再生水灌溉对果菜类蔬菜产量及品质的影响

为推动再生水灌溉作物的适宜性分类,该文研究了再生水灌溉对果菜类蔬菜产量与品质的影响。结果表明,再生水处理与对照处理相比可显著增加果菜类蔬菜产量,其中,西红柿、黄瓜平均增产15.1%、23.6%。茄子、豆角增产60.7%、7.4%。再生水灌溉对果实含水率、粗蛋白、氨基酸含量、可溶性总糖、维生素C、粗灰分、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐等品质或营养指标无显著影响,再生水灌溉处理硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量低于标准限值。研究为再生水适宜灌溉的作物筛选提供了技术依据。     

灌水模式及下限对滴灌棉花产量和品质的影响

为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75% FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60% FC和75% FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标.     

灌水控制下限对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为制定冬小麦的优质高效灌溉指标,通过3个生长季（2005－2008年）的人工控水试验,研究了不同灌水控制下限对冬小麦生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,播种—拔节前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长、产量及品质的负面影响不明显,且可节水11.68%～18.18%,水分利用效率提高8.33%～12.5%;拔节—抽穗前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的抑制作用最明显,使籽粒出粉率、蛋白质质量分数显著降低,面团形成时间和稳定时间显著缩短,产量降低6.56%～9.08%,但可节水24.29%～31.95%,水分利用效率提高6.19%～10.63%;抽穗扬花期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长没有明显影响,虽显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率,但减产9.96%～11.35%,水分利用效率仅提高了4.12%～5.62%;灌浆成熟期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长影响最小,籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率均显著提高,但大幅度降低了产量,水分利用效率只提高了1.03%～5.95%。华北地区冬小麦优质高效节水灌溉指标是：播种—拔节前期、拔节—抽穗前期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期的灌水控制下限分别为50%、65%、70%和65%田间持水率。     

调亏灌溉对枣树生长与果实品质和产量的影响

为探究开花坐果期调亏灌溉对南疆绿洲区灰枣树品质和产量的影响,以大田生长7年的成龄灰枣树为试验试材,在开花坐果期进行轻度调亏处理T1(80%ET₀,其中ET₀为阶段水面蒸发量)、中度调亏处理T2(60%ET₀)、重度调亏处理T3(40%ET₀)、对照处理CK(100%ET₀),探究开花坐果期调亏灌溉对灰枣树枣吊生长、果实品质、产量、经济效益等影响.结果表明:开花坐果期调亏对枣吊生长速率有显著影响,且随着水分胁迫的加剧,对枣吊生长的抑制作用越大;调亏灌溉对提高单果重、可溶性固形物、糖酸比影响显著,其中,中度处理T2灰枣最终产量提高了9.6%,经济效益增加33.92%.因此,开花坐果期中度调亏有利于提高灰枣品质、产量及经济效益.     

绿洲灌区膜下滴灌调亏对辣椒品质及产量的影响

为揭示滴灌水分亏缺对辣椒营养品质及产量的影响,以"陇椒6号"为对象,在辣椒苗期分别施加轻度(65％～75％田间持水量)、中度(55％～65％田间持水量)和重度水分调亏(45％～55％田间持水量),在盛果期和后果期分别施加轻度水分亏缺,以全生育期充分供水(75％～85％田间持水量)为对照,分别测定各水分处理辣椒青果营养品...     

不同喷灌水氮组合对马铃薯耗水、产量和品质的影响

为了探讨黑龙江省克山县圆形喷灌机条件下不同水氮组合对马铃薯的耗水规律、产量和品质的影响,同时确定节水、节肥、高产目标下适宜的水氮组合方式,试验设置了2个灌水水平:灌水总量W1(80 mm)和W2(100 mm);4个追氮量水平:F1(45 kg/hm²),F2(56.6 kg/hm²),F3(70 kg/hm²)和F4(86.6 kg/hm²);2个施氮频次:C1为块茎膨大期1次施入,C2为块茎膨大期分2次施入,并选择雨养区作为对照.结果表明:马铃薯全生育期耗水量为313~332 mm,块茎膨大期耗水量最大,占全生育期耗水总量63.4%~66.0%,幼苗期和块茎形成期是需水关键期,应结合马铃薯生长状况和当地雨水情况,适当进行补充灌溉;相比于其余处理,W2F4C2处理产量最高,达到46 525 kg/hm²;不同水氮组合间马铃薯的淀粉、维生素C、粗蛋白含量及商品薯率无显著差异,粗蛋白含量随着施氮量的增加呈现先降低后升高的趋势.综合比较,建议在黑龙江半湿润地区,可采用高水(100 mm)高肥(86.6 kg/hm²)高频次(块茎膨大期分2次施入)的方案.     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布和小麦产量的影响

