Effects of winter wheat row spacing on evapotranpsiration, grain yield and water use efficiency

A field study was conducted from 2002 to 2007 to investigate the influence of row spacing of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on soil evaporation (E), evapotranspiration (ET), grain production and water use efficiency (WUE) in the North China Plain. The experiment had four row spacing treatments, 7.5 cm, 15 cm, 22.5 cm, and 30 cm, with plots randomly arranged in four replicates. Soil E was measured by micro-lysimeters in three seasons and ET was calculated from measurements of soil profile water depletion, irrigation, and rainfall. The results showed that E increased with row spacing. Compared with the 30-cm row spacing (average E = 112 mm), the reduction in seasonal E averaged 9 mm, 25 mm, and 26 mm for 22.5 cm, 15 cm, and 7.5 cm row spacings, respectively. Crop transpiration (T) increased as row spacing decreased. The seasonal rainfall interception and seasonal ET were relatively unchanged among the treatments. In three out of five seasons, the four different treatments showed similar grain yield, yield components and WUE. We conclude that for winter wheat production in the North China Plain, narrow row spacing reduced soil evaporation, but had minor improvements on grain production and WUE under irrigated conditions with adequate nutrient levels.     

Simulation of winter wheat evapotranspiration in Texas and Henan using three models of differing complexity

Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of simulation models with many practical applications related to the efficient management of crop water supply. The algorithms used by models to calculate ET are of various complexity and robustness, and often have to be modified for particular environments. We chose three crop models with different ET calculation strategies: CROPWAT with simple data inputs and no calibrations, MODWht for intensive inputs and limited calibrations, and CERES-Wheat with intensive inputs and more calibrations for parameters. The three crop models were used to calculate ET of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown at two experimental sites of China and US during multiple growing seasons in which ET was measured using lysimeter or soil water balance techniques. None of the models calculated daily ET well at either Bushland or Zhengzhou as indicated by high mean absolute differences (MAD > 1.1 mm) and root mean squared errors (RMSE > 2.0 mm). The three models tended to overestimate daily ET when measured ET was small, and to underestimate daily ET when measured ET was large. The fitted values of daily crop coefficients (K_c), calculated from daily ET and reference ET (ET_o), were very similar to those of Allen et al. (1998) [Allen, R.G., Pereira, S.L., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and drainage paper 56, Rome] although some K_c were overestimated (≥1.0). Leaf area index (LAI) was poorly calculated by MODWht and CERES-Wheat, especially when using the Priestley-Taylor method to estimate potential ET (PET). Poor overall ET calculation of three models was associated with poorly estimated values of PET or ET_o, K_c and LAI as well as their interactions. Therefore, this suggested that considerable revisions and calibrations of ET algorithms of the three models are needed for the improvement of ET calculation.     

Soil water in relation to irrigation, water uptake and potato yield in a humid climate

Efficiently controlling soil water content with irrigation is essential for water conservation and often improves potato yield. Volumetric soil water content (θ_v) in relation to irrigation, plant uptake, and yield in potato hills and replicated plots was studied to evaluate four water management options. Measurements of θ_v using a hammer driven probe were used to derive a θ_v index representing the relative θ_v status of replicated plots positioned along a hill slope. Time series for θ_v were determined using time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes at 5 and 15 cm depths at the center, shoulder, and furrow locations in potato hills. Sap flow was determined using flow collars in replicated field plots for four treatments: un-irrigated, sprinkler, surface drip, and sub-surface drip irrigation (40 cm depth). Irrigated yields were high/low as the θ_v index was low/high suggesting θ_v excess was a production problem in the wetter portions of the study area. The diurnal pattern of sap flow was reflected in the θ_v fluctuation it induces at hill locations with appreciable uptake. Hill locations with higher plant uptake were drier as was the case for the 5 cm (dry) depth relative to the 15 cm (wet) depth and for locations in the hill (dry) relative to the furrow (wet). The surface drip system had the lowest water use requirement because it delivers water directly to the hill locations where uptake is greatest. The sub-surface drip system wetted the hill gradually (1-2 days). Measurement of the θ_v index prior to experimental establishment could improve future experimental design for treatment comparisons.     

