Brevibacillus laterosporus BL-21和Bacillus subtilis HNDF2共培养与纯培养抗菌代谢产物的对比分析

旨在对比分析Brevibacillus laterosporus BL-21和Bacillus subtilis HNDF2纯培养液和共培养液的差异,为研究两者的生态学关系和发现新抗菌物质提供参考。采用杯碟法检测抗菌活性,采用薄层层析、SDS-PAGE电泳以及HPLC分析代谢产物的差异。结果表明,共培养液对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)抗菌活性最高时的抑菌圈直径达到(28.50±0.5)mm,与B.laterosporus BL-21和B.subtilis HNDF2纯培养液的最高抑菌活性相比,分别提高了18.75%和83.90%。代谢产物检测结果表明,共培养液与B.laterosporus BL-21纯培养液的相似度较高,与B.subtilis HNDF2纯培养液的差别较大,并且含有各纯培养液中没有的新物质。2株菌的纯培养液和共培养液在抗菌活性和组分上存在显著差异,有必要对共培养液中的抗菌物质进行深入分析。     

大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌的分离与抗菌物质鉴定

从黄萎病发病棉田未发病棉株根际土样中分离芽孢杆菌,利用对峙培养法对大丽轮枝菌进行平板拮抗实验,筛选出6株对大丽轮枝菌有拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌,其中3株菌发酵代谢产物具有抗菌活性。S4-3菌株发酵液滤液经100℃、30min热处理丧失抗菌活性,发酵液氯仿抽提物不具有抗菌活性,发酵液硫酸铵沉淀物有抑菌活性,但经蛋白酶处理后活性丧失,认为S4-3菌株抑菌活性物质是蛋白质。而菌株S4-5发酵液经100℃热处理后还有较高的抗菌活性,发酵液氯仿抽提物也具有抗菌活性,但硫酸铵沉淀物对病原菌无抑制作用;S5-6菌株发酵液滤液经100℃热处理丧失抗菌活性,硫酸铵沉淀物也不具有抗菌活性,而发酵液氯仿抽提物有抗菌活性,因此认为S4-5和S5-6菌株产生的抑菌物质不是蛋白质类。     

棉花黄萎病拮抗蛋白的分离与纯化

从棉花叶组织中分离到的类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)LC105菌株对棉花黄萎病病原菌大丽轮枝菌具有明显的拮抗作用.该菌株发酵液分别用过滤、高压灭菌及有机溶剂处理,初步证明对大丽轮枝菌产生拮抗作用的物质为蛋白质.LC105菌株发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sephadex A-50离子交换层析及Sephacryl S-100凝胶层析分离纯化,得到了分子量为27 kDa的抗菌蛋白.     

棉花黄萎病拮抗细菌的筛选与抗菌物分析

对21株芽孢杆菌属细菌分别进行了摇瓶震荡培养,其发酵液上清液用硫酸铵盐析,杯碟法测定了沉淀物对大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)的拮抗活性,并对其中6株具有较强抑菌活性菌株的抗菌物进行了蛋白酶稳定性、热稳定性等分析.结果显示,BDT-25、JJ-5、DHT-12、80b-2、DHT-13和JJ-134菌株的抑菌活性较高;6株拮抗细菌发酵液沉淀物均对氯仿敏感,抗菌物溶液经蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶处理后活性丧失或显著下降,对温度也较敏感,认为这些抗菌物质为蛋白或多肽类物质.拮抗菌株产生的抗菌蛋白通过抑制大丽轮枝菌孢子萌发和使菌丝体原生质凝集而抑制其生长.     

产广谱抗菌物质芽孢杆菌的筛选与鉴定

旨在筛选出对果蔬病原菌具有广谱拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌。以9株病原真菌和3株病原细菌为指示菌,采用琼脂平板扩散法,通过初筛和复筛,筛选得到一株具有广谱抑菌作用的拮抗芽孢杆菌NCPSJ7。结合形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA序列同源性分析等手段,该菌株被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens)。抑菌谱实验表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌NCPSJ7对果蔬病原真菌和病原细菌都具有较强的抑菌能力。该菌株产抗菌物质的适宜发酵培养基、发酵条件优化,抗菌物质的分离纯化、组成、性质和抗菌稳定性等还有待于进一步研究。     

