Enhancement of Tuberous Root Production and Adenosine 5'-Diphosphate Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Activity in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) by Exogenous Injection of Sucrose Solution

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key enzyme governing starch synthesis and is regarded as an important determinant of the sink activity of the sweet potato root. In this study, assuming that the expression of AGPase is under the direct or indirect control of sucrose, we investigated the effect of exogenous injection of sucrose solution into a plant on the activity of AGPase and tuberous root production. Sucrose solutions of 6 and 12 %, and distilled water as the control, were injected into the top of the shoot. The application of sucrose solution was effective in increasing tuberous root production and increasing the ratio of tuberous root weight to total root weight in a plant. AGPase activity in roots was enhanced by about 25 % by injecting sucrose solution. These results suggest that AGPase and sink activities are controlled by sucrose transported from the leaves. To increase sweet potato production effectively, AGPase activity and sink function must be enhanced, and so a genetic and physiological improvement in photosynthetic function or sucrose productivity in the leaves is necessary to increase AGPase activity in sink organs.     

Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) to Different Planting Times

Agricultural seasons of the tropics are associated with rainfall, which provides the principal limiting resource for crop production. However, as tuber crops are sensitive to temperatures and moisture, the time of planting could have a profound influence on yields. Thus a study was carried out over a period of 12 months to determine the effect of different planting times on establishment, tuber initiation and yields of sweet potato. The trial was planted on similar soils in two agroecological zones as this species is a popular home garden crop in most regions of the tropics and subtropics.
Planting sweet potato with the onset of rains in October produced the highest yields. This is attributed to the receipt of adequate rainfall over the growth cycle, along with the higher diurnal variation in temperatures. Planting in the dry season or later in the wet season, which receives a lower quantity of rainfall with low diurnal variations in temperatures delayed tuber initiation and reduced yields. The study highlights differences in growth patterns of sweet potato when planed at different times. The importance of planting sweet potato in agricultural systems at appropriate times to produce higher yields is presented.     

Evaluation of Root Sink Ability of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) Cultivars on the Basis of Enzymatic Activity in the Starch Synthesis Pathway

Activities of five enzymes, sucrose synthase (SUS), uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGPPase), fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase (FBPase), adenosine 5'diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPPase) and starch synthase (STS), in the metabolic pathway of starch synthesis, were compared between two sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cultivars, Koganesengan (C.V.KOG, a recently released high yield cultivar) and Tsurunasigenji (C.V.TSU, an old, local cultivar with poor yield). The measurements were carried out using the root samples (tuberous, thick and fibrous roots) harvested at the fast tubering stage. Of the five enzymes, SUS, ADPGPPase and STS showed high activities in the tuberous root, particularly in that of C.V.KOG, and a similar trend was observed for activities of these enzymes on a protein basis. The increased activity of the three enzymes is considered to be one of the characteristics in a high yield cultivar, allowing the root to function effectively as a starch synthesis and storage organ.     

甘薯库源关系及其遗传研究初报

该文选用几种不同类型的甘薯（Ｉｐｏｍｏｅａ ｂａｔａｔａｓ Ｌａｍ），品种相互嫁接。嫁接组合块根的鲜产，干产分别进行方差分析。结果表明，光合源和贮藏库的遗传生理特性对嫁接组合块垠的产量重要作用，库容量大小时甘薯地下部块根产量起重要的决定作用，同时，高库容丰木克服或改善低关类型品种的潜在光合源和潜在生理流，并提高后者的光效能和块根产量，甘薯地下部块根的干物率和薯肉色也是贮藏根固有的遗传生理特性，嫁接     

Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to Shading at Different Growth Stages

During 1990 and 1991 growth seasons at two locations in Peru four sweet potato cultivars were tested for their response to a short-term shading. The plants were subjected to artificial shade (42 % light reduction) for 1 month at different growth stages.
A high genetic variability was found in the extent to which tuber and total biomass yield of sweet potato was affected by sub-optimal light conditions. One cultivar was completely tolerant to shade at all growth stages, whereas the others showed a yield decline between 20 % and 55 %. Generally tuber yield was most reduced when shade was imposed at the end of the growth season (fourth and fifth months) and the least at its beginning (first and second months). Yield losses were due to a diminished biomass production and/or an altered assimilate partitioning within the plant. Tuber formation was affected rather than tuber initiation.     