覆膜冬小麦的生理生态效应研究

本文通过分析覆膜与不覆膜冬小麦的生理生态指标 ,总结了覆膜冬小麦的叶水势、光合速率、蒸腾速率等的变化规律 ,揭示了覆膜冬小麦节水、增产的机理 ,提出覆膜在不同生育阶段的不同效应情况 ,指出了适时揭膜的合理性。     

Effects of irrigation and planting patterns on radiation use efficiency and yield of winter wheat in North China

The factor limiting the increase in winter wheat yield was not the deficiency of light radiation but the low radiation use efficiency (RUE). In 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Station of Shandong Agricultural University to study the effects of irrigation and different planting patterns on the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) capture ratio, PAR utilization, and winter wheat yield. In this experiment, winter wheat was planted in four patterns as follows: uniform row planting (U; row spacing, 30 cm), “20 + 40” wide-narrow row planting (W), “20 + 40” furrow planting (F), and “20 + 40” bed planting (B), which are very popular in North China. The results showed that under different irrigation regimes, there was no significant difference (less than 15.93%) between any of the planting patterns with respect to the amount of PAR intercepted by the winter wheat canopies. However, significant differences were observed between different planting patterns with respect to the amount of PAR intercepted by plants that were 60-80 cm above the ground surface (53.35-225.16%). This result was mainly due to the changes in the vertical distributions of leaf area index (LAI). As a result, the effects of the planting patterns on RUE and the winter wheat yield were due the vertical distribution of PAR in the winter wheat canopies. During the late winter wheat growing season, irrespective of the applied irrigation, the RUE in case of F was higher than that in case of U, W, and B by 0.05-0.09, 0.04-0.08, and 0.02-0.12 g/mol, respectively, and the yield was higher by 238.39-693.46, 160.02-685.96, and 308.98-699.06 kg/ha, respectively. Only under the fully irrigated conditions, the RUE and winter wheat yield significantly (LSD; P < 0.05) increased in case of B. This experiment showed that in North China, where the water shortage is the highest, application of planting pattern B should be restricted. Instead, F should be used in combination with deficit irrigation to increase the RUE and grain yield of winter wheat.     

Estimation of water consumption and crop water productivity of winter wheat in North China Plain using remote sensing technology

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most water stressed areas in the world. The water consumption of winter wheat accounts for more than 50% of the total water consumption in this region. An accurate estimate of the evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water productivity (CWP) at regional scale is therefore key to the practice of water-saving agriculture in NCP. In this research, the ET and CWP of winter wheat in 83 counties during October 2003 to June 2004 in NCP were estimated using the remote sensing data. The daily ET was calculated using SEBAL model with NOAA remote sensing data in 17 non-cloud days whereas the reference daily crop ET was estimated using meteorological data based on Hargreaves approach. The daily ET and the total ET over the entire growing season of winter wheat were obtained using crop coefficient interpolation approach. The calculated average and maximum water consumption of winter wheat in these 83 counties were 424 and 475 mm, respectively. The calculated daily ET from SEBAL model showed good match with the observed data collected in a Lysimeter. The error of ET estimation over the entire growing stage of winter wheat was approximately 4.3%. The highest CWP across this region was 1.67 kg m⁻³, and the lowest was less than 0.5 kg m⁻³. We observed a close linear relationship between CWP and yield. We also observed that the continuing increase of ET leads to a peaking and subsequent decline of CWP, which suggests that the higher water consumption does not necessarily lead to a higher yield.     