在石羊河流域中游开展田间灌溉试验,试验设置3种灌水量,灌溉定额分别为355,280,205 mm(W1,W2和W3);4种灌水矿化度0.7,3.0,5.0和7.0 g/L(S1,S2,S3和S4),共12个处理,每个处理3组重复.研究结果表明:淡水灌溉条件下,土壤积盐率不超过15%,当灌水矿化度在3.0 g/L以上时,土壤剖面盐分积累峰值在20~40 cm层,灌溉水带入的盐分有40%~80%积累在60 cm深度.当灌水矿化度为3.0 g/L时,盐分胁迫造成春小麦减产在10%以下;灌水矿化度为5.0 g/L和7.0 g/L时,春小麦减产严重,最高可达28%.相同灌水矿化度条件下,与充分灌溉(W1)相比,W2和W3分别减产10%和15%左右.拔节期-灌浆期是春小麦需水关键期,灌水要及时,3种灌水量均可以保证春小麦根区含水量维持在田间持水量的60%~80%.因此,3.0 g/L的微咸水灌溉不会造成春小麦大幅减产,合理调控灌水时间,灌水量为205~355mm可以保证春小麦土壤含水量维持在适宜的水平.     

Effect of timing of first and last irrigation on the yield and water use efficiency in cotton

With increasing concern about declining water resources, there is increasing thrust in improving water management in farming systems to improve water use efficiency. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the optimum timing for the first and last irrigation of cotton on the basis of meteorological approach for scheduling irrigations. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three timings of first irrigation as main-plots and three timing of last irrigation as sub-plots. Delay of first irrigation from 28 days after sowing (DAS) to 42 DAS, irrespective of last irrigation, resulted in an increase of 8, 14 and 17% in seed cotton yield during first, second and third year, respectively. The corresponding increases due to delay in the last irrigation from 130 to 170 DAS were 14, 32 and 8%, respectively. On the basis of 3 years average, application of first and last irrigation at optimum time (after 42 and 170 days after sowing) resulted in an increase of 36% in seed cotton yield without involving any additional cost. Water expense efficiency (WEE) increased by 54%.     

垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量试验研究

对垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量进行了田间试验.结果表明,灌水定额为400 m³/hm²时,沟底土壤水分的垂直运动明显增大.当灌水定额增加100 m³/hm²时,土壤水分水平运动高于垂直运动.沟底土壤全盐量受灌水定额影响明显:在灌水阶段,沟底表层土壤发生脱盐现象.土壤蒸发阶段,土壤发生积盐现象.垄顶土壤含盐量相对稳定,基本不发生向下运移.重度水分亏缺(处理T1,灌溉定额为1 700 m³/hm²)垄、沟积盐量分别为1.49,1.35 kg/m²,中度水分亏缺(处理T2,灌溉定额为2 100 m³/hm²)垄沟积盐量分别为1.42,1.12 kg/m²,充分灌水(处理T3,灌溉定额为2 500 m³/hm²)垄、沟积盐量分别为1.32,0.83 kg/m²,畦灌措施使0~100 cm土壤发生脱盐现象,脱盐量为1.29 kg/m².垄作沟灌下,制种玉米产量为2 765.1~4 619.5 kg/hm²,WUE为0.755~0.969 kg/m³.穗长(L_s)、穗粗(d_s)、行粒数(N_R)与作物产量呈显著正相关关系.     

灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响

为探究不同灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生理特性及产量的影响,设置4个灌溉水温梯度分别为15.00(正常灌溉水温),20.00,25.00,30.00℃,2个灌溉时段分别为日间、夜间(分别记为DW,NW)进行完全组合设计,共计8个处理.结果表明,增温灌溉提前了棉花生育进程,促进了棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积增长,有利于棉花光合作用的进行,且在夜间进行增温灌溉效果更显著.增温灌溉使棉花产量显著提高2.95%～14.13%,夜间灌溉较日间灌溉棉花产量平均提高3.34%.基于回归分析确定提高棉花产量的最佳灌溉时段为夜间,最佳灌溉水温为26.38℃,对应的产量为7 482.96 kg/hm².该研究可为北疆膜下滴灌棉花实施增温灌溉技术提供理论依据和技术参考.     