超声波辅助提取甘薯根颈多糖

甘薯根颈是甘薯生产中的大宗副产物,是提取功能性多糖的廉价资源。通过正交试验,对甘薯根颈多糖超声波辅助提取的影响因素进行了筛选和优化。结果表明：料液比、超声波频率、浸提温度、超声波功率、超声浸提时间等因素对提取率影响较大,较为合理的提取方案为：料液比1：30,超声波频率26kHz,超声波功率350W,浸提温度60℃,浸提时间30min。以此优化方案提取3次,提取物的平均提取得率为4.95%。通过棕色环试验、蒽酮-硫酸法、Fehling试剂法、双缩脲法证实提取物为多糖。     

甘薯胚性细胞悬浮培养系的建立

地甘薯胚性细胞悬浮增减系的进行了研究。将１２个基因的长约０．５ｍｍ的茎尖培养在含有０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ或２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上，形成了胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织的形成率因基因型和２，４－Ｄ深度不同而很大差异，为０－７５．７％。一方面，将胚性愈伤组织继续增减在含有２，４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上，它们形成了处于各发育时期的体细胞胚。将具有体细胞胚的胚性愈伤组织转移到ＭＳ基本培养基上，体细胞胚发育成     

甘薯块根质构特性的检测方法优化

为明确甘薯块根质构特性的标准检测方法,以越南紫薯为试材,对薯块不同部位和检测方向的质构数据进行比较,并优化薯块不同类型质构探头的检测参数。结果表明,甘薯块根部位和探头检测方向对质构指标影响显著,随着薯块位置从上到下,质构数据先变小后变大,取中部薯肉进行检测最有代表性。三种质构检测探头的检测参数为:P5圆柱穿刺探头,穿刺速度≤1.5 mm/s,穿刺距离≥4.0 mm;单刀剪切探头,剪切速度≤1.5 mm/s;P_(75)圆盘挤压探头,采用TPA模式,测试速度≤1.0 mm/s,压缩比30%。因此,甘薯块根质构特性的检测原则是确定一致的取样方式,并根据检测目的采用不同的探头进行检测。     

Genetic variation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivated in Chile determined by RAPDs

RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) technology was applied to analyze the genetic variability of sweet potato germplasm existing in Chile and elsewhere. Analysis of 28 cultivars from all over the world showed polymorphic bands with all 18 primers tested. A total of 124 RAPD bands were scored with an average of 6.9 polymorphic bands per primer. These results confirm that sweet potato exhibits high genetic variation. Two groups were distinguished: one containing Peruvian cultivars, and another containing cultivars from the rest of the world. Analysis of 14 accessions from Central Chile and one from Northern Chile showed polymorphic bands with 24 of 26 primers tested, but almost all of the 140 polymorphic bands merely showed the distinctness of the Northern accession. The almost complete uniformity of the other 14 accessions shows that sweet potato germplasm collected in Central Chile has very little genetic variability and may be derived from a single cultivar. Based on these results and on historical records, some hypotheses are proposed to explain the origin of sweet potatoes cultivated in Chile. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘薯IbNPR1全长cDNA序列的分离与表达特性分析

在植物系统获得性抗性(SAR)中,NPR1蛋白是水杨酸介导的基因表达中关键调控因子。本研究以青农2号为试验材料,利用同源序列法和RACE技术分离甘薯SAR 途径的主要抗病信号元件NPR1 (none expresser of PR gene)的全长cDNA序列。序列分析表明,IbNPR1基因全长2 353 bp,包含一个编码586个氨基酸残基的开放阅读框,包含有类似拟南芥NPR1蛋白中的BTB/POZ和锚蛋白重复氨基酸序列结构域。聚类分析显示IbNPR1与来源于番茄的NPR1基因关系最近。Southern杂交及半定量RT-PCR分析表明,甘薯NPR1基因属于低拷贝基因家族,表达模式为组成型表达,并且SA能提高其表达水平。由该结果推测,IbNPR1可能在甘薯抵御病原物的侵染中起重要的作用。     