枯草芽孢杆菌ON-6菌株抑制荔枝炭疽菌活性物质的初步研究

为了探索枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）对广西重要的药食两用水果--荔枝采后病害的防治效果及其机制,本文在进行采集、分离、筛选和鉴定的基础上,对枯草芽孢杆菌ON-6菌株发酵液提取拮抗物质方法、拮抗物质的理化性质等方面进行了研究。对ON-6菌株发酵液采用浓盐酸沉淀法及硫酸铵沉淀法,得到的提取液均有抑菌活性,表明ON-6菌株能产生能蛋白类和脂肽类抗生物质。对该菌株的蛋白粗提液进行30~60℃处理30 min,其活性保持不变,121℃处理20 min,活性丧失不足原有的40%;作用活性pH值在5.0~8.0范围内;对胰蛋白酶不敏感,对蛋白酶K和胃蛋白酶部分敏感;对紫外线不敏感。     

棉花黄萎菌拮抗菌BDT-25的鉴定及抗菌蛋白产生条件研究

拮抗细菌BDT_25是从根际土壤中分离到的一株对棉花黄萎病菌具有强烈抑制作用的芽孢杆菌。经生理生化特征的鉴定,证明BDT_25菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。此外,该菌株还对棉花枯萎病菌、棉花立枯病菌等10种其他病原真菌的生长具有显著的抑制作用,为一株广谱拮抗细菌菌株。通过对BDT_25菌株培养条件的研究发现,采用NB液体培养基,28℃,170 r/min培养48 h所得发酵液对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用最强。其发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀粗提到对棉花黄萎病菌具有抑制作用的提取物,进一步实验表明,该拮抗物质对热和多种蛋白酶敏感,证实其为抗菌蛋白。     

枯草芽孢杆菌RSS-1菌株产生抗菌物质条件的优化

为明确枯草芽孢杆菌RSS-1菌株产生抗菌物质的最佳条件,提高其抗菌活性物质的产量,以发酵液抑制油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)活性为指标,在摇瓶条件下采用单因素和正交实验对该菌株的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,菌株RSS-1产生抗菌物质的最佳培养基组分比例为2.0%的玉米淀粉,1.5%的蛋白胨,0.05%的MgSO_4;最佳发酵条件为培养基初始pH 6.0,培养温度为28℃,培养时间为5天,100 mL三角瓶装液量25 mL,接种量为0.1%,转速为180 r/min。优化后的枯草芽孢杆菌RSS-1菌株的无菌培养滤液对油菜菌核病菌的抑菌活性显著增强。     

地衣芽孢杆菌抗菌肽的纯化及抗菌特性分析

从地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）LY12发酵液中分离纯化抗菌肽,并得到抗菌肽抗菌特性。通过超滤、(DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换层析、Sephadex G-15分子筛凝胶过滤层析、反向高效液相色谱（RT-HPLC）等方法纯化该抗菌肽。LC-ESI-MS质谱显示抗菌肽分子量为2750.785Da,同Tricine SDS-PAGE分析结果基本一致。体外抗菌试验结果显示,抗菌肽LYF12能够抑制丝状真菌、细菌的生长。对枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、藤黄微球菌（Micrococcus aureus）、蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）、副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parachaemolyticus）的最低抑菌浓度分别为9.8、19.8、20.7、7.2、9.6、10.2 和15.7μg/ml。抗菌肽显示出对革兰氏阴性细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌及真菌具有较好的抗菌效果。从地衣芽孢杆菌LY12分离的抗菌肽在食品防腐中具有潜在的应用价值。     

臭豆腐菌种鉴定 发酵及气味成分分析

从臭豆腐的发酵浸泡液中分离菌种,获得了2种主要细菌。分离纯化、鉴定后,初步确定细菌为乳杆菌属短乳杆菌和芽孢杆菌属环状芽孢杆菌。这2种菌是臭豆腐发酵过程中的主要菌种,为更好地开发利用,重点对乳杆菌和芽孢杆菌进行种类鉴定、发酵液pH值、培养温度、培养时间等研究,得出最适培养条件为pH值6．8、培养温度40℃、培养时间6d。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.