Root growth, available soil water, and water-use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes applied at different growth stages in North China

Field experiments were conducted at the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the winter wheat growing seasons in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. Experiments involving winter wheat with 1, 2, and 3 irrigation applications at jointing, heading, or milking were conducted, and the total irrigation water supplied was maintained at 120 mm. The results indicated that irrigation during the later part of the winter wheat growing season and increase in irrigation frequency decreased the available soil water; this result was mainly due to the changes in the vertical distribution of root length density. In ≤30-cm-deep soil profiles, 3 times irrigation at jointing, heading, and milking increased the root length density, while in >30-cm-deep soil profiles, 1 time irrigation at jointing resulted in the highest root length density. With regard to evapotranspiration (ET), there was no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) difference between the regimes wherein irrigation was applied only once at jointing; 2 times at jointing and heading; and 3 times at jointing, heading, and milking. Compared with 1 and 3 times irrigation during the winter wheat growing season, 2 times irrigation increased grain yield and 2 times irrigation at jointing and heading produced the highest water-use efficiency (WUE). Combining the results obtained regarding grain yield and WUE, it can be concluded that irrigation at the jointing and heading stages results in high grain yield and WUE, which will offer a sound measurement for developing deficit irrigation regimes in North China.     

桶栽条件下冬小麦产量的连旱效应

为了研究连续干旱对冬小麦产量的影响,以冬小麦品种“矮抗58”为试验材料,通过桶栽试验,在冬小麦的拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期分别设置轻度干旱、中度干旱、重度干旱,分别对应土壤含水率控制在田间持水率的60%~70%,50%~60%,40%~50%.试验设置了单阶段受旱9个、两阶段连旱6个,三阶段连旱4个,试验对照1个,共计20个试验处理.研究结果表明,单旱条件下,拔节期减产最明显,抽穗期其次;拔节期轻旱、中旱和重旱分别减产4.08%,21.71%和36.73%.两阶段连旱条件下,拔节期和抽穗期连续中旱对产量影响最大,减产率达28.42%;抽穗期和灌浆期连续中旱对产量影响相对较小.三阶段连旱条件下,连续轻旱减产不明显,连续中旱和重旱分别减产24.96%,53.99%.总体上,拔节期是冬小麦的需水关键期,中旱及以上水平就会引起显著减产;相反,水资源紧缺条件下,抽穗期和灌浆期可以适当中旱,甚至重旱,对产量影响较小.     

冬小麦根层土壤水量平衡的系统动力学模型

为获取冬小麦根系层水量转化情况,该文采用系统动力学的建模思想和Vensim软件构建了冬小麦一维逐日土壤水量平衡模型。模型将2m土层概化为十个串联的水箱,计算了灌溉降雨后的土壤水分下渗、土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾、毛管上升补给和水分重分配等物理过程。利用河北省石津灌区军齐干渠北二支一斗渠2007－2009年两季冬小麦的田间试验资料对模型进行了率定和验证,结果显示率定期和验证期的平均残差比例和分散均方根比例均在15%以内。三种极端条件测试和六种参数的敏感性测试以及与Hydrus-1模型的比较表明模型假定合理,没有发生结构性错误。对灌区两季冬小麦生育期的土壤水分转化进行模拟,结果表明降雨和灌溉是主要供水水源,毛管水上升量很小,底部渗漏较大,而土壤储水量变化很小。     

Responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) evapotranspiration and yield to sprinkler irrigation regimes

