发.结果表明,施用尿素促进了农田氨挥发损失,并随施肥量的增加而增加,当表施氮量30 g/m2时,氨挥发损失率达21.68%,在相同施氮量的条件下,随施肥深度的增加而减少,当施肥深度为9cm,施氮量30 g/m2时,氨挥发损失率仅达2.49%.氨挥发损失氮量与施氮量(＞ 0)呈抛物线性关系.推荐东北黑土区种植大豆优化施肥深度在3 cm以下;而玉米基肥优化施肥在6 cm以下,追肥施肥深度在3 cm以下.     

控释尿素对土壤氨挥发和无机氮含量及玉米氮素利用率的影响

采用田间试验,通过与普通尿素对比,系统研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的施用对土壤氨挥发损失、无机氮含量、玉米增产效应及氮素利用率的影响。研究结果表明:硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的施用能够有效抑制土壤氨挥发速率,土壤氨挥发速率峰值出现时间比施用普通尿素滞后4～6 d,土壤氨挥发累积量和损失率比普通尿素分别减少了24.75%～61.66%,1.95%～4.06%;硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的控释性能有效地维持了玉米生育期耕层土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N含量,保证了玉米生育期氮素的供应,并能达到"前控后保"的效果;降低土壤氨挥发损失和保持耕层土壤速效氮含量水平是硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素能够显著提高玉米产量、氮素利用率的主要原因。     

南京两种菜地土壤氨挥发的研究

在南京雨花区武警农场和栖霞区东阳科技站先后进行了秋季小青菜和秋冬季大白菜田间试验,研究菜地土壤施用氮肥后的氨挥发及其影响因素,氨挥发采用密闭室间歇密闭通气法测定。结果表明,小青菜试验地的pH为5 .4 ,施肥后土壤pH值也未高于6 .0 ,故氨挥发损失低(<0 .4 % ) ;而在pH为7.7的大白菜试验地上,控释尿素、低氮和高氮3个处理(施氮量分别为N 180、30 0和6 0 0kghm-2 )氨挥发率分别为0 .97%、12 .1%和17 1%。以上结果表明,土壤pH是影响菜地土壤氨挥发的主要因素,降低氮肥用量能明显减少氨挥发,而施用控释尿素是一种有效控制氨挥发损失的措施。大白菜不同施肥期的结果还表明,施尿素后降雨通过降低表层土壤氮的浓度而影响氨挥发,降雨离施肥期越近,雨量越大,氨挥发越小     

控释尿素减少双季稻田氨挥发的主要机理和适宜用量

【目的】研究施用控释尿素减少稻田氨挥发的主要机理,及有效减少氨挥发的施用量,为充分发挥控释尿素的环保效应提供参考。【方法】盆栽试验于2017年在湖南农业大学试验基地大棚内进行,供试土壤为潮砂泥田水稻土,供试早稻、晚稻品种为中早39和泰优390,供试控释氮肥为树脂包膜控释尿素。设置不施氮肥 (CK)、普通尿素 (U) 以及控释尿素等氮量 (CRU1)、减氮10%(CRU2)、减氮20%(CRU3) 和减氮 30% (CRU4) 6个处理。采用密闭室间歇通气法监测双季稻田氨挥发特征,监测同期田面水铵态氮 (NH₄+-N) 和硝态氮 (NO₃–-N) 浓度、pH值及土壤温度动态变化。【结果】施用控释尿素 (CRU) 显著降低了稻田氨挥发损失,各施氮处理稻季氨挥发累积损失量表现为U > CRU1 > CRU2 > CRU4≈CRU3。与U处理相比,CRU处理明显降低了氨挥发速率峰值,且不同程度减少了稻田氨挥发累积损失量,减排程度可达50.3%～70.1%。CRU处理氨挥发损失率为5.6%～8.13%,且早、晚稻均以CRU3和CRU4处理较低。与U处理相比,早、晚稻CRU处理施基肥后田面水中的铵态氮浓度峰值分别降低74.5%～80.4%、53.4%～76.0%,施分蘖肥后分别降低69.5%～89.1%、67.3%～80.3%。U、CRU1、CRU2、CRU3和 CRU4 处理早稻田面水平均 pH 值分别为7.26、7.22、7.25、7.32和7.14,各处理差异不显著;晚稻田面水平均pH值分别为7.85、7.71、7.72、7.72和7.66,CRU处理均显著低于U处理。U处理氨挥发速率和田面水铵态氮浓度呈极显著正相关 (r = 0.8813),与硝态氮浓度呈显著负相关 (r = –0.5319);CRU处理与U处理变化规律类似,CRU3和CRU4处理氨挥发速率与田面水铵态氮浓度达到显著正相关 (r = 0.5388和0.4245),各处理氨挥发速率与田面水pH值和10 cm土层温度相关不明显。【结论】施用控释尿素可显著降低稻田水面中的铵态氮含量,减少由于施肥导致的pH值增加,因而显著降低了稻田的氨挥发损失量,减少了氨挥发损失率。早稻和晚稻均以控释尿素施用量减少20%～30%的氨挥发减排效果最为明显。     

脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响

采用田间小区试验,以普通尿素和氯化铵为对照,研究脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:氮肥施入后,氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后5~7天内,氨挥发损失量与田面水NH4+-N浓度呈线性正相关关系。不同氮肥的氨挥发损失差异显著(P0.05),脲胺氮肥的氨挥发损失分别比普通尿素和氯化铵减少了2.71和6.41 kg/hm2,并且该氮肥对水稻有增产的趋势,氮肥利用率分别比普通尿素和氯化铵显著提高了10.43%和10.64%。此外,综合考虑经济和环境效益,该氮肥净收益高于尿素和氯化铵。因此,脲胺氮肥值得在太湖地区推广。     

江淮丘陵区不同氮肥管理模式下稻田氨挥发损失特征研究

为了探索减少江淮丘陵区稻田氨挥发损失和提高其氮肥利用率的途径,采用密闭室连续抽取法,研究了不同氮肥管理模式对稻田氨挥发损失特征和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,整个稻季,氨挥发损失率以分蘖肥期最高,基肥期次之,穗肥期最低。较常规施肥(CN),缓释尿素与普通尿素配施(CRU)处理稻季氨挥发损失总量和损失率分别降低了26.23%和4.52%,氮肥利用率提高了6.07%;各施肥处理的氨挥发量与同期田面水中的铵态氮浓度呈线性正相关。综合分析,缓释尿素与普通尿素配施既能减少氨挥发损失,又能获得较高的经济效益,在江淮丘陵区具有推广应用价值。     

控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻氮肥利用效率和氨挥发的影响

为探究控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻产量、氮素吸收、施肥经济效益和氨挥发损失的影响,该研究以扬籼优418为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（Farmer''s Fertilization Practice,FFP）、优化施氮（Optimized Nitrogen Application,OPT）、控释掺混肥（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer,CRBF）和控释掺混肥结合增密（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer Combined with Dense Planting,CRFDP）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的水稻产量及构成因子、氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率、经济效益和氨挥发损失的差异。结果发现,CRFDP处理的水稻有效穗数和每穗实粒数显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）,较FFP分别增加26.1%和18.7%。CRFDP处理较FFP处理水稻增产33.3%。与FFP相比,CRFDP的氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率分别提高160%、22.8 kg/kg、16.27 kg/kg。CRFDP较CRBF处理的氮肥吸收利用率显著提高10.0个百分点,氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率和氮素生理利用率则没有显著差异（P>0.05）;与FFP处理相比,3个优化施氮处理（OPT、CRBF和CRFDP）在氮肥用量降低20%的情况下,水稻每公顷净收益增加3 328～8 968元,其中CRFDP处理的水稻产值和净收益最高。施氮显著提高了水稻生长季的田面水铵态氮浓度和土壤脲酶活性,与FFP处理相比,CRFDP处理的氨挥发强度和累积氨挥发损失分别降低62.5%和46.3%。综上,控释掺混肥与增密结合可兼顾水稻高产、氮肥高效利用和氨减排。研究结果可为水稻高产及环境友好和资源高效的水稻种植新模式数据支持和理论支撑。     

不同氮肥形态的氨挥发损失比较

利用从德国引进的农田土壤氨挥发风洞法测定系统,对不同N肥形态的肥料进行对比实验。结果表明,在相同施N量条件下,硝酸铵、硝酸铵钙、硫硝酸铵的氨挥发损失分别比尿素减少22.5%、3.2%和8.3%,不同N肥的氨挥发损失差异很大。相同条件下,尿素的氨挥发损失为25.7%,添加DMPP后氨挥发损失为27.6%;硫硝酸铵的氨挥发损失为18.6%,添加DMPP后为20.6%;添加DMPP对尿素和硫硝酸铵的氨挥发影响不显著。     

