高精料日粮对山羊瘤胃和盲肠发酵及生物胺生成与吸收的影响研究

本实验旨在探究饲喂高精料日粮对山羊瘤胃和盲肠发酵、生物胺生成与吸收的影响研究。试验选用6头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的雄性波杂山羊,随机分成低精料组与高精料组,实验期24 d。结果显示,与低精料组相比,饲喂高精料日粮的山羊瘤胃液中总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、总支链脂肪酸、酪胺、腐胺、组胺、甲胺和色胺浓度显著性增加(P<0.05),而瘤胃pH和乙丙比显著降低(P<0.05);饲喂高精料日粮的山羊盲肠内容物中的乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和上述5种生物胺浓度显著增加(P<0.05);同时,瘤胃和盲肠静脉血中的上述5种生物胺的浓度显著提高(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,瘤胃液中酪胺、腐胺、甲胺和色胺浓度与瘤胃静脉血所对应的生物胺浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且盲肠内容物中酪胺、腐胺、甲胺和色胺与盲肠静脉血中对应的生物胺的浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结果说明,饲喂高精料日粮促进了山羊瘤胃和盲肠发酵,提高了瘤胃与盲肠内容物中生物胺浓度,暗示高精料日粮可能提高消化道上皮的通透性,促进消化道上皮对生物胺的吸收。     

谷氨酰胺对饲喂高精料的奶山羊瘤胃上皮的保护效应研究

本研究旨在探讨过瘤胃谷氨酰胺对饲喂高精料的奶山羊瘤胃上皮屏障的保护效应。实验采用随机区组设计,将12头健康奶山羊随机分为高精料组(n=6)和高精料添加谷氨酰胺组(n=6),谷氨酰胺添加量为50 g/(d·头)。谷氨酰胺处理4周后,每组各选取4头山羊进行屠宰。HE染色、扫描和透射电镜法观察瘤胃上皮的组织形态学变化,实时荧光定量 PCR 法检测瘤胃上皮炎症因子及紧密连接蛋白mRNA的相对表达水平。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加谷氨酰胺显著降低了瘤胃液中丙酸浓度(P<0.01),有降低瘤胃乳酸、提高丁酸浓度的趋势,但对瘤胃液pH、乙酸、异丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);对组织形态的观察结果表明,添加过瘤胃谷氨酰胺可维持瘤胃复层扁平上皮各细胞层的完整性,保护角质层,减少细胞凋亡;并显著降低瘤胃上皮组织中TNF-α的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),显著提高occludin的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05);但对IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、claudin-1、claudin-4和ZO-1 mRNA表达量无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果说明,高精料日粮下添加过瘤胃谷氨酰胺可降低瘤胃上皮的炎症反应,改善上皮紧密连接,从而维护瘤胃上皮屏障的正常功能。     

精氨酸和谷氨酸对高精料混合料体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验旨在研究高精料混合料中添加精氨酸（Arg）和谷氨酸（Glu）对体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响。选取3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂交公牛作为瘤胃液供体,设高精料混合料组（HC组,精粗比8:2）、高精料混合料+0.1%Arg组（HCA组）、高精料混合料+0.1%Glu组（HCG组）3个处理组,每个处理组4个重复。结果表明：(1)与HC组相比,HCA组和HCG组的pH在3、6 h时显著升高（P<0.05）;在12 h时,HCA组的氨态氮（NH3-N）浓度显著升高（P<0.05）,但HCG组差异不显著（P>0.05）;HCG组的微生物蛋白（MCP）浓度在6、12 h时均显著升高（P<0.05）。(2)与HC组相比,在3 h时,HCA组和HCG组的乙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸均显著降低（P<0.05）;在6 h时,HCA组的丁酸显著降低（P<0.05）,而HCG组的戊酸显著升高（P<0.05）;在24 h时,HCA组和HCG组的乙酸、乙丙比均显著降低（P<0.05）,丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸均显著升高（P<0.05）。综上,在高精料混合料中添加Arg或...     

