Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) populations from Crete

The resistance levels to alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, pirimiphos-methyl, endosulfan and imidacloprid were determined in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from Crete. Five B tabaci populations collected from greenhouse and outdoor crops were bioassayed and compared with a reference susceptible strain. Bemisia tabaci collected in a floriculture greenhouse exhibited the highest resistance against all insecticides: at LC50, resistance factors were 23-fold for bifenthrin, 80-fold for alpha-cypermethrin, 18-fold for pirimiphos-methyl, 58-fold for endosulfan and 730-fold for imidacloprid. A population collected on outdoor melons was more susceptible than the reference strain against all insecticides tested, suggesting the occurrence of local highly susceptible B tabaci populations in 'refugia'. In pairwise comparisons of resistance levels, correlation was observed between the LC50 values of the pyrethroid insecticides bifenthrin and alpha-cypermethrin.     

吡虫啉的不同施药方式对丽蚜小蜂的寄生效果评价

烟粉虱Q隐种是近几年新传入我国的入侵烟粉虱,主要危害蔬菜、棉花和花卉等经济作物,对多种化学农药都产生了很高的抗药性。为了了解吡虫啉不同施药方式对丽蚜小蜂控制烟粉虱效果的影响,本研究在实验室条件下,调查了经吡虫啉叶面处理和灌根处理两种不同施药方式处理,烟粉虱Q隐种的存活率、丽蚜小蜂的存活率和寄生率。结果表明：1、5、10、50mg·L^-1。浓度吡虫啉灌根处理的丽蚜小蜂校正死亡率分别为21．8％、14．9％、19．3％、16．2％;1、5、50mg·L^-1浓度吡虫啉叶面处理的丽蚜小蜂校正死亡率分别为52．2％、81．8％、93-3％。相同浓度的吡虫啉处理中,叶面处理的丽蚜小蜂死亡率显著高于灌根处理;在吡虫啉和丽蚜小蜂协同作用中,用浓度5、10、50mg·L^-1的吡虫啉灌根处理时,烟粉虱的死亡率分别为41．5％、39．1％、45．9％,丽蚜小蜂寄生率分别为11．9％、15．9％、7．9％;用浓度5、50mg·L^-1的吡虫啉叶面处理时,烟粉虱的死亡率分别为12．6％、37.2％,丽蚜小蜂寄生率均为2％左右。灌根处理对寄生蜂的存活率影响较小,且有利于丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生和取食;而叶面处理显著降低了寄生蜂的存活率及寄生率。     

烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱的使用技术及抗性风险评估研究

采用室内生物活性测定法系统测定了烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱不同虫态的毒力、成虫持效性、抗性风险评估和不同施药方法田间药效试验。结果表明,烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱低龄若虫和高龄若虫均表现出较高毒力,对成虫也有一定毒力,而对卵效果较差。烯啶虫胺水剂100 mg/L处理时对烟粉虱成虫1～15 d的校正死亡率在80.18%～92.13%之间,随着时间的延长,烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱的防效降低。烯啶虫胺喷雾和灌根方法效果较好,从速效性来说,喷雾好于灌根,从持效性来说,灌根优于喷雾,两种方法均显著高于单叶施药和涂茎法。经过8代6次选育,烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺抗性发展缓慢,与选育前相比敏感性降低2.653倍,烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺的抗性现实遗传力为0.102 5,在50%～90%的筛选压力下,要获得10倍抗性,需要9～21代,表明烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺有产生抗性的风险。     

