高频率生菜植株再生及转化体系的建立

通过对两种生菜及其不同外植体在培养基上不定芽发生能力的筛选，得到“大湖３６６”叶切片不定芽发生率高达８７％的培养体系，并且丛生状不定芽可陆续发生。将叶切片与农杆菌共培养，对经ｋｍ筛选后所得再生株进行Ｘ－Ｇｌｕ染色，兰色反应阳性率为５０％。     

唐菖蒲体细胞胚的诱导及植株再生

以唐菖蒲球茎芽切片为外植体,经体细胞胚发生途径,进行胚性愈伤组织诱导、胚状体的诱导、胚状体发育过程及植株再生的研究。胚状体诱导培养基为MS＋2,4-D1.0mg/L＋TDZ0.2mg/L,诱导率为68.3%;将产生的胚状体首先接种于MS培养基使其充分发育,之后转入MS＋6-BA2.0mg/L培养基中诱导发芽,在转入MS培养基中使其形成完整植株。采用石蜡切片法和临时压片法对胚状体的发育过程进行了观察发现,首先外植体表层薄壁细胞经脱分化恢复分生能力,形成愈伤组织,随后在愈伤组织表面形成许多瘤状突起即胚性细胞团,胚性细胞团继续发育成球形胚、盾形胚,最后发育成熟形成完整植株。     

抗FOC4内生放线菌NJQG-3A1的定殖与防效研究

为明确生防菌NJQG-3A1菌株在香蕉植株根、球茎、假茎、叶和根际土壤中的定殖情况和对香蕉枯萎病的生防作用,为香蕉枯萎病的生防治理提供理论依据,采用抗生素标记法测定菌株NJQG-3A1的定殖能力,以盆栽试验测定其对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。定殖测定结果表明：以重铬酸钾（100μg/mL）-氨苄青霉素（100μg/mL）标记的NJQG-3A1菌株,可在香蕉根际土壤和植株的根、球茎、假茎中定殖,定殖量表现为：根际土壤＞根＞球茎＞假茎＞叶;在土壤中的定殖量可达1×10⁵ cfu/g;在香蕉植株内定殖量为1×10²~1×10³ cfu/g。盆栽试验结果表明：经NJQG-3A1菌株的发酵液处理后,香蕉植株的株高、茎围、鲜重比对照（接种病原菌,只施用清水）分别提高了99.22%,44.60%,218.67%,与对照差异显著（P＞0.05）;同时,菌株NJQG-3A1对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果显著,叶部与根茎部的病情指数分别为15、10;病情防效为81.82%,88.98%。NJQG-3A1菌株可以在香蕉植株和根际土壤中定殖,且该菌株的发酵液对香蕉枯萎病具有良好的防控效果,对香蕉植株的生长具有促进作用。     

Improvement of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum Desf.) scutellum and inflorescence cultures

Scutellum and inflorescence explants of four genotypes of durum wheat(Triticum turgidum var. durum Desf.) were used to define culture conditions to obtain high frequencies of embryogenesis and plant regeneration in vitro. Under all conditions tested, scutellum cultures gave higher frequencies of embryogenesis and plant regeneration than inflorescence cultures. Two different auxins, 2,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and picloram(4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), were compared for their effect on scutellum and inflorescence explant response in vitro. Picloram was found to significantly increase the frequency of plant regeneration from both explants. When cultures were grown on regeneration medium containing zeatin for two three-week passages, the frequency of plant regeneration increased by between 20–30% compared with cultures exposed to hormones for a single three-week passage. Finally, the addition of 1 mg/l 6-BAP (6-benzyl aminopurine) to the plantlet growth medium was found to enhance tiller production in regenerants. The optimized culture conditions were applicable to the four genotypes tested and frequencies of plant regeneration varied between 97% to 100% for scutellum cultures (2 mg/l picloram in induction medium) and between45% and 80% for inflorescence cultures (4 mg/l picloram in induction medium). The number of plants regenerated per explant was improved over previous procedures, with means of 34 plants per scutellum, and 16 plants per inflorescence explant. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Medium, Explant and Genotype Factors Influencing Shoot Regeneration in Oilseed Brassica spp.

