Allelopathic effect of the root exudates of K21, a potent allelopathic rice

An inhibitory effect of the phenolic compounds released from the roots of K21, a newly bred potent allelopathic rice, was investigated in comparison to its male parent, Kouketsumochi, and its female parent, Dongjinbyeo. The inhibitory rates of the root exudates of K21 and both of its parents, collected at 5 day intervals, on the shoot growth of Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola exhibited an increasing trend from 19–34 days after seeding (DAS). However, the root exudates of K21, at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%, showed a greater inhibitory effect than those of its female parent on the growth of E. crus-galli var. praticola at the earlier collection dates. Nine phenolic compounds were identified; the total amount of phenolic compounds in the exudates increased from 19–34 DAS in both K21 and its male parent, but not much in the female parent. The subsequent increase in the amount of total phenolic compounds in the root exudates of the later investigation dates and the trend of increasing inhibitory rates on the shoot growth of E. crus-galli var. praticola at higher exudate concentrations imply that the increased amount of phenolic acids in the root exudates of K21 secreted on the subsequent dates could be related to its greater allelopathic effects.     

Allelopathic potential of indigenous Bangladeshi rice varieties

A series of experiments was conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Subtropical Field Science Center, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, from April to October 2015 to assess the allelopathic potential of 50 indigenous Bangladeshi rice varieties by using the donor–receiver bioassay, equal compartment agar method (ECAM), plant residue extract method and pot culture method. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cress (Lepidium sativum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus‐galli L. Beauv.) and jungle rice (Echinochloa colona L.) were used as the test plants. The highest inhibition effect was given by Boterswar, while the stimulating effect was given by Kartikbalam and Panbira in the donor–receiver bioassay and ECAM tests. Boterswar, Goria, Biron and Kartiksail were selected as the highest allelopathic‐potential varieties by the donor–receiver bioassay and ECAM. In the methanol extract test, Boterswar gave the strongest inhibitory effect on both barnyard grass and jungle rice, while Kartiksail gave the highest inhibitory effect on the jungle rice shoot. The growth parameters and total dry matter of barnyard grass in the greenhouse pot experiment were significantly reduced as a result of the application of aqueous extracts of the selected rice varieties, which was similar to the results of the laboratory experiments. The varieties of Boterswar, Goria, Biron and Kartiksail were selected as the most allelopathic among the 50 indigenous Bangladeshi rice varieties. These rice varieties could be used for the isolation and identification of allelochemicals and to further develop new varieties that are tolerant to weeds.     

Allelopathic potential of Cambodian rice lines under field conditions

A series of field experiments was conducted during 1999 and 2000 to study the effect of six Cambodian rice lines that had been selected for their allelopathic potential on the growth of three weed species (barnyardgrass, small umbrella sedge, and water primrose). The results from 2 years' study demonstrate that powerful weed‐establishment and growth‐suppressive mechanisms were present in all of the rice lines tested. This mechanism was equally active on all three weed species studied. Across all the rice lines and across all the weed species, weed establishment was reduced by 71%, the final plant height was reduced by 49%, and the dry biomass was reduced by 80%. A tentative comparison between the effects of the Cambodian rice lines and those of previously characterized allelopathic and non‐allelopathic rice lines revealed that approximately three‐quarters of the weed growth suppression in the Cambodian lines could be attributed to resource competition and one‐quarter could be attributed to allelopathy, although this analysis did not take into account morphological differences between the two types of rice. Such weed growth‐suppressing activity could be particularly useful in subsistence farming systems where the use of selective herbicides is prohibitive or when organic rice production is the objective. The use of rice lines that suppress the growth of weeds is likely to be a potent supplement to present weed management practises and will reduce production costs and the potential for environmental pollution, as well as alleviate some of the social constraints that are associated with labor‐intensive manual weeding.     