释放巴氏新小绥螨防治温室大棚番茄上的烟粉虱

烟粉虱是一种世界性重大害虫,随着杀虫剂的抗药性问题以及在蔬菜上的残留问题日益严重,生物防治成为解决这一问题的重要措施。本文研究了释放巴氏新小绥螨对温室大棚番茄上自然发生的烟粉虱种群的控制作用。结果表明:释放巴氏新小绥螨,对温室大棚番茄上的烟粉虱的种群具有明显的压制作用;温室大棚番茄上烟粉虱种群,在释放捕食螨和常规对照处理间的总体动态趋势相同,烟粉虱的数量在番茄植株上的分布均为上部中部下部叶片,但常规对照处理的烟粉虱数量是释放捕食螨处理的2～3倍;在烟粉虱种群密度低时,释放巴氏新小绥螨的防治效果较好,达到90%以上,随着烟粉虱密度的增大,巴氏新小绥螨对烟粉虱的防治效果下降,但番茄拉秧时防效仍可达到55.70%。相比化学农药,释放巴氏新小绥螨的生物防治措施对治理烟粉虱更具有稳定性和长效性的优势。     

Toxicological and mechanistic studies on neonicotinoid cross resistance in Q-type Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious pest in numerous cropping systems and has developed a high degree of resistance against several chemical classes of insecticides. One of the latest group of insecticides introduced to the market were the neonicotinoids (chloronicotinyls), acting agonistically on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides has recently been shown to occur, especially in Q-type B tabaci in some places in Almeria, Spain, whereas control of B-type B tabaci in many other intense cropping systems worldwide has remained on high levels. Our study revealed that neonicotinoid-resistant Q-type strains from Almeria were often more than 100-fold less susceptible to thiamethoxam, acetamiprid and imidacloprid when tested in discontinuous systemic laboratory bioassays. The resistance factors were generally 2- to 3-fold lower in leaf-dip bioassays. In addition to the Spanish strains, we obtained two other highly neonicotinoid-cross-resistant B tabaci greenhouse populations, one from Italy (December 1999) and one from Germany (June 2001). A molecular diagnostic analysis revealed that both strains also belong to the (Spanish) subtype Q of the B tabaci species complex. The resistance levels of Q-type whitefly strains derived from Almeria greenhouses in 1999 remained stable for at least two years, even when maintained in the laboratory without any selection pressure. The biochemical mechanisms conferring resistance to neonicotinoids have not yet been elucidated in detail, but synergist studies suggested a possible involvement of microsomal monooxygenases. Furthermore, we checked two Almerian strains of B tabaci isolated in 1998 and 1999 and demonstrated that neonicotinoid resistance is not due to an altered [3H]imidacloprid binding site of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.     

Effect of pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide on pyrethroid efficacy against insecticide-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)

Pyrethroid resistance in B-type Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Australian Helicoverpa armigera Hübner field populations is primarily conferred by esterase isoenzymes which metabolise and sequester pyrethroid insecticides. It has been shown previously that pyrethroid resistance-associated esterases in H. armigera are inhibited by the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) over a 22-h period. It is demonstrated here that similar inhibition can be obtained against B-type B. tabaci. Small-scale field trials showed excellent levels of pyrethroid control when insects were pretreated with PBO and then dosed with pyrethroid during the time of maximum esterase inhibition. These results demonstrate that PBO can restore pyrethroid efficacy in the field against both B-type B. tabaci and resistant H. armigera.     

Q型烟粉虱细胞色素P450 CYP6DV5基因克隆及其在烟粉虱对噻虫嗪抗性中的作用

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci已严重危害农作物的正常生长,而新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪已被广泛用于烟粉虱的防治,但由于常年应用,致使烟粉虱对噻虫嗪产生了严重的抗性,而目前其抗药性分子机制尚不明确.本研究通过荧光定量PCR比较分析烟粉虱噻虫嗪抗性及敏感种群,发现细胞色素P450基因CYP6DV5在噻虫嗪抗性品系中的表达量为...     

