马铃薯优质、高抗晚疫病川芋5号的选育与评价

1品种来源 马铃薯新品种川芋5号,是四川省农业科学院作物研究所用引进国际马铃薯中心(CIP)LT-1×377970.3杂交实生籽,经多年实生苗培育、后代鉴定选育而成,2000年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

CIP马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性资源的评价与利用

鉴定了 1999年CIP提供的马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性群体材料 4 9个杂交组合 2 5 5 35粒实生籽及其后代无性系 ,根据晚疫病发病情况和综合性状 ,选留了早代无性系材料 12份 ,提供高代系39316 0 4和 393193 1参加了品系比较试验 ,提供 39316 0 4参加了湖北省马铃薯品种区域试验 ,均表现突出 ,较对照品种Mira增产均达显著水平 ,晚疫病抗性较对照强 ,综合性状优良。并将综合性状较优的无性系材料在杂交育种中加以间接利用 ,且筛选出一批苗头品系     

几个马铃薯亲本主要农艺性状的配合力分析

<正> 1 前言 1985年底,我所通过中国农科院引入国际马铃薯中心(简称CIP)马铃薯试管苗资源95份,经过几年的评价,从中选出一批适宜我们地区利用的优良材料,其中Atlontic,B71.240.2,I-850,Sarrana等是最具代表性的材料。探讨来自CIP的资源材料和我国常用的新型栽培种间品系的特殊配合力是我们的研究目的之一。鉴定出一般配合力高的材料,为马铃薯育种和杂交实生种子的利用提供可靠的优良亲本,具有更重要的现实意义。     

利用微机确定马铃薯实生薯成熟期和熟期分离系数的研究

<正> 1 前言马铃薯实生种子应用于农业生产始于我国60年代,80年代开始在世界各地蓬勃发展.马铃薯实生种子后代??一直被认为是影响马铃薯实生种子利用的主要障碍之一.马铃薯实生苗分离主要受遗传基因控制,分离的性状主要指成熟期、薯形、皮色、肉色、抗病性等.目前国内制定马铃薯实生种子选育目标时.所谓"实生群体主要经济性状基     

马铃薯杂交组合实生薯留种试验

2003年我所从国际马铃薯中心(CIP)引进了16个杂交实生种子组合,春季在昆明市进行了筛选试验,收取了各组合的一代实生薯,并在当年冬季播种进行产量比较试验,结果表明:A4、A12两个组合在试验中产量较高,其抗病性、经济薯率及综合性状表现较好,具有推广应用前景;A系列杂交实生籽一代薯做种种植,与昆明地区大面积小春种植的中甸红和会-2号品种生育期相近,可以在我市小春上推广种植。     

利用引进马铃薯实生种子选育新品种

通过对引进的马铃薯实生种子材料的选育,初步获得了一批块茎产量高和淀粉含量高的优良无性系。其中产量高于2200kg/667m2的优良品系14个,最高达2975.8kg/667m2;淀粉含量高于17%的优良品系10个,最高达20.8%。     

甘薯品种资源抗茎线虫病鉴定

１９８８￣１９９３年对我所保存的５０８份甘薯品种、１１９份甘薯近缘野生种及种间杂交后代品系进行了抗茎线虫病鉴定筛选，结果表明：甘薯品种间对茎线虫病的抗性存在明显差异。抗病和高抗品种占３２．９％，感病和高感品种占５１．４％，中间型占１５．７％。三浅裂野牵牛具有抗茎线虫病的抗源。海滨野牵牛可能不具有茎线虫病抗性基因。     

抗青枯病高产优质马铃薯新品种“抗青9-1”

<正>抗青9-1是1989年从国际马铃薯中心(CIP)引进的马铃薯杂交组合实生籽后代中,经过10余年系统选育而成的高抗青枯病的新品种,于2005年12月由云南省品种审定委员会通过品种审定,     

抗病、高产、高淀粉马铃薯新品种—鄂马铃薯5号

鄂马铃薯5号(原系号T962-76),是湖北恩施中国南方马铃薯研究中心1996年利用CIP抗晚疫病杂交组合实生种籽筛选的优系392143-12作母体,以新型栽培种轮回选择优系Ns51-5作父本杂交选育而成。1997年培育实生苗,从中筛选高抗晚疫病且综合性状较好的单株,1998年进入选种圃,1999年升入鉴定圃,2000年进行品系预备试验,2001年、2002年参加品系比较试验,2003年、2004年参加湖北省马铃薯区域试验,2004年同时进行生产试验。通过多年筛选鉴定,在湖北省区域试验和生产试验中表现突出,2005年3月经湖北省品种审定委员会审定通过,命名为鄂马铃薯5号。1主要…     

豌豆优良品系引进与评价

通过引进国内外46个遗传稳定的豌豆优良品系进行筛选和评价,选定性状优异、适宜本地的品系,以便为本地豌豆生产和科研提供新品种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.