兔脑炎原虫病及其诊治

<正> 兔脑炎原虫病是由脑炎原虫引起的一种慢性、隐性或亚临床原虫病。由于该病常呈隐性感染,故多不为人们所注意。兔脑炎原虫病广泛分布于世界各地,近年来我国也常见对该病的研究报道。在养兔场,兔脑炎原虫病是一种常见的感染,家兔的感染率一般为15—76％。这样高的感染率亦给养兔业带来了一定的经济损失。兔脑炎原虫属于小孢子虫目、微粒子虫     

肾脏病变对隐性兔脑炎原虫病的诊断研究

为了尽快诊断隐性兔脑炎原虫病,本研究对屠宰检验发现的31只有病变的兔肾,用病理学方法进行了兔隐性脑炎原虫感染的研究。结果证明:31只兔肾均以间质性肾炎为基本病变,在3只兔肾组织的肾小管上皮中检出假囊,革兰氏染色鉴别其为兔脑炎原虫假囊。脑炎原虫性间质性肾炎的病变主要包括两种,即弥漫性间质性肾炎和增生性肉芽肿性肾炎。总之,通过对肾脏病变的检查,能及早发现隐性兔脑炎原虫病。     

兔脑炎原虫病诊治

兔脑炎原虫病是一种人畜共患的寄生虫病,导致兔脑炎的病原为小孢子门微孢子虫纲科的兔脑炎原虫.病原侵害的主要靶器官为脑组织和肾脏.患病动物主要表现为头颈歪斜,昏睡,震颤,局部或全身轻瘫.该原虫可自然感染多种动物,如兔、小鼠、大白鼠、麝鼠、豚鼠、仓鼠、山羊、绵羊、猪、马、家犬、狐狸、家猫等,其中家兔感染率最高,且多为隐性感染或慢性感染.该病给人类肉食安全造成了一定的威胁.     

扫描及负染电镜在兔脑炎原虫病诊断中的应用

12只临床表现头颈歪斜、昏睡、震颤、局部或全身轻瘫的可疑为兔脑炎原虫病的獭兔 ,对其肾脏皮髓交界和尿沉渣分别进行了扫描电镜和负染电镜观察 ,看到了大小为 1～ 1 .5× 1 .4～ 2 .5μm,形态呈卵圆形和杆状的兔脑炎原虫。阳性检出率为 1 0 0 %。说明扫描及负染电镜术是诊断兔脑炎原虫病的一种较为可靠的技术。     

实验兔脑炎原虫病的临床症状及流行病学特点

兔脑炎原虫又名脑孢子虫 (Encephalitozooncuniculi,Nicolau和 Schoen,1 92 3) ,是一种细胞内寄生的原虫。关于脑炎原虫的分类地位目前存在较大争议 ,暂列在原生动物界、顶器门、孢子虫纲、微孢子虫目。兔脑炎原虫具有广泛的宿主范围 ,包括无脊椎动物 (昆虫 )、啮齿类动物、兔形动物、草食动物、肉食动物、禽类和灵长类动物等 ,人类亦可以感染。近十几年来有大量有关兔脑炎原虫引起爱滋病患者致死性感染的临床报道 ,故本病引起医学界的广泛重视。国外有关人脑炎原虫病的病理变化、致病机理、诊断技术方面等做了大量的研究。在动物中 ,脑炎…     

兔脑炎原虫病患兔血清中IgG的测定

以临床症状和病理学变化确诊为兔脑炎原虫感染的家兔为研究对象 ,经间接 EL ISA法对其机体体液免疫状况进行研究 ,并与健康家兔进行比较 ,结果表明兔脑炎原虫病兔外周血 Ig G含量明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5)。提示兔脑炎原虫入侵兔体后 ,病兔体液免疫功能有所增强。     

兔脑炎原虫病的研究进展

<正>兔脑炎原虫病又叫微孢子虫病(Microsporidiosis)或脑炎微孢子虫病,是由兔脑炎原虫引起的人畜共患寄生虫病。其病原是一些专性寄生于细胞内的真核原生动物,广泛寄生于包括人在内的大量脊椎动物和无脊椎动物体内。其中兔脑炎原虫发现于1917年,是研究最早的哺乳动物中典型的微孢子寄生虫,也是使兔自然感染的唯一微孢子虫。微孢子虫虽然发现很早,但当时未引起人们的高度重视,直到1981年艾滋病大流行后,微孢子虫才作为病     

阿苯达唑对种兔感染脑炎原虫的防治研究

为了有效地防治种兔的脑炎原虫病,本研究根据脑炎原虫的生物学特点和对组织损伤的特征选用阿苯达唑进行了防治试验.对115只种兔做了ELISA检测和尿沉渣检查,发现有18只种兔已感染脑性原虫,另97只并未感染.用阿苯达唑对感染种兔进行了治疗,对未感染种兔做了预防.结果18只感染种兔经三个疗程治疗后,虽然尿沉渣中均未检出脑炎原虫,但仍有两例种兔的OD值呈阳性.将2例OD值阳性种兔剖检后在其脑组织中检出脑炎原虫包囊和肉芽肿.用药物预防的97只未感染种兔,经两个预防期后血清学检查呈阴性,尿沉渣中也未检出脑炎原虫.试验证明,阿苯达唑对兔脑炎原虫病有良好防治作用,用药的时机以脑炎原虫还未进入脑组织时最合适,用药的剂量一定要保持有效的杀虫浓度.     