Whitefly resistance traits derived from the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium affect the preference and feeding behavior of Bemisia tabaci and reduce the spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Breeding of tomato genotypes that limit whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) access and feeding might reduce the spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) that is the causal agent of tomato yellow leaf curl disease. TYLCV is restricted to the phloem and is transmitted in a persistent manner by B. tabaci. The tomato breeding line ABL 14-8 was developed by introgressing type IV leaf glandular trichomes and secretion of acylsucroses from the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium accession TO-937 into the genetic background of the whitefly- and virus-susceptible tomato cultivar Moneymaker. Results of preference bioassays with ABL 14-8 versus Moneymaker indicated that presence of type IV glandular trichomes and the production of acylsucrose deterred the landing and settling of B. tabaci on ABL 14-8. Moreover, electrical penetration graph studies indicated that B. tabaci adults spent more time in nonprobing activities and showed a reduced ability to start probing. Such behavior resulted in a reduced ability to reach the phloem. The superficial type of resistance observed in ABL 14-8 against B. tabaci probing significantly reduced primary and secondary spread of TYLCV.     

Age-specific expression of resistance to a neonicotinoid insecticide in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Neonicotinoid insecticides retain a crucial role within many chemical and integrated control strategies for the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, in spite of the establishment of potent and widespread resistance in many areas. Metabolic resistance mechanisms mediated by overexpression of P450-dependent monooxygenases have been implicated in neonicotinoid resistance in the two most prevalent B. tabaci biotypes. Further characterisation of resistance to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in populations of both these B- and Q-types is reported.Expression of resistance to imidacloprid was age specific in B- and Q-type strains of B. tabaci. The highest observed resistance ratio at LC(50) expressed in prepupal nymphs was 13, compared with at least 580 in their adult counterparts. For all strains, resistance expressed in immatures was not sufficiently potent to compromise recommended imidacloprid application rates.Targeting neonicotinoids towards immature life stages of B. tabaci may circumvent the protection conferred by current mechanisms of resistance, simultaneously reducing the selection pressures imposed. However, such tactics may enhance the expression of existing resistance mechanisms in immatures, or promote the establishment of novel ones expressed in all life stages.     

Q型烟粉虱对20个烟草品种的选择性

为了明确不同烟草品种对Q型烟粉虱的抗性及其与叶背茸毛密度的相关性,研究了Q型烟粉虱对20个烟草品种的选择性及其生长发育和存活情况,并分析了烟草抗虫性与叶背茸毛密度的关系。结果表明,Q型烟粉虱成虫对烟草品种的选择性、产卵趋性及卵-成虫的存活率在不同烟草品种间差异显著。在20个供试烟草品种中,抗虫性较弱的品种有‘闽烟9号’、‘闽烟57号’;抗虫性较强的品种有‘云烟97’、‘V2’、‘云烟100’、‘长脖黄’,这4个品种在生产上可优先安排种植。烟草叶背茸毛密度与成虫量和着卵量均呈极显著正相关,即烟草叶背茸毛密度越高,烟草抗虫性越弱。因此,选育茸毛较少的烟草品种,可以提高烟草对Q型烟粉虱的抗性。     

宁夏地区烟粉虱对5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性

采用浸叶法分别测定了宁夏8个地区烟粉虱成虫田间种群对4类5种杀虫剂的抗性.结果 表明,供试烟粉虱种群对高效氯氰菊酯已产生了中等至极高水平抗性,抗性倍数为33.31～227.98倍;对烯啶虫胺产生了中等至高水平抗性,抗性倍数为12.14～69.33倍;对毒死蜱和吡虫啉产生了低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为7.63～38....     