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the main productive regions for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) in China. However, water-saving irrigation technologies (WSITs), such as sprinkler irrigation technology and improved surface irrigation technology, and water management practices, such as irrigation scheduling have been adopted to improve field-level water use efficiency especially in winter wheat growing season, due to the water scarcity and continuous increase of water in industry and domestic life in the NCP. As one of the WSITs, sprinkler irrigation has been increasingly used in the NCP during the past 20 years. In this paper, a three-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the responses of volumetric soil water content (SWC), winter wheat yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) to sprinkler irrigation regimes based on the evaporation from an uncovered, 20-cm diameter pan located 0-5 cm above the crop canopy in order to develop an appropriate sprinkler irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the NCP. Results indicated that the temporal variations in SWC for irrigation treatments in the 0-60-cm soil layer were considerably larger than what occurred at deeper depths, whereas temporal variations in SWC for non-irrigation treatments were large throughout the 0-120-cm soil layer. Crop leaf area index, dry biomass, 1000-grains weight and yield were negatively affected by water stress for those treatments with irrigation depth less than 0.50E, where E is the net evaporation (which includes rainfall) from the 20-cm diameter pan. While irrigation with a depth over 1.0E also had negative effect on 1000-grains weight and yield. The seasonal ET of winter wheat was in a range of 206-499 mm during the three years experiments. Relatively high yield, WUE and IWUE were found for the irrigation depth of 0.63E. Therefore, for winter wheat in the NCP the recommended amount of irrigation to apply for each event is the total 0.63E that occurred after the previous irrigation provided total E is in a range of 30-40 mm.     

地下水位调控对冬小麦排水中氮磷浓度的影响

为了寻找减少氮磷流失的最优控水方式,采用田间试验研究不同地下水位控制对冬小麦地氮磷流失的影响.研究结果表明,不同控水方式对冬小麦地排水中氮磷浓度影响明显.经地下水位控制,冬小麦各生育期地下排水中的氨态氮(NH⁺₄-N)质量浓度降低,而硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)质量浓度则有所增加;拔节孕穗期保持水位100 mm处理排水总磷(TP)质量浓度增加,抽穗开花期排水TP质量浓度降低;拔节孕穗期保持水位-200 mm处理TP质量浓度降低,抽穗开花期则有所增加.冬小麦地土壤速效氮质量比在拔节孕穗期有所减少,抽穗开花期保持高水位有利于速效氮质量比降低,拔节孕穗期土壤中的速效磷质量比都有一定幅度的降低,抽穗开花期保持高水位有利于速效磷质量比降低,在水位较低的情况下,控水时间越长,速效磷质量比越大.     

小麦拔节期农学参数和土壤含水量空间统

选取山东省陵县的小麦试验示范基地作为样区,采用GPS定位调查,获取田间21个样点的土壤和小麦植株样品,运用TDR300测定样点土壤含水量,利用SPAD502叶绿素仪测定采样点拔节期小麦植株叶片的叶绿素含量,获取小麦干物质产量信息.基于地统计学原理,结合空间分析技术,探讨了小麦叶绿素含量、干物质产量等农学参数信息和土壤含水量的空间变异特征.研究结果表明,土壤水分和小麦叶绿素含量的空间变异呈强的空间相关性,结构性因素引起的空间变异分别占到总变异97.3%和81.3%.小麦干物质产量具有中等程度的空间变异性,由结构性因素引起的变异占到总变异的50%.土壤含水量、小麦叶绿素含量Kriging插值空间分布呈现明显的片状和斑块状特点,小麦干物质产量Kriging空间分布具有明显的带状分布特点.     

Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water-use efficiency and crop yield on the Loess Plateau,China

In the semi-humid to arid loess plateau areas of North China, water is the limiting factor for rain-fed crop yields. Conservation tillage has been proposed to improve soil and water conservation in these areas. From 1999 to 2005, we conducted a field experiment on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to investigate the effects of conservation tillage on soil water conservation, crop yield, and water-use efficiency. The field experiment was conducted using reduced tillage (RT), no tillage with mulching (NT), subsoil tillage with mulching (ST), and conventional tillage (CT). NT and ST improved water conversation, with the average soil water storage in 0–200 cm soil depth over the six years increased 25.24 mm at the end of summer fallow periods, whereas RT soil water storage decreased 12 mm, compared to CT. At wheat planting times, the available soil water on NT and ST plots was significantly higher than those using CT and RT. The winter wheat yields were also significantly affected by the tillage methods. The average winter wheat yields over 6 years on NT or ST plots were significantly higher than that in CT or RT plots. CT and RT yields did not vary significantly between them. In each study year, NT and ST water-use efficiency (WUE) was higher than that of CT and RT. In the dry growing seasons of 1999–2000, 2004–2005 and the low-rainfall fallow season of 2002, the WUE of NT and ST was significantly higher than that of CT and RT, but did not vary significantly in the other years. For all years, CT and RT showed no WUE advantage. In relation to CT, the economic benefit of RT, NT, and ST increased 62, 1754, and 1467 yuan ha⁻¹, respectively, and the output/input ratio of conservation tillage was higher than that of CT. The overall results showed that NT and ST are the optimum tillage systems for increasing water storage and wheat yields, enhancing WUE and saving energy on the Loess Plateau.     

