The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus

Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.     

新城疫病毒人工感染鸡诱导胸腺和法氏囊细胞凋亡的初步研究

本研究用新城疫病毒(NDV)参考强毒株F48E8感染鸡,通过光镜和电镜观察鸡的胸腺和法氏囊淋巴绌胞凋亡的形态学特征,并进行统计学分析。NDV感染鸡后,其胸腺和法氏囊淋巴细胞凋亡数量显著增加(P＜0．01)。实验结果说明NDV参考强毒株F48E8人工感染鸡后可以诱导胸腺和法氏囊淋巴绌胞凋亡。     

Passively transferred immunity to IBD following live vaccination of parent chickens by two different routes

Vaccination of broiler breeder parents with live infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine by the oral route resulted in higher and more persistent quantitative gel diffusion precipitins than vaccination by intramuscular injection. All the progeny of the orally vaccinated parents had maternally derived IBD antibody (MDA) at hatching while MDA was detected in only 35 per cent of the progeny of the intramuscularly vaccinated parents. This MDA had disappeared completely at 14 and eight days respectively. Susceptibility to IBD challenge began at eight days in the first group and at one day old in the second. The age of 100 per cent susceptibility occurred at 19 and 11 days in the respective groups.     

Comparison of duration of immunity in chickens infected with a live infectious bronchitis vaccine by three different routes.

Three groups of chicks were vaccinated by aerosol, intra-ocular and drinking water routes with a live infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine. At one, two, six, 15 and 32 weeks after vaccination five birds from each group were sampled for testing for IB haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies and challenged. Assessment of susceptibility to infection was measured by recovery of virus from individual tracheas and from kidney and gonad pools four days after challenge. Virus was isolated from all kidney and gonad pools of birds challenged one week after vaccination, the kidney and gonad pools of the drinking water vaccinates at two weeks, the kidney pool of the intra-ocular group at 15 weeks and all organ pools except the gonads of the intra-ocular group at 32 weeks. Tracheal resistance was found in most of the birds challenged one week after vaccination and in all the birds tested at two weeks but had begun to wane by six weeks after vaccination. No correlation was found between low HI antibody titres of individual birds and their susceptibility to challenge measured by reisolation of virus from the traches, but birds with titres over log2 6 were always resistant.     

Responses of chickens vaccinated with a live attenuated multi-valent ionophore-tolerant Eimeria vaccine

Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species, is a serious economic disease of chickens (Gallus gallus) and the search for vaccines to control the disease is intensifying especially with the increasing threat of drug resistance. A live attenuated multi-valent ionophore-tolerant Eimeria vaccine has been developed that contains three ionophore-resistant Eimeria species, E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina. The attenuated lines were derived from virulent field strains resistant to monensin ionophore by selection for early development in chicks. The vaccine was administered by gavage and through drinking water to broiler chickens, Chinese Yellow strain, reared in wire cages. Vaccinated medicated birds performed better than vaccinated unmedicated and medicated unvaccinated groups. The final mean weights of vaccinated medicated birds were significantly higher (P<0.05), and a better vaccine protection index, using both vaccinating methods, was achieved. Results indicated that concomitant use of ionophores and vaccines could be a useful adjunct to planned immunization in the control of coccidiosis.     

Characterisation of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from NDV vaccinated chickens,and the efficacy of LaSota and recombinant genotype VII vaccines against challenge with velogenic NDV

A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate designated IBS002 was isolated from a commercial broiler farm in Malaysia. The virus was characterised as a virulent strain based on the multiple basic amino acid motif of the fusion (F) cleavage site ¹¹²RRRKGF¹¹⁷ and length of the C-terminus extension of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene. Furthermore, IBS002 was classified as a velogenic NDV with mean death time (MDT) of 51.2 h and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) of 1.76. A genetic distance analysis based on the full-length F and HN genes showed that both velogenic viruses used in this study, genotype VII NDV isolate IBS002 and genotype VIII NDV isolate AF2240-I, had high genetic variations with genotype II LaSota vaccine. In this study, the protection efficacy of the recombinant genotype VII NDV inactivated vaccine was also evaluated when added to an existing commercial vaccination program against challenge with velogenic NDV IBS002 and NDV AF2240-I in commercial broilers. The results indicated that both LaSota and recombinant genotype VII vaccines offered full protection against challenge with AF2240-I. However, the LaSota vaccine only conferred partial protection against IBS002. In addition, significantly reduced viral shedding was observed in the recombinant genotype VII-vaccinated chickens compared to LaSota-vaccinated chickens.     

