牡丹春节催花品种需冷量的研究

2006、2007年对5个牡丹品种低温解除休眠的需冷量进行了研究。结果表明:低温的累积对牡丹花芽解除休眠有质的作用,根据"犹它模型"计算,胡红、紫二乔、乌龙捧盛、肉芙蓉、鲁菏红的需冷量分别为:650c.u、631c.u、672c.u、501c.u、623c.u;根据"0～7.2℃模型"计算,胡红、紫二乔、乌龙捧盛、肉芙蓉、鲁菏红的需冷量分别为:562h、627h、661h、515h、627h。"犹它模型"更适合于菏泽地区应用。     

处理方法对杏种子发芽率的影响初报

对不同成熟期杏品种的种子进行了常规层积和鲜种低温保鲜贮藏（简称鲜种鲜贮）两个处理。结果表明：供试极早熟杏品种的种子常规层积均不发芽,而对其鲜种进行长达１９０ｄ左右的低温保鲜贮藏,均有一定的发芽率。无论哪种方法处理,种子的发芽率均随其果实发育日数的增加而提高,但常规层积这种规律表现更为明显。鲜种鲜贮不同成熟期的杏种子,果实发育日数越少,需时间越长,果实发育日数在６０ｄ以内的极早熟品种,需要比中晚熟品     

平欧杂种榛主栽品种需冷量、需热量研究

[目的]揭示平欧杂种榛主栽品种的需冷量和需热量,更好地指导生产做好区域化栽培。[方法]本研究以16个平欧杂种榛主栽品种的1年生枝条为试材,以野生平榛1年生枝条为对照,通过水培观察的方法,首次对平欧杂种榛的雌、雄花序和叶芽进行需冷量和需热量研究。[结果]表明:平欧杂种榛不同器官的需冷量由低到高依次为雄花序336 1 176 h、雌花序504 1 344 h、叶芽672 1 512 h;需热量由低到高依次为雄花序687.0 998.5GDH℃、雌花序998.5 3 496.1 GDH℃、叶芽2 546.5 4 180.3 GDH℃;不同品种、器官在刚满足最低蓄冷要求时需热量最高,随着蓄冷时间的延长,需热量逐渐减少。[结论]首次报道了平欧杂种榛主栽品种雄、雌花序和叶芽的需冷量和需热量数据,其中,达维、平欧48号等品种花器官需冷量较低,辽榛2号、平欧545号等品种花器官需冷量较高;玉坠、平欧69号等品种花器官需热量较低,辽榛1号、辽榛4号等品种花器官需热量较高,上述研究丰富了榛属植物开花和休眠解除方面的数据,可为平欧杂种榛的引种和栽培提供参考。     

12个桃品种的花芽休眠需冷量和开花需热量

在浙西南地区研究12个桃品种花芽休眠需冷量和开花需热量生态指标.犹他模型测定结果显示:12个桃品种中,花芽休眠需冷量低的品种为春蜜、超红、中油11号、中油7号、中油4号,约为550～650 cu;其次是丽油5号、仓方早生、燕红、丽油3号、早凤凰,约为650～ 800 cu;需冷量高的品种为新川中岛和赤月,约为900～ 950cu.同一地区不同品种需热量差异较大,同一品种年际间差异相对较小.以生长度天模型试验结果表明:开花需热量低的品种为赤月和丽油3号,大约400 ～ 500 d·℃;其次是新川中岛,大约500～600 d·℃;春蜜、丽油5号、早凤凰、中油4号、中油7号、仓方早生和燕红大约600 ～ 700 d·℃;需热量较高的是中油11号和超红,约为700～800 d·℃.12个桃品种花芽休眠需冷量与开花需热量之间呈乘幂函数曲线显著负相关.     

油桃温室栽培技术

利用温室进行油桃促成栽培已在喀什市、疏勒县、麦盖提、叶城等地蓬勃兴起。但是 ,在高利益的驱动下 ,目前还存在很大的盲目性。同时 ,由于各种原因 ,也给不少地方的生产者造成了很大的经济损失。通过实践 ,现将油桃生产栽培过程中应该注意的诸多问题总结如下 ,供生产者参考。1　栽植1.1　品种选择选择栽培品种时 ,首先要从果实的品质、需冷量、成熟期、丰产性、耐贮运等多方面考虑。果实品质主要表现在单果重、着色程度、糖酸比、可溶性固形物含量及果肉的色泽、硬度等指标。品种的需冷量 (每个品种只有通过低于 7.2℃的温度积累后才能够正…     

适宜济宁地区冷棚促早栽培葡萄品种筛选

以14个葡萄优良品种为试材,通过对14个品种的连年丰产能力、需冷量与果实发育期及果实特性等方面进行综合分析,筛选适宜济宁地区冷棚促早栽培的葡萄品种。结果表明,弗蕾无核、夏黑、早黑宝、维多利亚、瑞都香玉、京蜜、矢富罗莎和藤稔8个品种适宜济宁地区冷棚栽培,为济宁及周边地区葡萄栽培品种的多样性提供理论参考。     

设施葡萄主栽品种需冷量测定及其应用研究

根据葡萄生物学特性，采用水浸枝蔓法和试区12年来晚秋稳定通过≤7．2℃气温的平均初始日期，测算出目前设施葡萄栽培中矢富罗莎等6个主栽品种的需冷量及相应的适宜扣棚升温时间。依据需冷量、果实生育期、果品品质3指标，筛选出了河西5市日光温室葡萄高效栽培的适栽品种5个，对设施葡萄大面积推广栽培具有较高的实用价值。     

日光温室油桃栽培技术

一、主要品种 目前生产上推广的品种有丹墨、华光、艳光、曙光等。这几个品种果实圆形或椭圆形，单果重100克左右，果面鲜红艳丽，果肉硬溶质，品质上等，自花授粉结实，在沧州露地6月中旬成熟，是特早熟优良甜油桃品种，需冷量600～800小时。     

施肥与冷处理时间对富贵王子海棠日光温室栽培效果影响

富贵王子海棠是兼具生态效益和经济效益的绿化观赏花卉品种.该文以富贵王子海棠为试材,研究日光温室栽培时最佳的施肥量和需冷量.结果表明,氮磷钾复合肥每株用量为250 g;冷处理时间为900 h.通过对比不同施肥量和不同冷处理时间富贵王子海棠的栽培效果,为改进富贵王子海棠日光温室栽培技术提供参考.     

大棚桃栽培技术

1品种选择为了提早上市,应选择高产、优质的高档早熟品种。目前,适于我区大棚栽培的桃树品种有春蕾、曙光、早美光等。这几个品种休眠期需冷量低,果实发育期短,易形成花芽。自花受粉能力强、高产、优质,果实个大,果色鲜艳。2建园大棚桃栽培宜选择地势平坦,土层肥沃,有灌溉条件,排水,光照良好的地块建园。株行距1×1.5m。1个主栽品种可配置1~2个授粉品种。定植前挖定植沟,施足有机肥。定植当年加大肥水,提高成活率,控冠促花,冬季建棚覆膜。3大棚栽培管理3.1覆膜时间桃树需自然休眠,休眠结束后,马上覆膜,时间以12月中下旬为宜。3.2温湿度及CO…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.