The effects of culture media, explants and genotypes on shoot regeneration in oilseed Brassica species were examined in this study. The maximum shoot regeneration frequency was obtained in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 3 mg l^?1 6‐benzylaminopurine and 0.15 mg l^?1 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid. The addition of 2.5 mg l^?1 AgNO₃ was very beneficial to shoot regeneration in B. napus and Ag₂S₂O₃ (10 mg l^?1) was even superior to AgNO₃ (2.5 mg l^?1). Explant age, explant type and carbon source also significantly affected shoot regeneration. Four‐day‐old seedlings of cotyledonary explants showed the maximum shoot regeneration frequency and number of shoots per explant. Of the four explants – peduncles, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaf petioles – cotyledons produced the highest shoot regeneration frequency (56.67 %). Four carbon sources – glucose, maltose, starch and sucrose – were compared for their respective effects on shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants. Sucrose appeared to be the best carbon source for shoot regeneration with the highest shoot regeneration frequency (76.00 %). Considerable variation in shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants was observed both between and within Brassica species. The shoot regeneration frequency ranged from 10.00 % for cv. R5 (B. rapa) to 83.61 % for cv. N1 (B. napus). Two B. napus, one B. carinata and one B. juncea cultivars exhibited shoot regeneration frequency higher than 70 %. In terms of the number of shoots produced per explant, B. rapa showed the highest variation, ranging from 5.64 for cv. R3 to 1.33 for cv. R5. Normal plantlets were regenerated from all induced shoots and developed normally. The regenerated plants were fertile and identical with the source plants.     

Corms as a source of explants for the successful clonal propagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crocus cancellatus</Emphasis>

The genus Crocus comprises plants with a potential to be developed as a new ornamental crop but to date, there are not many reports on in vitro propagation of many members of this genus. The present study involves in vitro propagation of Crocus cancellatus with ornamental and horticultural value. Two different types of corm explants (apical and basal halves of corms) were cultivated onto Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with different levels of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). One to five cormlets emerged from every responding explant through direct organogenesis. Apical halves of corms were more highly responsive than basal halves and produced a maximum multiplication rate with 3.45 ± 0.06 cormlets per explant in 95.33 ± 2.33% of the explants in MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 2 mg L⁻¹ NAA and 1 mg L⁻¹ BAP. The effect of cold storage temperature on in vitro cormlets sprouting was studied. Cormlets stored at 4°C for 8 weeks had more statistically significant positive effects on cormlets sprouting from the controls. In vitro rooting of cormlets was induced on MS medium without plant hormones.     

Chromosomal instability in cell- and tissue cultures of tomato haploids and diploids

Summary The effect of the tissue culture system, the genotype and the ploidy level of the plant material used as explant source on the stability of the ploidy level of plants regenerated fromcell and tissue cultures of tomato was investigated. In addition the use of the chloroplast number in guard cells as a measure for ploidy level was evaluated. Haploids of tomato were very instable, which instability was observed already in somatic root tip and leaf cells. The number of regenerated plants that retained the original ploidy level differed significantly between the tested haploids. The plants that were regenerated from leaf explants of diploids were predominantly diploid in contrast to the plants regenerated from established callus cultures and protoplast where the majority was tetraploid.     

Mutation breeding of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. using in vivo and in vitro adventitious bud techniques

Summary During experiments, which are being carried out to study the factors which control the process of adventitious bud formation in vivo on detached leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram, adventitious shoots were produced from leaves, irradiated with 500 rad of X-rays. The most important but disadvantageous result was that the majority of the adventitious shoots proved to be of a chimeral nature and obviously developed from more than one cell.An in vitro adventitious bud technique was developed using different types of explants. Pedicel segments regenerated the highest number of adventitious shoots and, moreover, they developed faster as compared to explants of young flower heads or leaves. The mutants produced by irradiating the various explants were almost exclusively of a solid (non-chimeral) nature. In addition, histological observations suggest that single epidermal cells are involved in the initiation of the adventitious shoot apices.The optimum dose for mutant production is approximately 800 rad X-rays. Rather often, more than one phenotypically identical mutant was found, which was always derived from the same explant. They could for instance originate from a multi-apical meristem formed by a single mutated cell.     