北方区试中甘薯农艺和品质性状的相关性及主成分分析

为了了解影响甘薯产量和品质各性状间的相关性及主次关系,应用多元统计方法,分析了北方区试中农艺和品质性状的相关性及主成分关系。结果表明：在对农艺性状与产量的相关性分析中,干率和淀粉率均与淀粉产量呈显著正相关,茎粗和大中薯率与薯干产量均呈显著正相关,大中薯率与鲜薯产量呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,对淀粉产量和薯干产量贡献最高的主成分中的性状为大中薯率、茎粗和黑斑病抗病指数,贡献率分别为29.67%和30.13%;而对鲜薯产量影响最大的主成分中的性状为大中薯率和根腐病病情指数,贡献率为30.71%。通过对品质性状间的相关性分析表明,淀粉含量与还原糖含量、可溶性糖含量、甜度之间呈极显著负相关关系,粗蛋白含量与可溶性糖和还原糖之间存在弱负相关关系。而品质性状间的主成分分析表明,对甘薯品质贡献最大的主成分中的性状为还原糖、可溶性糖和蒸煮后的甜度,贡献率为59.12%;第二主成分为粗蛋白含量和蒸煮后粘度性状,贡献率为23.75%。总之,农艺性状对影响不同产量目标形成的侧重点不同,甜、糯性状是影响甘薯品质的主要性状。     

The Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to Inter- and Relay-cropping with Maize (Zea mays L.)

Four sweet potato cultivars were inter- and relay-cropped with maize at two locations in Peru. Increasing interspecific competition drastically reduced tuber yields of all cultivars; fewer tubers m ⁻² were produced and no tolerant genotype was identified. Likewise the mean tuber weight declined linearly for two cultivars when competition became severe. Shoot development was less affected. Under intense competition the plant top was favoured in assimilate partitioning to the detriment of tuber formation. Overall reduction in assimilate production due to mixed cropping was the major cause of yield loss. Various intercropping combinations were found with the same productivity but distinct proportions of the component crops (sweet potato + maize). Land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded sole crop productivity only for the combinations with the highest maize yields. Biomass production was clearly increased by intercropping but there was no increment in marketable yields. Relay-cropping reduced tuber and maize yields and had the lowest productivity of all combinations tested.     

Effects of Exogenous Injection of Different Sugars on Leaf Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Production and Adenosine 5'-Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Activity in Sweet Potato, Ipomoea batatas (Lam.)

Solutions of sucrose, glucose and fructose were artificially injected into the stems of sweet potato plants. The effects of solution injection on both dry matter production and the activity of adenosine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in tuberous roots were investigated and compared. The total weight of carbon (T_C) artificially and photosynthetically supplied to a plant during the treatment period of 40 days was 0.987–1.869 times the weight of photosynthetically assimilated carbon alone. At the final sampling time, the dry matter weight of tuberous roots in the plants injected with sugar solutions showed a 2.73–9.13-fold increase over that of the control plant. The root weight linearly increased with T_C. The activity of AGPase was also enhanced by solution injections, with 27–63 % increases compared to the control, but was not significantly related to T_C. The injection of sugar solutions is concluded to have a dual effect on root production in sweet potato. One effect is that the increased sugar concentration in the plant increases AGPase and sink activities, and the other effect is that the increased carbon supply quantitatively promotes starch synthesis and accumulation in roots.     

甘薯近缘野生种Ipomoea trifida(4x) GISH分析

以甘薯近缘野生种I. trifida (2x)为探针, 与I. trifida (4x) 2个株系“695104”和“697288”的体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交, 结果显示, 2株系都与I. trifida (2x)有很近的亲缘关系, 但2株系的信号存在差异。“695104”几乎所有染色体整条都有均匀明亮的信号, 应为I. trifida (2x)基因组直接加倍而来;而 “697288”与“695104”不同, 虽然各条染色体也均有杂交信号, 但信号的区域与亮度有差异, 较为复杂, 可分为三种情况。第1种是整条染色体有均匀明亮的信号, 亮度与分布区域同“695104” , 有41条;第2种是几乎整条染色体有信号, 但亮度较第一种暗, 有14条;第3种为染色体部分区域有信号, 亮度较前二者更暗, 有5条。推测 “697288”是在加倍同时或之后又发生了基因组重组与部分变异。     