表施氮肥后土壤水分与氨挥发的关系

土壤水分含量是影响氮肥氨挥发的重要因素，关于尿素（Ｕ）或尿素－硝酸铵（ＵＡＮ）溶液的氨挥发与水分蒸发之间的关系以及这两个过程的动力学信息尚不多见。我们测定了ＳＴ．Ｂｅｒｎａｄ土壤（壤质，混合矿物型，非酸性，寒冷型的弱发育湿润软土）以及Ｓｔｅ．Ｓｏｐｈｉｅ土壤（砂质，混合矿物型，非酸性，塞冷型的弱发育湿润软土）表施Ｕ和ＵＡＮ溶液的氨挥发量。土样水势为＜－１．５到０．０１ＭＰａ，使用通气培育装置测定。     

典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究

采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了湖南典型双季稻田,尿素和碳酸氢铵基施后的氨挥发特征。结果表明,基施碳酸氢铵(NC)稻田初始氨挥发强度和氨挥发总量大于基施尿素(UR)稻田。早稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为45.19 kg·hm-2,损失率达30.12%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为32.93 kg·hm-2,损失率达21.95%;晚稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为70.91 kg·hm-2,损失率达31.93%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为61.78 kg·hm-2,损失率达27.04%。基施尿素能够显著降低稻田氨挥发排放,减少氮素损失。     

表施尿素的冬小麦土壤氨挥发损失

Ammonia volatilization was measured with a continuous air flow enclosure method from a winter wheat field in the Experimental Farm of Jurong Agricultural School to investigate its main influencing factors. The experiment with five treatments in triplicate, no N (control), 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha^-1 with rice straw cover at a rate of 1 500 kg ha^-1 and 200 kg N ha^-1 without rice straw, started when the winter wheat was sown in 1994. Sixty percent of the total amount of N applied was basal and 40% was top-dressed. The measurement of ammonia volatilization was immediately conducted after urea was top-dressed on soil surface at wheat elongation stage in spring of 1996 and 1997. The results showed that there was a diurnal variation of ammonia volatilization rate from the winter wheat field, which synchronized with air temperature. N losses through ammonia volatilization increased with increasing N application rate, but the ratio of N lost through ammonia volatilization to applied N was not significantly affected by N application rate. The coverage of rice straw had no significant effect on ammonia volatilization. Soil moisture and rain events after urea was top-dressed affected ammonia volatilization significantly.     

太湖水稻土麦季尿素氨挥发损失

Ammonia volatilization losses from urea applied as a basal fertilizer and a top dressing at tillering stage in a wheat field of Taihu Region, China, were measured with a micrometeorological technique. Urea as fertilizer was surface broadcast at 81 (low N) and 135 (high N) kg N ha-1 as basal at the 3-leaf stage of the wheat seedling on December 2002, and 54 (low N) and 90 (high N) kg N ha-1 as top dressing on February 2003. Ammonia volatilization losses occurred mainly in the first week after applying N fertilizer and mainly during the period after basal fertilizer application, which accounted for more than 80% of the total ammonia volatilization over the entire wheat growth period. Regression analysis showed that ammonia volatilization was affected mainly by pH and NH4^ -N concentration of the surface soil and air temperature.Ammonia volatilization flux was significantly correlated with pH and NH4^ -N concentration of the surface soil and with daily air average temperature and highest temperature. Thus, application of urea N fertilizer to wheat should consider the characteristics of ammonia volatilization in different periods of N application so as to reduce ammonia losses.     

Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers with and without gypsum

Abstract. Ammonia volatilization with and without gypsum incorporation was measured in Gujranwala soil (Udic Haplustalf) in an incubation study using different nitrogen fertilizers e.g. urea, ammonium sulphate (AS), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), and urea nitrophos (UNP). Nitrogen from different fertilizers was applied at the rate of 200 mg N kg⁻¹ to two sets of soils in plastic bags (1.0 kg soil) and plastic jars (0.5 kg soil). Soil moisture was maintained at field capacity. Application of urea increased soil pH to 9, three hours after its addition. Ammonium sulphate and calcium ammonium nitrate had little effect on soil pH. Ammonium volatilization losses from fertilizers were related to the increase in soil pH caused by the fertilizers. Consequently maximum losses were recorded due to application of urea. Losses through ammonia volatilization were significantly lower with AS, CAN and UNP in descending order. Gypsum incorporation significantly reduced the losses. Therefore, application of gypsum to soil before urea may substantially improve N use efficiency for crop production by reducing N losses.     