农艺措施和除草剂用量对化感稻产量及杂草生物量的影响

为实现水稻生产减施除草剂的目标,将化感材料与农艺措施相结合取得对稻田杂草有效控制的效果,田间采用再裂区试验法研究了化感稻3号和N两优201两个水稻化感材料和非化感材料五山丝苗在不同水分管理、移栽密度和除草剂不同用量下,对水稻产量和田间杂草生物量的影响。结果表明:无论早季稻田还是晚季稻田,施用常规除草剂量的小区杂草生物量均为0,施用常规剂量50%除草剂且仅在孕穗期晒田的小区和常规密度小区有少量杂草发生。不施除草剂的水稻材料小区杂草生物量依次为化感稻3号N两优201五山丝苗。移栽后75 d,不施除草剂的小区相同水稻材料孕穗期不晒田比晒田处理、高密度比常规密度处理的杂草生物量小。早季稻田不晒田和高密度提高了水稻的产量,晚季稻田则相反。化感材料化感稻3号和N两优201在田间的抑草效果较五山丝苗要好。在水稻生产中,水稻化感材料结合农艺措施,可以实现水稻不减产,田间杂草得到有效控制,除草剂量减50%的目标。     

三种酚酸类化合物对莴苣幼苗的化感作用及机理初探

化感物质通过植物体释放到农田土壤中,可对作物生长造成严重影响。酚酸是一类重要的化感物质,由于其相对分子质量小,结构稳定,因而不易降解而累积在土壤中,进而影响作物生长,是引起连作障碍问题的一类主要化合物。为了明确酚酸类物质对植物生长影响的途径,探讨其化感作用机理,以3种结构相似的化合物——苯甲酸、水杨酸和对羟基苯甲酸为研究对象,以莴苣幼苗为活性受体,通过测定化合物对莴苣幼苗根、茎生长的影响,评价了其对植物的毒活性;并借助于荧光显微镜,通过FDA/PI双染色法和DHE染色法,分别研究了3种酚酸类化合物对受体植物根尖细胞活力和活性氧积累的影响。结果表明:3种酚酸类化合物对莴苣幼苗根、茎的生长均表现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的作用模式;莴苣幼苗在高浓度酚酸的胁迫下,其体内活性氧大量积累,高浓度的活性氧对莴苣幼苗细胞膜结构等具有显著的破坏作用,进而导致细胞活力降低甚至凋亡,最终抑制植物生长。     

Development of a rice herbicide,fenquinotrione

Fenquinotrione is a novel rice herbicide that was discovered and developed by Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. It can control a wide range of broadleaf and sedge weeds with excellent rice selectivity at 30 g a.i./10 a and is as effective as the wild type on acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant weeds. Our metabolic and molecular biological studies showed that CYP81A6-mediated demethylation and subsequent glucose conjugation are responsible for the safety of fenquinotrione in rice. Fenquinotrione was registered in Japan in 2018, and various products containing fenquinotrione have been launched. With its high efficacy and excellent rice selectivity, we believe that fenquinotrione will contribute to efficient food production in the future.     

水稻抗病基因Xa21转入3个粳稻品种的抗性初步分析

 通过农杆菌介导转化,将已克隆的水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21转入我国辽宁省3个粳稻品种:沈农606、辽粳454、辽粳294,共获得独立转基因系205个。通过PCR、GUS染色和Southern blot分析,证明Xa21基因已经整合到3个粳稻栽培品种的基因组中。通过温室接种菲律宾白叶枯病小种6的代表菌系PXO99,T₀代转基因水稻除了3-34表现部分抗性外,其它的转基因材料均表现高度抗病,表明Xa21转基因水稻已经获得抗性;温室接种T₁和T₂代试验表明,单拷贝整合的转化体呈现3:1分离,同时单拷贝3-34材料也表现部分抗性和感病3:1分离,证明已整合的Xa21基因能稳定遗传;同时对3-34部分抗性机制进行了分子生物学检测,证明GUS基因全部丢失、Xa21基因部分丢失并导致部分抗性。获得部分抗性材料,对于深入研究Xa21基因的功能区和研究抗病分子机制具有重要的意义。     

Competitive interactions between weedy rice and cultivated rice as a function of added nitrogen and the level of competition