不结球白菜小孢子胚成苗及倍性变异研究

以不结球白菜小孢子胚为外植体,对胚发育成苗过程中基本培养基、激素配比、基因型及生根条件进行了研究,并对再生植株的染色体倍性进行了鉴定。研究表明：适于小孢子胚芽分化的培养基为B5＋GA30.1 mg/L＋蔗糖3%＋琼脂1.2%,在此培养基上6号、14号、31号的子叶型胚状体的出芽率分别为53.33%,85.24%,75.55%,平均出芽数分别为5.66,3.83,3.28个;为了诱导获得健壮新根,提高植株再生率,最适宜的生根培养基为MS＋IBA 0.1 mg/L＋蔗糖3%＋琼脂0.6%,生根率达100%,平均根数9.70条。对133株再生植株进行了染色体倍性鉴定,结果发现不结球白菜自然加倍率很高,且倍性变异情况比较复杂,其中四倍体植株所占比例最高,达到56.39%,二倍体植株占39.10%,三倍体植株占3.01%,而单倍体植株仅占1.50%。     

BA和NAA对水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)未成熟胚子叶外植体褐化及体胚发生的影响

为了解析植物生长调节剂与水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生普遍伴随外植体褐化现象的关系,本研究以水曲柳未成熟合子胚子叶为外植体进行体胚发生,对细胞分裂素BA和生长素NAA的影响效应进行了探讨。结果表明,(1)当培养基中添加0.5mg/LBA和1.5mg/LNAA时,产生体胚的外植体褐化率达到91.5%;褐化外植体的体胚发生率达50.8%,而未褐化外植体的体胚发生率仅为9.6%;(2)添加NAA是水曲柳未成熟合子胚子叶外植体褐化的充分必要条件,即:无NAA存在时,未成熟合子胚子叶外植体不发生褐化,有NAA存在时才会发生褐化;只添加NAA外植体会产生褐化,但褐化程度低于同时添加BA,说明BA是促进褐化的条件;(3)添加NAA与BA是水曲柳未成熟合子胚外植体发生体胚的必要条件,即不添加生长素和细胞分裂素时无体胚发生;(4)NAA与BA的交互作用对褐化率的影响差异显著,但对体胚发生率的影响差异不显著,说明BA和NAA处理对外植体褐化的作用与对体胚发生的作用不同。由此可知:水曲柳未成熟合子胚子叶外植体的褐化和体细胞胚胎发生均受细胞分裂素BA和生长素NAA的影响,但BA和NAA分别调控了外植体的褐化和体胚的发生,与二者伴随的现象没有关系。本研究结果对进一步深入解析水曲柳体胚发生伴随外植体褐化的生物学机理提供了科学依据。     

甘蓝型油菜花茎高效再生体系研究

研究了甘蓝型油菜花茎外植体高效诱导不定芽的再生体系,结果表明：以含有2,4-D（0.5~1.0mg/L）的培养基对外植体进行预培养,以及在分化培养基中加入AgNO3（2~6mg/L）,可显著降低外植体褐化坏死的频率,提高了不定芽的发生频率及其再生能力;6BA（2.5 mg/L）与NAA（0.1mg/L）配合使用有利于提高不定芽发生频率;再生的不定芽90%可长根     

Cytogenetic variation in somatic tissue cultures and regenerated plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Summary Chromosome number of morphogenic and non-morphogenic calli and regenerated plants of barley were determined. Cultures were obtained from two kinds of explants, immature embryos and seedling leaves from three cultivars, Ingrid, Dissa and Golden Promise. Callus chromosome analyses were carried out during a 12 month period in a medium containing 2 mg/l of 2,4-D. Diploid cells were predominant in all cases; although in leaf-derived cultures, retraploid cells (2n=4x=28) showed a tendency to increase as time in culture increased and after more than six months in culture, diploid cells decreased to percentages of almost 70%. Aneuploid cells were generally infrequent in all cases. The source of explant has been more important than the genotype (cultivar) and the type of callus (morphogenic vs. non-morphogenic) in the chromosomal stability of cultures as time increases. From short term cultures, only 1.85% of the regenerated plants were tetraploid, the remaining were diploids. The ability of morphogenic calli to regenerate plants decreased before any significant reduction of diploid cells were observed.     