Effect of blending urea with pyrite or coating urea with polymer on ammonia volatilization loss from surface-applied prilled urea

Laboratory studies on a sandy clay loam (Typic Ustochrept) alkaline soil showed that NH₃ volatilization loss from surface-applied prilled urea during an 8-dya incubation under aerobic conditions was 27.5% of applied N (400 kg N ha^-1) and was reduced to 8.9% when the urea was blended physically with pyrite in a 1:2 ratio; under anaerobic conditions the values for urea and pyrite-urea were 19.3 and 16.9%, respectively. Other treatments tested were urea-gypsum, neemcake-coated urea and polymer-coated urea. A 6% polymer coating showed the least NH₃ volatilization under anaerobic conditions and was next best to pyrite-urea under aerobic conditions. A 3% polymer coating was slightly inferior to the 6% coating. Urea-gypsum and neemcake-coated urea did not differ very much from urea alone under anaerobic conditions, but under aerobic conditions neemcake-urea showed a significantly lower total NH₃ loss compared to prilled urea alone and urea-gypsum.     

Ammonia volatilization from poultry manure-amended soil

Summary Poultry manure (PM) is commonly applied to cropland as a fertilizer, usually at rates determined by the nitrogen content of the manure. Limited information is available, however, on the volatilization of ammonia from poultry manure-amended soils, despite the effect these losses may have on the fertilizer value of the manure. This study was initiated to determine the influence of incorporation and residue cover on NH₃ losses from PM-amended soils. In the first experiment, a dynamic flow technique was used to measure NH₃ losses from 18 manures applied to a bare soil surface at a rate of 12 Mg ha^-1. In the second experiment, 3 of the 18 manures were incorporated either immediately, 24 h or 72 h after application. The third experiment compared the same three manures applied to a bare soil surface or to corn or soybean residues. Surface application of the manures resulted in the loss of from 4 to 31% of the total N applied in the manures. Incorporation of the PM with soil significantly reduced NH₃ loss with the greatest decrease following immediate incorporation. Crop residues either had no effect or slightly reduced NH₃ volatilization losses relative to PM application to a bare soil surface. Ammonia volatilization was not well correlated with individual manure properties, but a multiple regression approach using manure pH and total N content offered some promise as a means to segregate manures of the basis of volatilization potential.     

尿素二次加工产品的氨挥发损失特征研究

应用密闭法对尿素及其二次加工产品—复合肥料、包膜尿素和包膜复合肥料在施入土壤后的氨挥发特征进行了研究。结果表明,尿素二次加工产品的氨挥发损失特征各不相同:尿素、复合肥料、包膜尿素、包膜复合肥的氨挥发分别占总施氮量的9.2%、10.4%、7.6%、9.3%;复合肥料氨挥发损失比尿素高12.9%,而包膜尿素的氨挥发损失较尿素低17.9%。包膜复合肥与尿素相比,二者氨挥发总体上接近,但在施肥后前25 d包膜复合肥降低氨挥发15.6%,降雨后25 d却增加氨挥发20.7%。尿素二次加工产品的氨挥发损失特征需结合其生产工艺进行进一步研究。     

改性尿素施用对氨挥发量及无机氮变化的影响

采用室内土壤培养和玉米幼苗盆栽试验的方法,研究了改性尿素施用后的氨挥发量及其对土壤无机氮和pH值的影响。结果表明:(1)表施改性尿素比表施普通尿素的氨挥发量显著减少,从而降低氮素的损失;在一定范围内,土壤含水量越大,氨挥发量越低。(2)硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)能够抑制土壤硝化作用,使NH+4-N能较长时间存在土壤中,从而减少NO-3-N的损失;在一定范围内,DCD施用浓度越大,抑制效果越好。(3)土壤pH值与铵态氮呈极显著指数正相关,与硝态氮呈极显著线性负相关,与无机氮呈多项式相关。因此,改性尿素能够显著减少氨挥发量,抑制土壤硝化作用,从而降低尿素的氮素损失。