高精料饲粮条件下反刍动物瘤胃适应机制的解析

饲喂高能、高淀粉饲粮是集约化生产中提高反刍动物生产性能的常用策略,但高精料饲粮易引起一系列的营养代谢疾病,其中以瘤胃酸中毒最为常见。反刍动物瘤胃不仅具有消化、吸收营养物质的功能,瘤胃上皮亦是重要的免疫屏障,故瘤胃健康对反刍动物至关重要。本文主要从反刍动物采食高精料饲粮时其瘤胃组织形态、瘤胃上皮适应分子机制和瘤胃微生物区系3个方面的变化进行阐述,以期为高精料饲粮条件下瘤胃适应机制的研究提供参考。     

不同高精料耐受时间对泌乳期山羊肝脏糖脂代谢的影响

为了研究饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊肝脏糖脂代谢的影响,试验选用16只健康经产泌乳中期关中奶山羊,随机分为3组,低精料组(LC, n=5)、长期高精料组(HL, n=7)和短期高精料组(HS, n=4)。实验结束后采集血液和肝脏组织。结果显示,与LC组相比,HL和HS组奶山羊血糖和肝糖原水平显著升高(P<0.05),血液中甘油三酯(TG)水平显著降低(P<0.05),胆固醇(Tch)含量没有显著变化(P>0.05);HS组山羊肝脏TG和Tch水平显著增加(P<0.05),HL组无显著变化 (P>0.05)。HL组肝脏中丙酮酸羧化酶(PC)和葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)mRNA表达水平显著上调;HS组肝脏PC、固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP1)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)、二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR) mRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),SREBP-2有升高的趋势(P=0.76),肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)和胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7α1)mRNA表达显著下降(P<0.05);线粒体型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PCK2)蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,短期饲喂高精料日粮能增强肝脏糖异生能力,促进肝脏胆固醇和脂肪合成;而长期饲喂高精料日粮能增强肝脏糖异生作用,但对胆固醇和脂肪代谢相关基因的表达没有影响。     

高精料日粮条件下酵母培养物对瘤胃细菌体外发酵的影响

本试验研究添加不同活性和不同浓度的酵母培养物在高精料日粮的发酵体系中对混合瘤胃细菌发酵的影响.采用二因子设计,进行体外厌氧发酵,发酵结束采集样品,测定乳酸、挥发性脂肪酸及酶活浓度.结果表明,发酵24 h后各处理pH均随着酵母培养物添加量的增加而升高.活性组各处理乳酸浓度均显著低于灭活组(P<0.05),灭活组与活性组中各处理之间淀粉酶酶活均差异显著(P<0.05),且各处理均随着酵母培养物添加量的增加而逐渐降低.活性组中各处理乙丙比均显著低于灭活组,而TVFA浓度均显著高于灭活组(P<0.05),发酵系统中NH3-N浓度均随着酵母培养物添加量的增加而逐渐降低.结果提示,在高精料日粮条件下添加酵母培养物可改善瘤胃环境,改变瘤胃发酵类型.     

高精料日粮对泌乳期奶山羊脂肪代谢的影响

为了探究长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期奶山羊乳脂形成的影响机制,为科学饲养泌乳期的奶山羊提供理论基础。选用处于泌乳初期的14只关中奶山羊,随机分为2组,饲喂日粮精粗比为35∶65的作为对照组,65∶35的作为试验组,试验期为19周。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲喂高精料日粮的奶山羊血液谷丙转氨酶浓度显著升高(P0.05),甘油三酯有降低的趋势;试验组肝细胞呈肿胀变性或空泡样变性;与对照组相比,试验组奶山羊肝脏内脂类的分解和合成代谢相关基因表达均未发生显著变化。说明长期饲喂高精料日粮可导致血液中谷丙转氨酶升高,这可能与肝细胞受损有关,但脂类代谢的相关基因表达均没有发生显著变化。     

饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊泌乳性能及抗氧化能力的影响

为了研究长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊泌乳性能和乳腺组织抗氧化能力的影响,实验选用12只健康经产泌乳中期关中奶山羊,随机分为两组,分别饲喂精粗比为35∶65(低精料组, LC, n=6)和65∶35(高精料组, HC, n=6)的日粮。实验期共10周,实验期间采集羊奶与血液;实验结束后采用静脉注射的方法对山羊进行安乐死,随后采集乳腺组织并迅速置于液氮中速冻后保存于-70 ℃待测。结果显示,HC组山羊乳产量显著高于LC组(P<0.01),同时乳中乳糖,乳蛋白的比例随着泌乳时间的增加而显著升高。与LC组山羊比较,HC组山羊乳腺组织中SREBP1和GLUT1 mRNA表达显著下降(P<0.05);磷酸化AKT1蛋白表达呈下降趋势(P=0.08);除此之外,HC组山羊乳腺组织的总抗氧化能力T-AOC(P=0.06)和GSH酶活均呈下降趋势(P=0.08)。这些结果表明,长期饲喂高精料日粮可降低乳腺组织的抗氧化能力,同时可降低乳中乳脂率以及乳腺组织中SREBP-1和P-AKT的表达。     