兔脑炎微孢子虫病的免疫学研究进展

兔脑炎微孢子虫病是由兔脑炎微孢子虫引起的一种隐性、慢性感染或临床经过的人畜共患的原虫病。近十余年来 ,出现大量有关兔脑炎微孢子虫引起艾滋病患者致死性临床感染的报道 ,此病日益引起医学界的广泛关注和重视。就兔脑炎微孢子虫病的免疫学检测方法、细胞免疫应答、感染兔脑炎微孢子虫后人及动物的免疫学比较的研究状况进行了综述。     

应用ELISA检测兔抗脑炎原虫抗体的研究

本实验以兔脑炎原虫肾细胞培养物为抗原,建立了检测兔血清抗脑炎原虫抗体的间接ELISA方法。将被检血清OD值大于0.044者判为阳性,等于或小于0.044者判为阴性。同时将ELISA方法同组织病原检查方法进行了比较,显示两种方法的符合率为96.4％,从而率先在国内建立了用于诊断兔脑炎原虫病的间接ELISA方法。     

Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits

The microsporidian parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi commonly infects rabbits. Most infections are initially asymptomatic, but for reasons yet to be explained, many rabbits subsequently develop disease as a result of infection with this organism. Three common forms of this disease are recognized, and they can occur individually or in combination. The ocular form is associated with cataracts and when there is extensive damage to the lens, uveitis. The neurological form can vary from a mild change in the rabbit’s behavior to severe vestibular disease. The signs associated with the renal form of the disease are those of chronic progressive renal disease. Definitive diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in the rabbit is difficult. Animals with encephalitozoonosis are expected to be seropositive, but many apparently healthy rabbits are also seropositive, so this assay is not specific and its results must be considered in the light of other diagnostic findings. The absence of antibody, however, should cause the practitioner to consider other differentials. Drugs proven to be efficacious for E. cuniculi infections include albendazole and fenbendazole. Supportive care and treatment with antiinflammatory medications may also be necessary in some forms of encephalitozoonosis. Lens removal or removal of the lens contents is indicated in some rabbits with E. cuniculi-induced ocular disease.     

Clinical symptoms and diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits

Infections with Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits are observed at increasing frequency and are known as opportunistic infections in immunocompromised humans. 191 pet rabbits with suspected encephalitozoonosis, presented at the Animal Hospital of the Veterinary University of Vienna (Austria), were included in this study. Rabbits were serologically examined for antibodies against E. cuniculi (144 positive out of 184 rabbits with suspected encephalitozoonosis compared to 14 positive out of 40 clinically healthy rabbits tested as part of a standard health check) and Toxoplasma gondii (8 positive out of 157). Of the 144 seropositive rabbits with clinical signs, 75% showed neurological symptoms, 14.6% demonstrated phacoclastic uveitis and 3.5% suffered from renal failure. 6.9% of the animals had combined symptoms. Vestibular disease dominated within the rabbits that showed neurological symptoms. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could not detect parasite DNA in urine or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but did so in 4 out of 5 samples of liquefied lens material in cases with phacoclastic uveitis due to lens capsule rupture. Additionally further diagnostic procedures, such as inspection of the external ear canal (N=69), radiography of the tympanic bullae (N=65) were performed to rule out differential diagnosis. 54.2% of the patients exhibiting neurological symptoms recovered within a few days, while 87.5% of the rabbits suffering from renal failure died or had to be euthanized.     

新型分子诊断技术在动物疫病检测中的应用与发展

快速有效的病原体检测对于动物疫病的防控和治疗有着非常重要的作用。近年来基于PCR扩增技术的新型分子诊断技术与传统的分子诊断技术相比,对病原体的检测更加快速、特异、敏感、准确,逐步向着分子检测的自动化、高通量和现地使用方向发展。日渐成熟的新型分子诊断技术对于动物疫病检测与鉴别以及出入境检验检疫等领域有着广阔的应用前景,同时可进行大范围的流行病学调查和分析,为动物疫病的科学防控奠定基础。     