Effect of dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 on resistance of young chickens to organophosphate pesticide challenge

White leghorn chickens were placed on a diet containing 0, 1000, or 3000 ppb aflatoxin B1 for 7 weeks. At the end of that time, the birds were challenged orally with the organophosphate pesticide malathion. A malathion dose of 215 mg/kg resulted in significant clinical signs of cholinergic poisoning in 4/10, 5/10, and 8/10 birds fed 0, 1000, and 3000 ppb aflatoxin B1, respectively, and the chickens required antidotal atropine 40 min later. Activity of brain cholinesterase was significantly lower than control levels in all birds given this dose of malathion, with activities being 28% +/- 6, 21% +/- 2, and 15% +/- 2 of control values (Mean +/- standard error, N = 5) if fed 0, 1000, and 3000 ppb aflatoxin B1, respectively. Plasma cholinesterase values paralleled those of brain, with significantly more inhibition in samples from birds given 1000 and 3000 ppb aflatoxins with malathion. Brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in birds fed aflatoxins and given a dose of malathion below the threshold for cholinergic signs (125 mg/kg) were also lower than activities in birds given malathion alone. Although aflatoxin alone had no direct effect on the activities of these enzymes, it appears that this mycotoxin may contribute to the esterase inhibition that is a manifestation of the acute toxic effects of malathion in chickens.     

Probability of survival based on ELISA titer following challenge of vaccinated chickens with the X-73 strain of Pasteurella multocida

The probability of survival of chickens following a challenge dose of the X-73 strain of Pasteurella multocida was calculated based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titer. Chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously with the Clemson University strain of P. multocida. On days 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 21, and 28 post-vaccination, 10 vaccinated chickens and 5 unvaccinated controls were selected at random, bled, and then challenged with 2000 colony-forming units of X-73. The ELISA titers to P. multocida vaccination and responses to challenge were recorded. A logistic procedure predicted probability of survival related to ELISA titer. The ELISA titer and survival were highly correlated. A flock profile for each day of challenge was developed based on a probability of survival (PS) at the following levels: PS less than 25%, 25% less than or equal to PS less than 50%, 50% less than or equal to PS less than 75%, and PS greater than or equal to 75%. The antibody response of the chickens through 28 days post-vaccination demonstrated a classic response to vaccination.     

H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒HA基因重组新城疫病毒活载体疫苗接种后气管黏膜损伤的研究

为了研究H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒HA基因重组新城疫病毒活载体疫苗[rLa Sota-HA(GD)]的免疫机理,用rLa Sota-HA(GD)免疫2日龄SPF雏鸡,分别在接种后的1,3,5,10,15,18天取气管进行电镜、光镜观察,利用免疫组化染色(IHC)方法检测病毒在气管内的分布。结果表明:接种rLa Sota-HA(GD)后第1天纤毛细胞有脱纤毛现象,杯状细胞破碎,黏液成分增多,黏膜下层的纤维裸露在表面上,并可看到纤毛细胞的纤毛上有球形粒子,杯状细胞、基细胞大量增生;接种后第18天纤毛细胞脱纤毛区域进一步增大。接种后第3天黏膜下层水肿,淋巴细胞、粒细胞、浆细胞浸润,黏膜上皮形成空泡状,表层由数层不成熟的细胞组成;接种后第10天腺体腔闭塞。免疫组化染色可见气管固有层细胞呈阳性反应,棕色颗粒出现在胞浆中。结果说明气管黏膜的损伤是机体重要的防御机制和免疫机制的表现。     