高精料日粮对奶牛肝脏氨基酸代谢的影响

研究高精料日粮条件下奶牛肝脏氨基酸代谢分配的规律。选择6头泌乳期中国荷斯坦奶牛(550±20)kg作为试验动物,采用交叉试验设计,试验动物随机分成两组并提供不同精料水平的饲粮,分别手术安装瘤胃瘘管和门静脉、肝静脉、股动脉慢性血管瘘用于收集试验样本。在采样期,分别在采食前(0 h)以及采食后2、4、6、8 h采集门静脉、肝静脉、股动脉的血液用于血浆中氨基酸的浓度测定。结果表明:高精料日粮显著增加门静脉血浆中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸和组氨酸等必需氨基酸(EAA)以及丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬氨酸和精氨酸等非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的浓度(P0.05),提高门静脉血浆中支链氨基酸(BCAA),总必需氨基酸(TEAA),总非必需氨基酸(TNEAA)以及总氨基酸(TAA)的浓度(P0.05)。除了亮氨酸和苏氨酸,高精料日粮组肝静脉血浆中其他EAA的浓度显著高于低精料日粮组(P0.05)。高精料日粮显著肝静脉血浆中酪氨酸和天冬氨酸和BCAA、TEAA以及TAA浓度(P0.05),以及趋向增加苏氨酸、精氨酸浓度(P=0.08)。相比于低精料日粮,高精料日粮均显著增加股动脉血浆中除亮氨酸外其他EAA浓度(P0.05);对于非必需氨基酸(NEAA)而言,高精料日粮组股动脉血浆中酪氨酸、天冬氨酸和精氨酸浓度显著高于LC组(P0.05)。高精料日粮显著提高股动脉血浆中BCAA、TEAA和TAA浓度(P0.05),但对TNEAA浓度没有显著影响(P0.05)。     

高精料饲喂产生LPS对干奶山羊能量代谢和相关激素的影响

为了探讨高精料饲喂产生的脂多糖(LPS)对干奶期山羊血浆能量代谢产物和激素水平的影响,选择处于干奶期的奶山羊12只,随机分为2组,分别饲喂精粗比为4:6和6:4的日粮。结果表明,精粗比6:4的日粮饲喂2周后成功诱导山羊处于亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)状态,此时外周血液中的LPS浓度极显著升高(P0.01)。血浆NEFA含量显著升高(P0.05),血糖含量有上升的趋势但差异不显著(P0.05)。血浆胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-Ⅰ)含量显著下降(P0.05);胰高血糖素、瘦素、催乳素含量升高,胰岛素含量降低,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。本研究结果显示,当干奶期山羊饲粮中精饲料水平提高时,易造成SARA,血浆高浓度LPS引起机体免疫能量代谢及激素水平均发生变化,这些变化与机体的免疫反应有关。     