鸭病毒性肝炎诊断技术研究进展

鸭病毒性肝炎是雏鸭的一种烈性传染病,雏鸭一旦感染,可在鸭群中迅速传播,且病死率高,使养殖户遭受严重的经济损失。因此,及时做出准确的诊断,对于控制和预防鸭病毒性肝炎都有非常重要的意义。文章综述了鸭病毒性肝炎诊断技术,包括常规的病毒分离技术,血清学诊断技术,以及分子生物学诊断技术,着重对目前广泛应用的血清学诊断技术如中和试验、琼脂扩散试验、凝集试验、荧光抗体技术、酶联免疫吸附试验和胶体金技术等进行了介绍,比较了各种方法的优缺点,并对鸭病毒性肝炎诊断技术进行了展望。     

桑树病毒与病毒病的研究进展(Ⅱ)

业已明确的桑树病毒病有10种。在前文报道部分桑树真病毒及病害的研究进展之后,再重点介绍桑花叶萎缩类病毒及病害的研究进展,包括病原物提取、基因组序列分析、寄主范围、致病特征、诊断方法和病害控制等,为桑花叶萎缩类病毒的深入研究以及病害的有效防治提供参考。     

动物隐性携带口蹄疫病毒的检测方法研究进展

动物隐性带毒的检测在口蹄疫预防控制中有着十分重要的意义。多年来,为了有效地检测出动物隐性携带的口蹄疫病毒,人们采用了各种各样的检测方法,常用的有采集食管-咽喉分泌液进行病毒分离和应用血清学技术检测血清抗体等。近年来,随着分子生物学技术和基因工程技术的发展,不管是检测抗原还是检测抗体,对于口蹄疫隐性带毒的检测和研究都有了一些新的进展,如应用PCR技术检测病毒核酸和应用血清学技术检测抗非结构蛋白抗体,这些新的检测方法的建立使口蹄疫隐性带毒的检测更加可靠。文章对一些口蹄疫隐性带毒的检测方法和最新的研究进展进行了综述。     

Lethal encephalitozoonosis in cyclophosphamide-treated rabbits

Encephalitozoonosis is an opportunistic infection in animals and humans. Its clinical form is observed in immunosuppressed hosts. We studied the occurrence of the manifest form of rabbit microsporidiosis under cyclophosphamide immunomodulation in 40 New Zealand rabbits. The experimental animals were intraperitoneally infected with 5 x 10(7) Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores. Two weeks after infection the animals were treated intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide, first with 50 mg/kg and then with 15 mg/kg weekly during the 12-week experimental period. Positive controls were either E. cuniculi-infected or cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed animals. The negative control rabbits remained untreated. Both clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis and depression of peripheral blood cell count developed between weeks 4 and 6 in the experimental animals which died during week 6 of the experiment. No clinical signs compatible with encephalitozoonosis were observed in any of the controls. The results suggest that immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide can give rise to a lethal form of encephalitozoonosis.     

Chicken anaemia virus—a glimpse of the future?

This paper uses background information about chicken anaemia virus as a guide to how the study and control of virus diseases of poultry may develop in the future. It is predicted that ‘new’ viruses will be discovered in poultry, many of which will be difficult to grow in vitro and whose pathogenicity may appear uncertain. When new diseases/syndromes arise in the future, it should be a priority activity to define their pathology. The limitations of currently available virus diagnostic methods are highlighted. The possibility of vaccinating against economically important subclinical disease is discussed, as is the use of recently developed technologies in differentiating virus strains and in developing new vaccines.     

水貂脑胞内原虫病肾小球病理形态学研究

用光学、电子显微镜和免疫组织学方法对6只患有脑胞内原虫病的水貂肾脏进行了研究。结果表明,脑胞内原虫感染可引起水貂系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,其发生与免疫复合物颗粒在肾小球基膜和系膜区的沉积有密切关系。     

Serological survey for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits in Taiwan

Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) is a microsporidian parasite commonly found in rabbits that can infect humans, causing encephalitozoonosis. Our laboratory recently confirmed the first case of encephalitozoonosis in a rabbit in Taiwan; the prevalence of encephalitozoonosis is not well documented, even when many clinics suspect pet rabbits as being infected. This study surveys the seropositivity of E. cuniculi using carbon immunoassay (CIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serological examination of 171 rabbits using CIA and ELISA showed that 63.2% (108/171) and 67.8% (116/171) were seropositive against E. cuniculi, respectively. Thirteen of the 14 rabbits (92.9%) with neurological symptoms were seropositive. Except for gender, health status and location had a significant effect on E. cuniculi seropositivity (p<0.05). Adult rabbits aged older than 4 months exhibited significantly higher seropositivity for E. cuniculi than young rabbits (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that E. cuniculi is present and widespread among healthy rabbits in Taiwan. Therefore, the fields of veterinary and human medicine in Taiwan should be aware of this zoonotic issue and the resulting public health concern of encephalitozoonosis.