Detection of wild-type Aujeszky's disease virus by polymerase chain reaction in sheep vaccinated with a modified live vaccine strain

An outbreak of Aujeszky's disease occurred in a flock of sheep which had been housed together with pigs. After the death of five sheep with clinical signs of Aujeszky's disease, the remaining sheep were vaccinated with the Bartha vaccine strain, and the pigs were vaccinated with the 783 vaccine strain of Aujeszky's disease virus. Despite vaccination, however, more sheep died. Brain tissues from four sheep were collected for virus isolation and for immunobistological examinations. Only vaccine virus (gE-negative) was detected in the tissue. After DNA restriction enzyme analysis of the isolated virus, DNA of one or both of the vaccine strains was detected in all sheep. In one sheep field virus DNA was also detected. However, when the polymerase chain reaction was performed on samples prepared from paraffin-embedded tissues, DNA of field virus (gE-positive) was detected in all four sheep. It was probable that the sheep had not yet mounted a sufficient immune response to the vaccine virus, or were already infected with field virus at the time of vaccination. We concluded that the sheep died from field virus infection and not from vaccine virus infection and that only the polymerase chain reaction made it possible to specifically detect even very small amounts of field virus DNA among vaccine virus DNA in all investigated sheep.     

Efficacy of genotype-matched Newcastle disease virus vaccine formulated in carboxymethyl sago starch acid hydrogel in chickens vaccinated via different routes

BackgroundThe commercially available Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines were developed based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates genetically divergent from field strains that can only prevent clinical disease, not shedding of virulent heterologous virus, highlighting the need to develop genotype-matched vaccinesObjectivesThis study examined the efficacy of the NDV genotype-matched vaccine, mIBS025 strain formulated in standard vaccine stabilizer, and in carboxymethyl sago starch-acid hydrogel (CMSS-AH) following vaccination via an eye drop (ED) and drinking water (DW).MethodsA challenge virus was prepared from a recent NDV isolated from ND vaccinated flock. Groups of specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with mIBS025 vaccine strain prepared in a standard vaccine stabilizer and CMSS-AH via ED and DW and then challenged with the UPM/NDV/IBS362/2016 strain.ResultsChickens vaccinated with CMSS-AH mIBS025 ED (group 2) developed the earliest and highest Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) NDV antibody titer (8log₂) followed by standard mIBS025 ED (group 3) (7log₂) both conferred complete protection and drastically reduced virus shedding. By contrast, chickens vaccinated with standard mIBS025 DW (group 5) and CMSS-AH mIBS025 DW (group 4) developed low HI NDV antibody titers of 4log₂ and 3log₂, respectively, which correspondingly conferred only 50% and 60% protection and continuously shed the virulent virus via the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes until the end of the study at 14 dpc.ConclusionsThe efficacy of mIBS025 vaccines prepared in a standard vaccine stabilizer or CMSS-AH was affected by the vaccination routes. The groups vaccinated via ED had better protective immunity than those vaccinated via DW.     

The virulence and protective efficacy for chickens of pasteurella multocida administered by different routes

The relative virulence for chickens of five strains of Pasteurella multocida was evaluated. Twenty groups, each of ten chickens, were inoculated with a standard dose of 10(5) of each of five strains by the intramuscular (I.m.), intravenous (I.v.), intratracheal (I.tr.) or conjunctival (Co) routes. The highest mortality occurred in the groups dosed I.m. and I.v., followed by I.tr. inoculation. The relative virulence of each strain did not change when inoculated by the different routes. The most virulent strain, VP161, caused 100% mortality by all except the Co route. The least virulent strain, VP17, caused a single mortality by the I.v. route, but gave a high level of protection to birds inoculated by both the I.m. and I.v. routes, when challenged by intramuscular injection with (VP161). There was no protection against I.m. challenge in the birds inoculated by the I.tr. or Co routes. Serum antibody levels measured by ELISA correlated with the level of protection against virulent challenge for groups inoculated I.m. or I.v., but not I.tr. Western blots of pooled sera from each group did not show any specific antigen recognition that might explain the observed differences in protection. Inoculation with strain VP17, (both I.m. and I.tr.) also gave a high level of protection to birds challenged with strain VP161 by intratracheal instillation.     

Pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus in vaccinated chickens of two different major histocompatibility B complex genotypes

Infectious bronchitis (IB) disease progression in vaccinated chickens after challenge was evaluated in a single commercial line of layer chickens presenting two different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B complex genotypes. MHC B genotypes were determined by DNA sequence-based typing of BF2 alleles. In total, 33 B2/B15 and 47 B2/B21 chickens were vaccinated with an Ark-type IB virus (IBV) attenuated vaccine and challenged with Ark-type IBV field isolate AL/4614/98 14 days later. Additional chickens of both genotypes served as unvaccinated/challenged and unvaccinated/nonchallenged controls. Clinical signs, histopathologic analysis, detection of IBV genomes in tears, and IBV-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) in tears were used to evaluate disease progression and immune response. The incidence of IBV respiratory signs was significantly higher in B2/21 than in B2/B15 MHC genotype birds. However, neither the severity and duration of respiratory signs nor the severity and incidence of histologic lesions differed significantly with MHC genotype. The levels of IBV-specific IgA in tears of vaccinated and challenged chickens did not differ significantly between MHC genotypes. IBV genomes were present in the tears of vaccinated and challenged birds, and the incidence of detectable IBV genomes did not vary significantly with MHC B genotype. From an applied perspective, these results indicate that vaccinated commercial outbred chickens with these MHC genotypes are equally resistant to IBV.     

Resistance of chickens to challenge with the virulent Herts 33 strain of Newcastle disease virus induced by prior infection with serologically distinct avian paramyxoviruses.

Results indicate that some degree of protection from challenge by Newcastle disease virus (NDV)/Herts 33 was conferred on chickens by prior infection with PMV/turkey/Wisconsin/68, PMV/turkey/Ontario/6661/68, PMV/Netherlands/449/75 and PMV/parakeet/England/39/78 viruses, all of which are serologically related but distinguishable from NDV. Except for one bird which survived challenge three weeks after infection with Robin/Hiddensee/19/75, no protection was seen in chickens infected with other unrelated avian paramyxoviruses. In contrast to infection with NDV-B1, birds protected by infection with avian paramyxoviruses showed large increases in NDV haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres after challenge. In these birds considerable increases in the homologous HI titres were also seen after challenge.     

Preliminary evidence for a diagnostic immunoglobulin G1 antibody response among culture-positive cows vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 and challenge exposed with strain 2308

The sera of cows inoculated with Brucella abortus have a characteristically high titer of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 antibodies to a soluble brucella antigen compared with sera of noninoculated vaccinated cattle. Concentrations of antigen-specific IgG1 were greater than 10-fold higher than those for IgG2, even though total IgG2 concentrations were higher than total IgG1 concentrations. Increases in IgG1 antibodies to Brucella abortus soluble antigen were detected shortly after vaccination in those cows from which strain 19 was isolated and by 28 weeks in cows from which strain 2308 was isolated. Increases in specific antibodies were not paralleled by increases in either total IgG1 or total IgG2 concentrations. Rather, there was a 15-fold to greater than 200-fold increase in specific activity, with up to 16% of the IgG1 specific for the brucella antigen used in the assay. Thus, measurement of changes in total IgG1 concentrations is not a reliable method to identify brucellosis-associated anti-Brucella abortus soluble antigen activity. Only one cow in a panel of 10 selected for detailed study showed a false-positive IgG1 titer, whereas some serologic assays showed as many as 4 or 5 false-positives. Results of the complement-fixation test, among the battery of serologic tests used for detection of brucellosis, best agreed with the occurrence of increased IgG1 antibody levels.