灌水控制下限对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为制定冬小麦的优质高效灌溉指标,通过3个生长季（2005－2008年）的人工控水试验,研究了不同灌水控制下限对冬小麦生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,播种—拔节前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长、产量及品质的负面影响不明显,且可节水11.68%～18.18%,水分利用效率提高8.33%～12.5%;拔节—抽穗前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的抑制作用最明显,使籽粒出粉率、蛋白质质量分数显著降低,面团形成时间和稳定时间显著缩短,产量降低6.56%～9.08%,但可节水24.29%～31.95%,水分利用效率提高6.19%～10.63%;抽穗扬花期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长没有明显影响,虽显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率,但减产9.96%～11.35%,水分利用效率仅提高了4.12%～5.62%;灌浆成熟期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长影响最小,籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率均显著提高,但大幅度降低了产量,水分利用效率只提高了1.03%～5.95%。华北地区冬小麦优质高效节水灌溉指标是：播种—拔节前期、拔节—抽穗前期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期的灌水控制下限分别为50%、65%、70%和65%田间持水率。     

涝渍胁迫对南方地区冬小麦氮素变化的影响

水位调控是实现稻田灌排联合调控的关键技术,在改善麦田生态环境方面发挥重要作用.在水位调控技术的基础上,采用田间试验和室内分析方法,研究了麦田水位调控下,冬小麦不同生育期、不同农田水层深度、地下水埋深下的氮素变化规律.研究结果表明:小麦受淹有利于地下水NH⁺₄-N质量浓度的降低,受淹处理的地下水NH⁺₄-N质量浓度均小于相同排水强度的没有受淹处理的.随着淹水时间的延长,NH⁺₄-N的质量浓度降低速度缓慢.在没有淹水的情况下,地下水控制时间越长,则排水速度越慢,地下水有足够的时间与土壤及作物根系接触,因而越有利于降低地下水NH⁺₄-N的质量浓度.麦田地下水NO^-₃-N质量浓度的变化规律表现为淹水有利于降低NO^-₃-N质量浓度;非淹水处理时,在返青分蘖期和拔节孕穗期控水后NO^-₃-N质量浓度略微升高,而在抽穗开花期和乳熟期NO^-₃-N质量浓度则显著升高.冬小麦全生育期内,NO^-₃-N均存在淋失的危险性.     

枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂对盐胁迫下冬小麦生长与土壤水氮分布的影响

为了研究枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂在盐胁迫下对冬小麦生长与土壤水氮分布的影响,以盆栽冬小麦种植为试验手段,在8 g/kg的盐分质量比下,设置枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂质量比为0(CK),1(G1),3(G3),5(G5)和7(G7)g/kg等5种施加梯度处理,分析了冬小麦株高、叶面积、生物量以及土壤水分和硝态氮含量的变化情况.结果表明:①...     