The competitive outcomes between weedy rice from Malaysia (MWR), the Philippines (PWR), and Vietnam (VWR) and cultivated rice (IR64) grown in pots were evaluated in a replacement series experiment with added N (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha^?1) and competition with IR64 plants (no competition, eight weedy rice plants : 0 IR64 plants; low competition, six weedy rice plants : two IR64 plants; and high competition, two weedy rice plants : six IR64 plants). The growth observations were taken at 10 weeks after sowing. When grown in a monoculture (no competition with IR64 plants), the PWR plants had a lower shoot biomass across N rates than did the MWR and VWR plants. The leaf area and shoot biomass of weedy rice across populations significantly increased with an increase in the N application rate. Each weedy rice population and the IR64 population showed linear responses of the leaf area and shoot biomass to the N rate at all levels of competition. The weedy rice and IR64 plants, when grown without competition, had a similar rate of response in the shoot biomass to the N rate. However, when grown in competition, the response to the added N varied among the weedy rice populations. The MWR plants under competition produced a similar amount of shoot biomass to the IR64 plants per unit addition of N. In contrast, the PWR and VWR populations under competition produced a greater amount of shoot biomass with each additional unit of N, compared to the IR64 population. The results illustrate that N fertilizer management might affect the outcome of weedy rice competition. This information could be incorporated into weedy rice management strategies.     

超级稻甬优6号褐飞虱发生危害与防治指标研究

通过对超级籼粳杂交稻甬优6号不同生育期接入不同虫量褐飞虱研究其危害与产量损失的关系,结果表明超级稻甬优6号分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期褐飞虱接入虫量（X）与其产量损失率（Y）呈显著或极显著的相关关系,其相关模型分别为：分蘖期Y=9.08X-8.333 3(n=6,R=0.842 5*)、孕穗期Y=3.741 4X-6.057 1(n=6,R=0.900 8*〖KG-*2〗*)、灌浆期Y=0.122X-1.0(n=6,R=0.958 3*),从而拟定超级稻甬优6号分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期的防治指标分别为2.0、3.0、35.0头/丛,确保超级稻甬优6号优质高产,为超级稻甬优6号褐飞虱的持续控制提供直接的依据。     

抗稻瘟病菌株—诺卡氏菌A11的诱变育种

从四川农业大学农场土壤中分离得到的诺卡氏菌(Norcardia sp.),其代谢产物对稻瘟病菌有强烈的抑制作用。以此菌株为出发菌株,进行紫外线(UV)、硫酸二乙酯(DES)、微波(MV)诱变,诱变处理后获得的突变株中以UV处理120 s时正变率最高,其摇瓶复筛试验中,该变异株代谢产物拮抗活性比出发株提高43.4%。MV处理在20 s剂量下提高了32.8%;DES处理在浓度为0.2%时提高了24.8%。经连续传代8次,拮抗活性稳定。     

A strategy to provide long‐term control of weedy rice while mitigating herbicide resistance transgene flow,and its potential use for other crops with related weeds

Transgenic herbicide‐resistant rice is needed to control weeds that have evolved herbicide resistance, as well as for the weedy (feral, red) rice problem, which has been exacerbated by shifting to direct seeding throughout the world—firstly in Europe and the Americas, and now in Asia, as well as in parts of Africa. Transplanting had been the major method of weedy rice control. Experience with imidazolinone‐resistant rice shows that gene flow to weedy rice is rapid, negating the utility of the technology. Transgenic technologies are available that can contain herbicide resistance within the crop (cleistogamy, male sterility, targeting to chloroplast genome, etc.), but such technologies are leaky. Mitigation technologies tandemly couple (genetically link) the gene of choice (herbicide resistance) with mitigation genes that are neutral or good for the crop, but render hybrids with weedy rice and their offspring unfit to compete. Mitigation genes confer traits such as non‐shattering, dwarfism, no secondary dormancy and herbicide sensitivity. It is proposed to use glyphosate and glufosinate resistances separately as genes of choice, and glufosinate, glyphosate and bentazone susceptibilities as mitigating genes, with a six‐season rotation where each stage kills transgenic crop volunteers and transgenic crop × weed hybrids from the previous season. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Direct and indirect impacts of integrated pest management on pesticide use: a case of rice agriculture in Java, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Integrated pest management (IPM) technology has been disseminated since 1989 in Indonesia to cut down pesticide use, but the adoption and diffusion of the technology are still debated. This study aims to estimate the models of demand for pesticides and to analyse the impact of IPM technology on pesticide use. Aggregate cross-section time series data from 1990-1998 are used.RESULTS: The results show that IPM technology reduces the use of pesticides by improving the process of rice production, such that pesticides are more efficiently used. In this case, the IPM technology is not a pest control technique.CONCLUSION There is an indication that IPM technology has been adopted by farmers. This is evidence that the IPM programme in Indonesia was successful in this area. Copyright (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.     