Effects of deficit irrigation on the yield and yield components of drip irrigated cotton in a mediterranean environment

A field study on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv.) was carried out from 2005 to 2008 in the Çukurova Region, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. Treatments were designated as I₁₀₀ full irrigation; DI₇₀, DI₅₀ and DI₀₀ which received 70, 50, and 0% of the irrigation water amount applied in the I₁₀₀ treatment. The irrigation water amount to be applied to the plots was calculated using cumulative pan evaporation that occurred during the irrigation intervals. The effect of water deficit or water stress on crop yield and some plant growth parameters such as yield response, water use efficiencies, dry matter yield (DM), leaf area index (LAI) as well as on lint quality components was evaluated. The average seasonal evapotranspiration ranged from 287 ± 15 (DI₀₀) to 584 ± 80 mm (I₁₀₀). Deficit irrigation significantly affected crop yield and all yield components considered in this study. The average seed cotton yield varied from 1369 ± 197 (DI₀₀) to 3397 ± 508 kg ha⁻¹ (I₁₀₀). The average water use efficiency (WUE_ET) ranged from 6.0 ± 1.6 (I₁₀₀) to 4.8 ± 0.9 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ (DI₀₀), while average irrigation water use efficiency (WUE_I) was between 9.4 ± 3.0 (I₁₀₀) and 14.4 ± 4.8 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ (DI₅₀). Deficit irrigation increased the harvest index (HI) values from 0.26 ± 0.054 (I₁₀₀) to 0.32 ± 0.052 kg kg⁻¹ (DI₅₀). Yield response factor (Ky) was determined to be 0.98 based on four-year average. Leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter yields (DM) increased with increasing water use. This study demonstrated that the full irrigated treatment (I₁₀₀) should be used for semiarid conditions with no water shortage. However, DI₇₀ treatment needs to be considered as a viable alternative for the development of reduced irrigation strategies in semiarid regions where irrigation water supplies are limited.     

微咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态及对作物产量的影响

华北平原农业灌溉用水非常紧缺,水资源日益缺乏与粮食需求日益增多之间的矛盾尖锐。充分利用微咸水资源是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径之一。该文以中国农业大学曲周试验站1997－2005年冬小麦和夏玉米微咸水灌溉田间长期定位试验为基础,研究了充分淡水、充分淡咸水、关键期淡水、关键期淡咸水和不灌溉等5个处理下土壤饱和电导率和含盐量的动态变化,探讨了微咸水灌溉对冬小麦和夏玉米产量的影响。结果表明：土壤水盐动态呈受灌溉和降雨影响的短期波动和受季节更替影响的长期波动;在正常降雨年份,使用微咸水进行灌溉是可行的,不会导致土壤的次生盐渍化;微咸水灌溉虽然导致冬小麦和夏玉米产量降低10%～15%,但节约淡水资源60%～75%。如果降雨量达到多年平均水平以及微咸水灌溉制度制订合理,微咸水用于冬小麦/玉米田间灌溉前景广阔。     

黄河水滴灌对葡萄生长发育及产量品质的影响

为了探究引黄滴灌对大田葡萄生长发育以及产量品质的影响,以3 a生克伦生葡萄为供试材料,开展全生育期黄河水和地下水滴灌的大田对比试验,监测全生育期内2种水质滴灌处理条件下葡萄的各项指标,分析黄河水滴灌对葡萄生长、产量和品质的影响.结果发现：黄河水能显著影响克伦生葡萄生长发育、浆果外观品质以及果实营养物质含量,能促进新梢枝条生长发育、促进果实膨大、提高果形指数C和硬度P,葡萄可溶性固形物含量TSS和浆果可溶性糖含量WSS分别较地下水处理提高了21.26%和13.59%,Ta含量降低了15.79%.综合分析表明,黄河水滴灌对促进克伦生葡萄新梢枝条生长发育、提高葡萄产量和改善浆果营养品质具有积极意义.试验可为葡萄引黄滴灌发展提供科学依据和理论参考.     