北京、山东和湖南地区烟粉虱抗药性及CYP4v2和CYP6CX1 mRNA水平表达量分析

于2011年采集北京、山东和湖南三地的烟粉虱,进行B、Q隐种鉴定,并测定4种杀虫剂的抗药性,同时通过荧光定量PCR分析CYP4v2和CYP6CX1两个基因的mRNA水平的表达量。结果表明,北京、湖南和长沙烟粉虱均为Q隐种。抗药性监测表明,北京和湖南种群对阿维菌素敏感,山东种群抗性水平较低,而对烟碱类药剂噻虫嗪出现不同程度的抗药性,其中湖南地区烟粉虱对噻虫嗪的抗药性达到49.08倍的高抗水平,北京和山东地区也达到中抗水平。另外,这3个地区的种群对毒死蜱和联苯菊酯抗性水平都较低。通过qRT-PCR分析三地的CYP4v2和CYP6CX1基因表达量,发现相对于敏感种群CYP4v2基因在北京、山东和湖南3个地理种群中分别过量表达3.85倍、19.57倍和10.78倍,而CYP6CX1基因在北京种群中过量表达20.55倍。结果提示田间烟粉虱的细胞色素P450基因CYP4v2和CYP6CX1过量表达可能会是烟粉虱抗药性的形成机制之一。     

烟粉虱细胞色素CYP6EM1基因的克隆及对吡虫啉抗性的作用

烟粉虱是一种世界性农业害虫,其防治手段以化学防治为主,新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉常年用于防治烟粉虱,田间烟粉虱已经形成严重的抗药性。本研究通过分析烟粉虱吡虫啉抗性和敏感种群,发现细胞色素CYP6EM1基因在吡虫啉抗性品系中上调了4.7倍,进而克隆了其全长基因,进行了荧光定量PCR分析,发现该基因在吡虫啉抗性烟粉虱3龄若虫期和雄虫成虫期过量表达,并且在抗性成虫胸部和腹部过量表达。最后通过RNA干扰的方法使成虫的CYP6EM1基因表达量下降了54.8%,之后发现当烟粉虱暴露于吡虫啉时死亡率显著升高了39.65%,这表明CYP6EM1与烟粉虱对吡虫啉抗性的形成相关。研究结果对于揭示烟粉虱对吡虫啉产生抗性的机制有帮助,也为烟粉虱抗性水平田间监测及烟粉虱综合治理提供理论依据。     

一种新的90 kD胞外蛋白激发子诱导烟草系统获得抗性研究

 就棉疫病菌(Phytophthora boehmeriae Saw.)培养滤液中提纯获得的90 kD胞外蛋白激发子诱发烟草系统获得抗性进行了研究。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理Samsun NN烟草叶片24 h后,在处理叶片及其上、下各2片叶片接种TMV,结果是处理叶及其上、下各2片叶片上的枯斑数显著少于对照,诱抗防效达40.9%~53.1%;接种TMV7d后处理叶片的枯斑平均直径为1.23mm,显著小于对照叶片上的枯斑直径2.97mm,但是处理叶片的上、下叶片上的枯斑平均直径与对照没有显著差别。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理Samsun NN烟草叶片分别立即接种或于1、2、4、7、15 d接种TMV,结果证明该激发子诱导烟草对TMV的抗性以处理后第1d至第4 d接种为较好,防效达30.2%~5 0.4%;处理后立即接种和第7d接种TMV诱抗防效仅4%左右,处理叶片上的枯斑数与对照没有显著差别,表明较强的诱导抗性可持续时间<7d。用不同浓度激发子处理烟叶,所测定的0.5~100 nmol/L各浓度均可显著地诱发烟草对TMV产生获得抗性,诱导抗性效果为34.9%~5 8.2%,诱导抗性效果随浓度的降低呈下降趋势。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理W38烟草叶片,2 d后分别注射接种烟草野火病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tabaci)菌液或喷雾接种烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)分生孢子,结果是,注射接种烟草野火病菌5d后处理叶片及其上、下叶片上的野火病病斑均显著小于对照;处理叶片上的赤星病病斑数及病斑面积明显小于对照,表明该激发子可诱导烟草对野火病和赤星病产生抗性。上述结果表明,90kD蛋白激发子诱导烟草产生的获得抗性是一种典型的系统获得抗性,该系统获得抗性对病原菌具广谱抗性。     