冻融过程对FDR测量土壤体积含水量的影响

为研究冻融过程对FDR测量土壤体积含水量的影响,采用基于FDR技术的土壤水分传感器TDR-3,通过室内温度实验箱控制环境温度范围为-20～20 ℃,对冻融过程中黏性土样体积含水量进行了测试分析．结果表明:采用FDR测量黏性土样体积含水量,在土样未进行冻融前,温度在0 ℃以上时,FDR的测量值随温度呈线性变化,随着温度的升高而增大,随着温度的降低而减小;黏性土样冻融过程中,在冻结过程中,FDR的测量值随着温度的降低逐渐减小;在融化过程中,随着温度的升高,FDR的测量值逐渐增大;相同温度条件下,黏性土冻结过程中FDR的测量值明显大于黏性土融化过程中FDR的测量值,0℃时两者差值最大,该差值受土壤初始体积含水量和冻融温度的影响．研究成果对于提高FDR测量冻融过程中土壤体积含水量的可靠性具有重要意义．     

保水剂对冬小麦不同生育阶段土壤水分及利用的影响

为探明保水剂施用后对冬小麦不同生育阶段水分利用的作用机理,在豫西丘陵旱作区,通过大田试验,研究了保水剂对冬小麦不同生育阶段的保水、作物的耗水特征、水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明：保水剂提高了冬小麦不同生育阶段0～100 cm土层的土壤含水量、促进了生物量的积累、降低了小麦耗水量、提高了小麦产量和水分利用效率。各处理中,60和90 kg/hm2处理的土壤含水量及储水量均较其他处理高,而耗水量最低。播种-拔节期,保水剂用量越高干物质积累越显著;拔节-孕穗期及灌浆-收获期,60 kg/hm2处理较对照增加的干物质量最高;而孕穗-灌浆期,30 kg/hm2干物质量增加最为显著。各生育阶段,除孕穗-灌浆期外,60 kg/hm2处理的水分利用效率均较高。最终,60 kg/hm2处理的产量和水分利用效率均最高,较对照增产47.4%,水分利用效率增加10.6 kg/(mm·hm2)。     

Crop yield and soil water restoration on 9-year-old alfalfa pasture in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China

The alfalfa pastureland in the semiarid Loess Plateau region of Northwest China usually has dry soil layers. A field experiment was conducted from October 2000 to October 2004 to examine soil water recovery and crop productivity on a 9-year-old alfalfa pasture. This experiment included six treatments: alfalfa pasture for 10-14 years, a conventional farming system without prior alfalfa planting, and four alfalfa-crop rotation treatments. For the rotation treatments, after 9 years of alfalfa selected crops were planted from 2001 to 2004 in the following sequence: (1) millet, spring wheat, potatoes, peas; (2) millet, corn, corn, spring wheat; (3) millet, potatoes, spring wheat, corn; (4) millet, fallow, peas, potatoes. The results showed that dry soil layers occurred in alfalfa pasture. We then plowed the alfalfa pasture and planted different crops. The soil water gradually increased during crop growth in the experimental period. The degree of soil water recovery in the four alfalfa-crop rotation treatments was derived from comparison with the soil water in the conventional system. After 4 years, the soil water recovery from the alfalfa-crop rotation systems at 0-500 cm soil depth was 90.5%, 89.8%, 92.2% and 96.7%, respectively. Soil total N content and soil respiration rate were high in the alfalfa-crop rotation systems. The yields of spring wheat in 2002, peas in 2003 and potatoes in 2004 in the alfalfa-crop rotation systems were not significantly different from yields in the conventional system. In the alfalfa-crop rotation systems, the yields of spring wheat and peas were greatly influenced by rainfall and were lowest in the dry year of 2004; the yields of corn and potatoes had a direct relationship with water use and were lowest in 2003. In summary, soil water in dry soil layers can recover, and crop yields in the alfalfa-crop systems were equal to those of the conventional system.     

不同灌水定额对冬小麦耗水规律及产量的影响

对比分析了不同灌水定额下冬小麦生长、产量及耗水特性。结果表明,冬小麦拔节至抽穗阶段,灌水定额较小时对株高增长不利。播种—拔节期和灌浆—成熟期阶段耗水量较大,但日耗水量较小;拔节—抽穗期和抽穗—灌浆期阶段耗水量较小,但日耗水量较大;不同灌水定额对穗粒数和穗长的影响较小,灌水定额越大,千粒质量和产量越高,但亩穗数和水分利用效率越低。综合考虑,灌水定额以900m3/hm2为宜。