一株具有防治水稻条斑病潜力的高地芽胞杆菌181-7

 水稻条斑病(Bacterial leaf streak, BLS)由稻黄单胞菌种下的致病变种条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc)侵染引起,已成为我国南方水稻种植区的一个重要病害。为了筛选防治BLS的生防细菌,本研究以Xoc的模式菌株RS105为靶标菌,采用平板稀释和抑菌圈法,从辣椒根际土壤中分离筛选到具有拮抗活性的菌株181-7。通过形态学、生理生化特征以及16S rRNA序列分析鉴定该菌株为高地芽胞杆菌,命名为Bacillus altitudinis 181-7。针对14种植物病原细菌和3种病原真菌的拮抗谱试验发现,181-7对Xoc和水稻白叶枯病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)表现特异性的拮抗作用,对禾谷镰刀菌也具有较明显的抑制作用。基因组信息显示,181-7携带一个环状的质粒,含有3 826个开放阅读框,含有涉及抗真菌、抗逆、诱导植物抗性和促进植物生长等特性的相关基因。AntiSMASH的分析显示,181-7含有地衣杆菌素(lichenysin)、丰原素(fengycin)、菌溶素(bacilysin)、细菌素(bacteriocin)以及噬铁素等抑菌活性代谢产物。温室的初步试验结果显示,在感病水稻品种‘原丰早'上, 181-7对Xoc在水稻叶片上引起的水渍症状具有明显的抑制作用。这表明, B. altitudinis 181-7具有防治水稻条斑病的潜力。这些研究为水稻条斑病的生物防治提供了新的微生物资源,也为后续生防机理的探究奠定了理论基础。     

High activities and mRNA expression of pyrophosphate-fructose-6-phosphate-phosphotransferase and 6-phosphofructokinase are induced as a response to Rhizoctonia solani infection in rice leaf sheaths

Rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn results in significant yield and quality losses in rice growing areas worldwide. The glycolytic pathway is important in the resistance response to R. solani infection in rice. This study examined one of the regulatory steps in this pathway catalyzed by pyrophosphate-fructose-6-phosphate-phosphotransferase (PFP) and 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK). PFP and PFK activity in R. solani-infected rice plants increased. The mRNA expression of PFP/PFK isozymes showed that PFK 1, 2, 4 and 5 in the resistant line at 1 dpi were high as compared to the gradual increase observed in the expression of all PFP isozymes. Also PFK 1, PFK 3, PFK 4, PFK 5, PFP 2 and PFP 5 were adaptive to sheath blight disease infection and linked to defence response while, the expressions of PFK 2, PFP 1, PFP 3 and PFP 4 although adaptive, were not specific to R. solani infection. These observations provide evidence that (a) both PFP and PFK have isozymes that play an adaptive role after R. solani infection but while those of PFK are expressed at higher levels within a short time after infection those of PFP are expressed gradually, (b) the adaptive activation of PFP in R. solani-infected rice plants is correlated with the paired expression of its α- and β-subunits as shown by PFP 2 and PFP 5, and (c) the expression of some α-subunits is not specific to R. solani infection as shown by PFP 1, PFP 3 and PFP 4.     

转cry1Ab基因抗虫籼稻对非靶标害虫白背飞虱发育与繁殖的影响

为了比较2个转cry1Ab基因抗虫籼稻品系B1和B6对其非靶标害虫白背飞虱敏感性与其非转基因亲本对照嘉早935的差异，采用历期测定和产卵行为电子记录等方法分别测定了白背飞虱于B1和B6及嘉早935上的发育历期、产卵行为及繁殖力。结果表明，该飞虱以B1和B6为食时，其雌雄若虫总发育历期均显著长于对照，其中在B1上各延长了1．3和1．5天，B6延长了2．0和1．4天。产卵行为的电子记录结果表明，该飞虱在B1和B6上的产卵频次、一次产卵时间及总产卵时间与对照相比均无显著差异。在寄主植株可选择时，该飞虱有偏爱于B1上产卵，其上的产卵痕数、卵块数和总产卵量明显多于对照；而不嗜好于B6上产卵，其上的卵块及其卵粒数、总产卵量明显少于对照。然而，在寄主植株不可选择时，则未观察到这种差异。就卵孵化率而言，不论在寄主可选择还是不可选择时，与对照相比B1和B6对其均无显著的不利影响。