Grafting in vitro Regenerated Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Shoots as a Method for Obtaining Mature Plants

A method of grafting pea plants is proposed to allow rapid availability of a large number of mature plants from in vitro regenerated shoots. Plant regeneration was obtained from macerated vegetative apices and immature embryos, but regenerated shoots rooted with low frequency (ca. 10 %). When those shoots were grafted onto seedling stocks of the same cultivar, 80 to 85 % of the grafts survived, grew to maturity and produced seed.     

Analysis of protoplast-derived plants of Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl

Of 3272 plants regenerated from protoplasts of 10 Saintpaulia ionantha genotypes, 98.4% survived transfer to the greenhouse. The frequency of regenerants with chlorophyll deficiencies, i.e. variegated leaves or albinos, was low (1.5%). There was a higher number of polyploid, in most cases tetraploid plants, regenerated from protoplasts (16%) which were identified by their altered morphology. Measurements of stomatal length and counting the number of chloroplasts per guard cell also allowed a clear differentiation between diploid and polyploid plants. The classification was confirmed by DNA content determination using flow cytometry. Mechanisms leading to polyploidization included spontaneous protoplast fusion as well as chromosome doubling during callus growth and shoot regeneration. Two genotypes with instabilities in flower colour showed completely altered flower colours in plants regenerated from protoplasts as well as in plants regenerated on leaf explants in vitro.     

钩藤愈伤组织的诱导与植株再生

为了建立钩藤愈伤组织诱导与植株再生体系。以药用植物钩藤[Uncaria rhynchophyllai (Mip.)Jack]嫩茎、嫩枝、嫩叶为外植体,通过优化激素组合,进行愈伤组织诱导和分化、幼苗生根和移栽,初步建立了钩藤愈伤组织诱导和植株再生体系。结果表明,以钩藤嫩枝作为外植体出愈情况较好,污染率低,继代后愈伤组织生长快。培养基成分为WPM+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L 6-BA较适宜愈伤组织的诱导和增殖,诱导率可达83.3%。培养基成分为WPM+2.0 mg/L KT+0.2 mg/L NAA能分化出芽,愈伤组织率分化率达到82.3%;而1/2WPM+1.0 mg/L IBA适宜于试管苗生根,生根率达92.0%。以钩藤嫩枝为外植体诱导获得了质量良好的愈伤组织,并成功再生成植株,结果的获得可为解决钩藤人工栽培过程的资源和品质问题以及进行细胞培养和分子遗传改良奠定基础。     

Salt-tolerance in Brassica juncea L. I. In vitro selection,agronomic evaluation and genetic stability

Summary In vitro selection of salt tolerant plants of Brassica juncea L. (Indian mustard) cv. Prakash has been accomplished by screening highly morphogenic cotyledon explant cultures on high NaCl media. Out of a total of 2,620 cotyledons cultured on high salt medium, 3 survived, showed sustained growth and regenerated shoots. They were multiplied by axillary bud culture on NaCl free medium. The salt-selected shoots retained salt tolerance following 3 month of growth and multiplication on control medium. While two of these somaclones flowered and set seeds, third one grew slowly, had abnormal leaf morphology and was sterile. The seed of the two fertile plants were sown in the field to raise R₁ segregating generation. Data were recorded for field, other agronomic components and oil content. The somaclonal lines, both selected salt-tolerant and non-selected, showed tremendous amount of variation for all the characters studied. One of the two tolerant somaclones invariably showed reduced height, longer reproductive phase and higher 1000 seed weight. Based on the agronomic performance of R₁ plants of these somaclones, some plants were selected and their progeny were evaluated for agronomic performance under standard field conditions and salt-tolerance in the greenhouse using sand pot culture method. Most of the lines bred true for their specific characteristics. In the greenhouse, selected salt-tolerant somaclones (SR-2 and SR-3) performed better for plant growth, yield and other agronomic traits at higher salt treatments, indicating thereby that salt-tolerance trait selected in vitro was expressed in the whole plants and is genetically stable and transmitted onto the progeny. The two tolerant lines, however, differed in their salt-tolerance during vegetative and reproductive phases as indicated by their salt-tolerance and stress susceptibility indices. The mechanism of salt-tolerance is not clear and needs to be further investigated.     