高精料诱导的SARA对泌乳期山羊血液和瘤胃液中皮质醇的影响

选择7只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期山羊,2×2拉丁方设计,分别饲喂精粗比为6∶4和4∶6的饲料,通过饲喂精粗比6∶4饲料建立泌乳期山羊瘤胃亚急性酸中毒(subacute ruminal acidosis, SARA)模型,研究SARA时山羊血液和瘤胃液中皮质醇浓度、肝脏皮质醇受体(glucocorticoid receptor, GR)mRNA表达及其他相关指标的变化。结果表明,精粗比6∶4日粮饲喂2周后成功诱导SARA状态(SARA组),采食后瘤胃液pH值低于5.8持续时间约6 h,而精粗比为4∶6组山羊瘤胃液pH均高于6.0 (对照组)。高精料日粮处理对瘤胃pH和乳酸以及瘤胃液和血浆内的脂多糖、皮质醇浓度有显著性影响(P<0.05),采食前SARA组山羊瘤胃液中乳酸浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),采食后0~4 h乳酸含量下降,6~10 h时逐渐增加并极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);2组间瘤胃液中脂多糖浓度无显著性差异(P>0.05),SARA组血浆脂多糖浓度在采食前和采食后6 h均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);采食前SARA组山羊血液中皮质醇浓度高于对照组(P=0.05),但采食后6 h两组间无显著差异(P>0.05); 2组山羊瘤胃液中皮质醇浓度在采食后2,4和6 h分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但在采食前和采食后10 h无显著差异(P>0.05)。Real-time PCR结果显示,SARA组山羊肝脏中GR mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.05)。本研究结果显示,泌乳期山羊发生SARA时糖皮质激素水平升高,负反馈下调肝脏GR的表达水平,提示SARA时机体处于应激状态,可能引起肝脏的物质代谢和营养物质重分配的改变。     

不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA及血液VFA含量的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA以及血液中VFA含量的影响。选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的奶山羊作为试验动物,采用完全随机分组试验设计随机分为2组,分别饲喂精粗比为6∶4和4∶6的日粮,预饲期15 d,采样期3 d。结果表明,高精料组(HC组)瘤胃液pH值显著低于低精料组(HR组)(P<0.05);在采食后3 h,HC组与HR组瘤胃液pH值均下降至最低值,分别为5.71和6.08。除了乙酸含量外,HC组瘤胃液丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸以及总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量分别比HR组提高4.99%、5.58%、21.81%、17.95%、18.27%、1.66%。HC组血浆中各种VFA的含量均高于HR组,其中丙酸、丁酸含量两组间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。HC组瘤胃液以及血浆中乙酸与丙酸比值均低于HR组,但两组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。HC组瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度在采食后2 h达到最大值,HR组在采食后3 h达到最大值,两组日粮血浆中VFA浓度均在采食后2 h达到最大值,然后逐渐恢复到采食前水平。结论:高精料日粮导致瘤胃液pH值显著降低,瘤胃液和血浆中VFA含量增加;瘤胃液VFA生成速率HC组高于HR组。     

长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化参数及组织中糖代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究长期饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊血液生化指标和糖代谢的影响,选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康经产泌乳中期山羊,分别饲喂精粗比为40∶60 (low concentrate, LC,n=4) 和60∶40 (high concentrate, HC,n=4)的日粮。实验期共8周,实验期间采集瘤胃液,血液;实验结束时采集肝脏,肌肉,脂肪组织置于液氮速冻后于-70℃保存待测。结果显示,饲喂高精料日粮2周后山羊瘤胃液pH显著降低,采食后瘤胃液pH持续低于5.8超过3 h,8周后瘤胃液pH升高维持在6.0以上,但仍低于LC组山羊。与LC组山羊相比较,HC组山羊血液中葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸含量均升高(P<0.05,P=0.071),谷草转氨酶含量有上升的趋势(0.05相似文献   

Effects of fermented Yupingfeng on intramuscular fatty acids and ruminal microbiota in Qingyuan black goats

Our previous work has demonstrated that Yupingfeng, a Chinese herb medicine, considered as prebiotic showed beneficial properties in poultry health and disease prevention and regulated intestinal microbiota. The effects of Yupingfeng on fatty acids related to meat flavor and ruminal microbiota are not yet known in Qingyuan black goat. In this study, we supplemented fermented (FYP) and unfermented (UYP) Yupingfeng in different combinations to 90 goats. Compared with the normal control group, FYP and UYP significantly increased the concentration of palmitic acid, octadecanoic acid, and arachidonate acid (related to meat flavor) in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p < .05). In addition, the significant upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and fatty acid translocase (CD36) was observed in the FYP and UYP groups (p < .05). In addition, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundance in goat rumen. At the genus level, FYP and UYP significantly increased Ruminococcus related to fiber degradation, and Alistipes related to short-chain fatty acids production. In summary, Yupingfeng could improve fatty acids of goat meat, which is probably triggered by the increase of PPARγ and CD36, and microbial activity. Besides, FYP showed more beneficial effects than UYP, with increased flavor fatty acids and beneficial microbes.     