烯啶虫胺10%水剂防治大棚蔬菜烟粉虱试验报告

近年来,保护地蔬菜烟粉虱发生程度呈逐年加重的趋势,部分地区甚至出现爆发,大爆发等局面;由于烟粉虱抗性发展很快,变种增加如B型烟粉虱、H型烟粉虱等,一般化学药剂效果均不理想,在蔬菜田寻找一种防效好,见效快,同时又环保的农药剂型显得尤为重要。本文对烯啶虫胺10%水剂防治烟粉虱的效果作了试验效果突出。     

烟粉虱与温室白粉虱羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶性质的比较研究

对温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum和烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)和谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。比较 Car E活性 ,烟粉虱显著高于温室白粉虱 ,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱 Car E对底物乙酸 -α-萘酯的 Km 分别为 0 .073mmol/ L 和 3.458mmol/ L。烟粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 2～3m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,而温室白粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 10～ 15 m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,烟粉虱 ACh E的 Km 值是温室白粉虱 Km 值的 12 .6倍。烟粉虱的 GSTs比活力为2 .218OD/ (mg pro·min) ,显著高于温室白粉虱的 GSTs比活力 0 .663OD/ (mg pro· min) ,差异达极显著水平 ,烟粉虱 GSTs对底物的亲和力比温室白粉虱高。     

Dynamics of insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci: a case study with the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen

The dynamics of pyriproxyfen resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) have been studied intensively in cotton fields and greenhouses in Israel. High resistance to pyriproxyfen evolved one year after its introduction for use on flowers in greenhouses, after three successive applications. After ten years of pyriproxyfen use in cotton fields, with only one application per season, a high level of resistance was observed, but its rate of development differed among localities. It is hypothesized that these differences reflect temporal and spatial variations in the availability of alternative host plants for B tabaci, and that pyriproxyfen resistance evolved most readily in geographically isolated areas. It is also likely that the occurrence and development of resistance is partially biotype-related. Pyriproxyfen use has ceased in high-resistance localities, but in areas with low frequencies of resistance, cotton growers have continued to achieve acceptable control of B tabaci with pyriproxyfen. Due to the absence of applications of pyriproxyfen in some cotton fields, resistance levels tended to decline between 1998 and 2001. Laboratory experiments support the hypothesis that this decline reflects, in part, fitness costs associated with pyriproxyfen resistance.     

Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.     

The presence of Rickettsia is associated with increased susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to insecticides

BACKGROUND: The presence of certain symbiotic microorganisms may be associated with insecticide resistance in insects. The authors compared the susceptibility of two isofemale lines, Rickettsia-plus and Rickettsia-free, of the sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to major insecticides from different chemical groups, including imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, pyriproxyfen, spiromesifen and diafenthiuron. RESULTS: While the Rickettsia-plus and Rickettsia-free lines showed no differences in their susceptibility to imidacloprid and diafenthiuron, higher susceptibility of the Rickettsia-plus line to acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, spiromesifen and especially pyriproxyfen was observed. LC(90) values indicated that the Rickettsia-free line was 15-fold more resistant to pyriproxyfen than the Rickettsia-plus line. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that the infection status of B. tabaci populations by Rickettsia is an important consideration that should be taken into account when performing resistance monitoring studies, and may help in understanding the dynamics of B. tabaci resistance, symbiont-pest associations in agricultural systems and the biological impact of Rickettsia on whitefly biology.     

新型双向传导杀虫剂—螺虫乙酯对Q型烟粉虱的防治效果

为了筛选出防治Q型烟粉虱的有效药剂,研究了22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂不同浓度、不同施药时间对烟粉虱卵、若虫的防治效果。螺虫乙酯和对照药阿维菌素均对Q型烟粉虱卵无效,螺虫乙酯对若虫具有非常高的杀虫活性,无论在卵期施药、若虫低龄期施药还是高龄期施药,防效均达95%以上,和对照药阿维菌素的防效无显著性差异。施药后20d接虫,防效大幅降低到21.6%以下,施药30d后接虫对若虫无效。根据烟粉虱的发育历期推算,表明螺虫乙酯持效期可达30d。