甘薯地膜覆盖研究进展

甘薯是中国重要的粮食作物之一,地膜覆盖是中国北方薯区甘薯高产的重要措施之一。为此,综述了甘薯地膜覆盖产量提高的机理,主要有：（1）在土壤因素上增加土壤温度,提高土壤湿度、改善土壤的理化性质和加速土壤养分的转化。（2）在产量和形态发育影响方面主要是提前结薯、促进根系发育和防治茎叶徒长。（3）在生理代谢影响方面主要有地膜覆盖提高了叶片叶绿素含量,Rubpase活性、ATP含量和ATP酶活性以及提高了叶片SOD和CAT活性,降低了叶片中MDA含量,提高了叶片光合速率,延迟了叶片衰老;地膜覆盖改变了叶片和块根中的激素含量变化趋势,促进同化物向块根的转运。（4）地膜覆盖提高了甘薯抵抗病虫害以及盐碱胁迫的能力。之后阐述了中国地膜覆盖当前存在的主要问题主要有环境污染问题、减产问题以及农机农艺不配套的问题,最后展望了中国甘薯地膜覆盖将来的发展趋势。     

甘薯茎腐病传播侵染途径与田间发病流行因子探讨

为探明小番薯主产区浙江临安等地甘薯茎腐病的发生流行规律以及灾发影响因子,以不同品种的番薯为试材,通过2016—2019年连续4年的室内研究、田间试验和调查观察。结果表明:主栽品种的高感病性是该病近年来发生流行的主要因素之一;该病原菌可在病残体和薯块中越冬,成为翌年的初侵染来源,且土壤中病原菌数量要达到10⁴～10⁵cfu/cm³才能引起薯苗发病并显症;高温高湿条件可加速病害的发展;种薯与薯苗带病调运是该病远距离扩散传播的主要途径;使用脱毒无病苗、轮作、深沟高畦栽培措施可有效减轻病害的发生,为今后该病害的综合治理研究提供了参考依据。     

益生菌发酵甘薯汁的工艺优化

为改善甘薯汁口感,提高其营养价值,本文以适于发酵饮品的甘薯黄肉品种“运薯9801”和紫肉品种“漯紫4号”为原料,以乳酸菌葡聚糖明串珠菌(Polysaccharide actinomyces)为发酵菌株,研究了发酵时间、发酵温度、甘薯浆添加量、接菌量和加糖量对甘薯汁品质的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,分别构建4因素(发酵温度、发酵时间、甘薯浆添加量、接菌量)3水平的响应面设计,并建立发酵甘薯汁感官评分的二次回归方程。结果表明,益生菌发酵“运薯9801”甘薯汁的最优发酵工艺条件为:红薯浆添加量30.0%,接菌量10.4%,发酵温度34.0℃,发酵时间为36.0 h,加糖量为10.0%;益生菌发酵“漯紫4号”甘薯汁的最优发酵条件为:紫薯浆添加量39.6%,接菌量9.8%,发酵温度32.3℃,发酵时间31.0 h,加糖量10.0%。品种的筛选及工艺的优化可为发酵甘薯汁的研发提供指导。     

不同酸碱处理方式提取红薯淀粉的比较研究

采取酸处理和酸碱共用处理两种工艺提取红薯中的淀粉,得到的最佳工艺条件是:料液比为1∶3,浆料pH值为5,浸泡时间为2h,酸处理工艺比酸碱共用处理工艺的淀粉提取率高1.65%。     

Development of molecular linkage maps in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) using sequence‐related amplified polymorphism markers

Sweet potato is an important food crop with high starch content. It is a hexaploid species, for which the chromosomes have not yet been well characterized. In this study, we used 856 SRAP primer pairs to analyse the 240 individuals from a mapping population, which were derived from a hybrid F₁ generation of ‘Luoxushu 8’ (female) and ‘Zhengshu 20’ (male). Genetic linkage maps of the two parents were constructed. In the female parent (‘Luoxushu 8’), the linkage map consisted of 1391 markers, and the length of the linkage map was estimated to be 10,188.4 cM with an average distance of 7.17 cM between markers. In the male parent (‘Zhengshu 20’), the final linkage map consisted of 1,112 markers, and the estimated length of the map was 9,165.17 cM with an average distance of 8.40 cM between markers. Our results provide a basis for the detailed characterization of sweet potato chromosome sequences and the development of related molecular markers.     

甘薯护色研究

研究了影响甘薯护色效果的工艺每件,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了甘薯护色效果的工艺条件。试验结果表明,各因素对护色效果的影响顺序为柠檬酸〉亚硫酸氢钠〉抗坏血酸。最佳护色工艺条件为A3B3C2,即复合护色液的各成分分配比为：柠檬酸0．8％,亚硫酸氢钠0．6％,抗坏血酸0．4％。此外,甘薯在贮藏加工中温度应低于25℃,护色时间为1h。