Plasma cholesterol levels and short-term adaptations of metabolism and milk production during feed restriction in early lactating dairy cows on pasture

Low plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentrations are characteristic during the negative energy balance in early lactating dairy cows. The objective was to investigate short-term effects of different TC concentrations during an aggravated energy deficiency through a 1-week concentrate withdrawal on adaptations of metabolism and milk production. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 15) were investigated during 3 week beginning at 24 ± 7 DIM (mean ± SD). Cows were kept on pasture and received additional concentrate in experimental week 1 and 3, while in week 2, concentrate was withdrawn. Blood was sampled once and milk twice daily. Based on their average TC concentration during week 1 (prior to concentrate withdrawal), cows were retrospectively assigned into a high (H-Chol; n = 8, TC ≥ 3.36 mmol/L) and a low TC groups (L-Chol; n = 7, TC < 3.36 mmol/L). Concentrations of phospholipids and lipoproteins were higher in H-Chol compared to L-Chol throughout the study (p < 0.05). During concentrate withdrawal, milk yield, glucose and insulin concentrations decreased similarly in both groups, while milk fat, milk acetone and plasma BHB were higher in H-Chol compared to L-Chol (p < 0.05). Compared to initial values, plasma NEFA, TAG and VLDL increased in both groups within 2 days after concentrate withdrawal (p < 0.05). Concentrations of NEFA during week 2 were greater in L-Chol compared to H-Chol (p < 0.05). Despite reintroduction of concentrate, milk yield in H-Chol remained lower for two more days compared to week 1 (p < .05), whereas milk yield recovered immediately in L-Chol. Activity of aspartate aminotransferase was higher in H-Chol compared to L-Chol in week 2 (p < 0.05). Greater plasma TC concentrations were associated with a reduced increase of NEFA. Further research is warranted if TC concentrations are related to adipose tissue mobilization and fatty acid turnover.     

Effects of stocking density on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density (SD) on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows. Thirty‐two dairy cows were allocated into 16 blocks, basing on parity, previous milk yield, and body weight, and were then randomly assigned into one of the two treatments as follows: 75% (75SD) and 100% (100SD) SD. The cows were fed with same diet throughout the 8‐week experimental period. The milk yield and milk sample were collected on two consecutive days during the 8‐week experimental period weekly. Plasma samples were collected on fourth and eighth experimental weeks. Raw, energy‐corrected, and 4% fat‐corrected milk yield were significantly higher in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals, respectively. The milk somatic cell count was lower in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals. The levels of Na⁺, Na⁺/K⁺, bovine serum albumin and plasmin were lower in 75SD‐cows than those of 100SD‐cattle, respectively. The 75SD‐cows had reduced insulin and insulin/glucagon levels but higher prolactin and growth hormone concentrations, compared with those of 100SD‐animals, respectively. In conclusion, compared with low SD‐animals, early lactating cows with higher SD had higher oxidative stress status, which further led to a greater mammary gland permeability.     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒耐受性不同的奶牛瘤胃上皮形态及功能差异研究

本试验旨在探究SARA（亚急性瘤胃酸中毒）耐受性不同奶牛的瘤胃上皮形态及其功能差异。选取12头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,饲喂精粗比为4∶6的日粮,并根据瘤胃pH值的高低,分为SARA易感组（SUS,n=4）和SARA耐受组（TOL,n=4）。瘤胃上皮形态及功能分析结果显示,与TOL组比较,SUS组奶牛瘤胃上皮的棘突层和基底层厚度明显增厚（P<0.05）,SUS组奶牛瘤胃上皮组织中参与挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）吸收的PAT1、MCT4和DRA基因表达量较TOL组显著下调（P<0.05）,而H+转运载体NHE1、NHE2、NHE3和调节胞内pH的vH+ATPase和Na+/K+ATPase的表达量显著升高（P<0.05）;对参与调控瘤胃VFA代谢的基因定量结果表明,SUS组PDHA1和SREBP2的表达量显著高于TOL组（P<0.05）,而HMGCL-2的表达量显著降低（P<0.05）;此外,SUS组CDK2、CDK6和Cyclin D1、Bad及Caspase-9等参与瘤胃上皮细胞增殖与凋亡的基因表达量显著高于TOL组（P<0.05）。结果说...