覆盖对贺兰山东麓滴灌酿酒葡萄产量和品质的影响

为探究不同覆盖措施对滴灌条件下酿酒葡萄产量和品质的影响,以7 a生酿酒葡萄“赤霞珠”为供试材料,在宁夏红寺堡区开展田间试验.试验设置3个覆盖措施：秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和不覆盖(CK),研究不同覆盖措施对葡萄园区土壤含水率、酿酒葡萄生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,秸秆覆盖处理表现出最佳的保水效果,其土壤含水率较CK提高12.97%(P<0.05).秸秆覆盖处理株高和新梢生长最高,分别达到175.45 cm和89.64 cm,显著高于地膜覆盖和CK(P<0.05),秸秆覆盖处理较地膜覆盖和CK分别提高26.28%(P<0.05)和19.72%(P<0.05).秸秆覆盖处理单粒质量和产量均为最高,分别达到5.59 g和5.32 t/hm²,分别较地膜覆盖和CK增加7.29%(P<0.05)和12.70%(P<0.05),5.35%(P<0.05)和26.07%(P<0.05).秸秆覆盖处理可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖含量,以及花色苷、总酚和VC质量比分别较CK提高20.06%,5.79%,16.39%,6.98%,...     

水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响

为指导日光温室番茄高产节水优质的灌溉施肥,以番茄为研究对象,设置3种施肥方式(总施肥量相同,施肥时间不同,其中F₁:不施底肥,番茄移栽后随水追施总肥量的30%,剩余70%平分6次追肥,F₂:底肥施1/2,剩余平分6次追肥,F₃:全施底肥不追肥)和3种土壤水势的灌水下限(W₁:-30 kPa,W₂:-50 kPa,W₃:-70 kPa),研究滴灌条件下水肥耦合对番茄耗水量、产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响.结果表明:施肥方式对番茄的耗水量差异不具有统计学意义,而灌水下限对耗水量有极显著性影响,且耗水量与灌水量呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);与产量最大处理F₂W₁相比,F₂W₂处理产量降低6.91%,但节水14.83%,水分利用效率提高8.51%;TTS质量分数与平均单果重呈极显著负相关,而与除糖酸比外其他影响品质指标呈显著性正相关关系;综合考虑产量、WUE及TTS质量分数,利用TOPSIS综合评价方法,确定了温室滴灌条件下番茄节水调质的最优灌溉施肥模式为:移栽前施入底肥为总肥量的50%,移栽后灌水20 mm,进入开花坐果期以后,20 cm土层的土壤水势控制在-50 kPa以上,每次灌水定额为10 mm,剩余肥料每隔1次灌水追肥1次,将剩余50%的肥料分6次追肥.研究成果为制定日光温室番茄节水高产优质的灌溉模式提供了理论依据.     

Effect of different pre-sowing water application depths on wheat yield under spate irrigation in Dera Ismael Khan District of Pakistan

Spate irrigation is a method of flood water harvesting, practiced in Dera Ismael Khan (D.I. Khan), Pakistan for agricultural production for the last several hundred years in which during monsoon period flood water is used for irrigation before wheat sowing. A field study on the effect of different pre-sowing water application depths on the yield of wheat was conducted during 2006-2007. The spate irrigation command areas normally receive the flood water as a result of rainfall on the mountains during the months of July to September, which also carries a significant amount of sediment load. The flood water flows in different torrents and is diverted through earthen bunds to the fields for irrigation with depth of water application ranging from 21 to 73 cm and resulted in sediment deposition of 1.8-3.6 cm per irrigation. In this study, the effect on wheat yield of three different pre-sowing water application depths (D1 < 30 cm, D2 = 30-45 cm and D3 > 45 cm) were studied under field conditions. Fifteen fields with field sizes of about 2-3 ha were randomly selected, in each field five samples were collected for analysis of soil physical properties, yield and yield components. Five major soil texture classes (silty clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam and loam) were found in the area with water-holding capacity ranging from 23% to 36.3% (on a volume basis) and bulk density varied from 1.35 to 1.42 g cm⁻³. About 36% more grain yield was obtained from loam soil fields, followed by silt loam (24%) as compared to wheat grown on silty clay soil condition. The maximum wheat grain yield of 3448 kg ha⁻¹ was obtained from fields with water application depths of 30-45 cm and the lowest wheat yield was recorded in fields with water application depths greater than 45 cm. On-farm application efficiencies ranged from 22% to 93% with an overall average of about 49%. Due to large and uneven fields, a lot of water is lost. In general, the application efficiency decreased with increasing water application depth. Based on the results of this research, in arid to semi-arid environments, for optimum wheat yield under spate irrigation, the pre-sowing water application depth may be about 30-45 cm (September to July) and under or over irrigation should be avoided.     