High frequency direct plant regeneration from leaf and petals of Cape Primrose (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptocarpus</Emphasis>)

High frequency direct plant regeneration from leaf and petal explants was accomplished for the first time in Streptocarpus varieties. The shoot induction frequency varied with respect to the benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentration added to the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. MS medium with 0.5 mg l⁻¹ BAP exhibited the highest (69.9%) plant regeneration frequency with an average of 186 shoots per explant. A higher concentration of BAP inhibited shoot bud induction and plant regeneration along with necrosis of explants. Petal explants derived from the varieties ‘Branwen’ (pink and white) and ‘Chorus Line’ (violet and white) displayed plant regeneration frequency of 22.2–47.4% (within a total of 12 weeks) on MS medium containing 2.0 mg l⁻¹ α-naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.5 mg l⁻¹ BAP for 8 weeks followed by 4 weeks on MS medium with 1.0 mg l⁻¹ BAP. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed direct plant regeneration without callus. Regenerated plants from leaf explants with well-developed leaves and roots were hardened and successfully transferred to pots in glasshouse exhibiting 86% survival at the end of 4–6 weeks. Whereas, regenerated plants from flower petal explants upon transfer to pots in glasshouse exhibited 75–82% survival at the end of 4–6 weeks.     

花生体细胞胚诱导及植株再生研究

为了建立花生体细胞胚诱导及植株再生体系,为花生分子育种提供技术支撑,以花生品种‘桂花30’和‘桂花771’为材料,采用预培养3天的种子胚小叶、下胚轴、子叶节为外植体,在添加外源激素的MS培养基中使体细胞脱分化形成体细胞胚,再分化成植株。结果表明,在所设定2,4-D浓度（3,5,10,15,20 mg/L）范围内,胚小叶最容易诱导形成体细胞胚,2,4-D的适宜浓度为10 mg/L,经过约30天培养,可产生大量体细胞胚,‘桂花30’和‘桂花771’的平均诱导率分别为55.37%和36.72%。平均每个外植体产胚量分别为5.68个和4.27个。将诱导形成的体细胞胚转接到6-BA浓度由5 mg/L逐渐降低到1.5 mg/L的MS培养基中,体细胞胚萌发再生成无根小苗,正常植株再生率‘桂花30’为32.6%,‘桂花771’为23.5%。将无根苗转接到生根培养基中可获得完整植株。花生是较难诱导体细胞胚形成的作物之一,筛选合适的基因型、外植体和激素浓度是获得较高体细胞胚发生率和植株再生率的关键技术。     

The Cytological Status of Plants Regenerated from Shoot-Meristem Culture of Pisum sativum L

The cytological status of plantlets regenerated from shoot apical meristems of Pisum sativum was investigated. Chromosome counts in root apices of in vitro regenerated plants showed a preponderance of diploid cells. Moreover, the karyotypes of root-tips from plants derived from culture and from normal plants were basically the same. Topics such as the treatment of chromosomal armlength data, simple statistical comparison of samples derived from normal and regenerated plants are discussed.     

Plant Regeneration from Callus Cultures of Brassica carinata A. Br. and its Implications to Improvement of Oil Seed Brassicas

Protocols of plant regeneration have been developed for Brassica carinata for creating somaclonal variation for plant type and adaptability, so that this species can fit into cropping systems in Indian agriculture. The response of cotyledonary and stem explants was assessed for callus induction and shoot regeneration on MS and B₅ basal media containing different combinations of auxin and cytokinin concentrations. MS medium supplemented with BA and NAA favoured callus induction. Supplementing MS with combinations of BA and IAA, as also with BA alone, regenerated shoots from the ex pi ants with a high frequency. The frequency of shoot regeneration and the mean number of shoots per explant were higher in cotyledons than in stem explants on identical growth regulator combinations. On B₅ medium, supplemented with BA (2 mg/l) and IBA (0.4 mg/l), compact callus was produced which regenerated shoots on transfer to medium containing BA (0.8 mg/l). Genotypic differences among carinata accessions for regeneration were also observed.