地面灌水技术优化组合节水高产机理研究

对不同地面灌水技术进行优化组合应用,根据全年作物连作的需水特点实施调亏灌溉使土壤水分消长过程在节水高产调控范围内,提高了水分效应,小麦和棉花水分生产效率达１．５３ｋｇ／ｍ３和０．４１ｋｇ／ｍ３的较高水平。同时还对其节水高产机理进行了探讨,为节水高产的地面灌水技术优化组合应用提供了科学依据。     

农村生活污水一级处理水灌溉对青菜生长品质影响

通过3种水质对生长中的青菜进行灌溉,探讨利用农村生活污水一级处理水对青菜植株生长发育的品质影响.研究表明,相比较自来水和50%的农村生活污水,经过一级处理的农村生活污水对生长期的青菜灌溉,对青菜植株维生素C和硝酸盐质量比有一定的影响,维生素C质量比下降10%左右,硝酸盐质量比增长6%左右,对青菜株高、叶面积、地上部分鲜质量均没有明显差异.通过与国标蔬菜中硝酸盐质量比的限值比较,经过污水灌溉的青菜在安全食用范围内,不会影响到人类身体健康.因此,农村污水作为农作物灌溉的另一个重要水源,具有一定技术可行性和经济合理性.     

水氮盐调控对膜下滴灌棉花产量的影响及耦合模型

为探讨水、盐、氮三因素对棉花生长的耦合效应及最优水肥制度,分别设置了4种灌溉定额(1 575,2 100,2 625,3 150 m³/hm²)、4种施氮量(0,150,300,450 kg/hm²)和4种土壤盐分(非盐化土、轻度、中度和重度盐化土),通过盆栽试验,研究了水、氮、盐对膜下滴灌棉花产量的影响.结果表明：灌溉定额、施氮量和土壤盐分与棉花产量之间符合回归模型,模型对水氮盐的耦合效果较好;单因素对棉花产量影响按因素排序由大到小为灌水量,土壤含盐量,施氮量;耦合作用的影响按因素排序由大到小为盐氮,水氮,水盐;水氮施加量对棉花产量的影响均存在阈值,低于此阈值,棉花增产效果较为明显;中、重度土壤盐分含量明显抑制棉花生长;通过回归模型进行耦合分析,最适合研究区的水肥盐耦合方式为轻盐土壤、灌溉定额2 677 m³/hm²和施氮量202 kg/hm².本研究可为盐碱区棉田水肥高效利用提供科学依据.     

Effects of water and nitrogen conditions under surge-root irrigation on growth and yield of apple trees

In order to explore the effects of different irrigation and nitrogen application on growth cha-racteristics and yield of apple trees under surge-root irrigation in mountainous areas of northern Shaanxi, field experiments were carried out with different apple trees. Three irrigation levels were applied: 85%-100%(H1), 70%-85%(H2)and 55%-70%(H3)of the field water capacity, respectively, and three nitrogen levels were N1(360 g/plant), N2(240 g/plant)and N3(120 g/plant). The results show that irrigation and nitrogen application has significant effects on new shoot length, flowering, fruit-setting, fruit diameter, fruit volume and yield of apple. The leaf area index(LAI)shows a singlet trend during the growth period, and the peak value appears in the middle of July. Under the same irrigation level, compared with N3, N1 increases in yield, new shoot length, LAI, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, volume, flowering and fruit setting by 17.91%, 28.31%, 18.75%, 11.38%, 10.13%, 36.60%, 20.92% and 5.19%, respectively, while N2 also increases by 12.40%, 15.63%, 4.86%, 5.40%, 5.11%, 17.01%, 26.17% and 13.74%, respectively. The rate of flowering and fruit setting decreases with the increase of nitrogen application. Under the same nitrogen level, compared with H3, H1 increases in yield, new shoot length, LAI, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, volume, flowering and fruit setting by 34.65%, 15.49%, 30.77%, 3.93%, 4.95%, 12.86%, 33.15% and 28.62%, respectively, while H2 also increases by 33.67%, 16.42%, 67.52%, 3.81%, 2.97%, 11.57%, 43.45%, and 27.26%, respectively. The rate of flowering and fruit setting decreases first and then increases with the increase of irrigation amount. Compared with H3N3, the yield of other treatments increases by 2.69%-52.20%, While H2N1 treatment has the highest yield(26 852.55 kg/ha). Considering from the point of view of promoting growth and increasing yield, the best water and nitrogen combination mode of mountain apple in northern Shaanxi is medium water deficit irrigation and high nitrogen(H2N1)treatment. The results from this study can provide a theoretical basis for apple water and nitrogen management in mountainous areas of northern Shaanxi.