气调胁迫下3种中药材储藏期害虫

研究了药材甲（Stegobium paniceum）、烟草甲（Lasioderma serricorne）和咖啡豆象（Araecerusfasciculatus）3种中药材储藏期害虫谷胱甘肽转移酶的酶活性,探讨了该酶在CO2气调胁迫下的应激反应。结果表明,药材甲、烟草甲和咖啡豆象的谷胱甘肽转移酶比活力分别为（0．3392±0．0155）、（0．9660±0．2593）nmol／（min·mg）和（O．3702±0．0328）nmol／（min·mg）。CO2气调对3种昆虫GSTs的影响研究结果表明,在CO2气调处理3、6、9h时,药材甲、烟草甲和咖啡豆象成虫的GSTs酶比活力均有一定程度的升高。可见,CO2气调亚致死处理对3种实验昆虫GSTs有一定的诱导激活作用。研究结果对于储藏物害虫气调杀虫机制的分析有指导意义。     

油菜蚤跳甲药剂防治试验

选用6种药剂,采用拌种、拌种+喷雾、喷雾3种施药方法,在甘肃省康乐县进行了双低春油菜田间油菜蚤跳甲防效比较试验,以油菜被害指数表示药剂的防治效果,选出适宜药剂与施药方法。结果表明：拌种处理中,毒死蜱被害指数最低（2~3叶期4.15%、4~5叶期20.38%、5~6叶期32.08%）,氰戊•马拉松、甲维盐次之;拌种+喷雾处理中,氰戊•马拉松（1.83%、15.84%、25.16%）、甲维盐（6.20%、29.25%、29.24%）防效最佳,吡虫啉次之;喷雾处理中,氰戊•马拉松（5.24%、18.79%、29.17%）最佳,甲维盐、吡虫啉次之。氰戊•马拉松、辛硫磷、毒死蜱、甲维盐拌种、拌种+喷雾,甲维盐喷雾将最终死苗率控制在5%以内,大田示范试验中被害指数控制在40%以内,有效控制了对油菜的为害。由此,可以用毒死蜱、氰戊•马拉松、甲维盐、吡虫啉替代高毒农药甲拌磷防治油菜蚤跳甲。其中吡虫啉、甲维盐适宜喷雾,毒死蜱适宜拌种,氰戊•马拉松拌种或喷雾均适宜。     

高浓度二氧化碳对药材甲和烟草甲乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

用高浓度CO2气体胁迫处理药材甲Stegobium paniceum和烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne成虫,通过终点比色法测定不同处理时间下两种昆虫乙酰胆碱酯酶AChE的活力变化及其动力学响应,分析高浓度CO2气调胁迫与AChE性质之间的关系。结果表明,气调处理18h,药材甲和烟草甲比活力分别由对照1.221μmol/mg pro./30min和1.856μmol/mg pro./30min上升到2.231μmol/mgpro./30min和2.135μmol/mg pro./30min。处理6h内,二者AChE比活力均迅速升高,药材甲AChE在处理9~18h活力上升趋于平缓,而烟草甲AChE活力则在处理6~15h内稍微降低。药材甲和烟草甲分别在处理6h和9h内,其AChE动力学参数Km下降到最低点1.830μmol/L和7.632μmol/L,随着处理时间延长,其Km值回升,至18h逐步恢复至对照组水平。高浓度CO2气调胁迫处理亦导致药材甲和烟草甲AChE Vmax的改变。     

铵类化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫存活的影响

在实验室内寄主体外测定了铵类化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫（Meloidogyne incognita J2）存活的影响。结果表明：供试的8种化合物在不同浓度下对南方根结线虫J2有不同程度的致死作用,并且随着浓度的升高致死效果均显著增加。其中NH4HCO3对J2作用最为敏感,浓度为0.025 mol/L（25 ℃,pH 7.95）时校正死亡率达53.5%,浓度达到0.05 mol/L（25 ℃,pH 8.20）时校正死亡率可达100%,而其他化合物只有在高浓度时致死效果才显现出来。致死浓度由低到高的顺序为：NH4HCO3＜(NH4)2SO4＜NH4CNS＜NH4NO3 ＜NH4H2PO4＜NH4Cl＜(NH4)3PO4•3H2O＜(NH4)2HPO4。同时测定了南方根结线虫J2的酸度适应范围是pH4.1~11.0。     

中药材储藏害虫优势种药材甲形态及生活史

药材甲[Stegobium paniceum(L.)]是中药材储藏期害虫优势种,对我国储藏中药材造成极大危害。此虫卵小,椭圆形,长径296.80～380.80μm,短径224.00～313.60μm。幼虫有4个龄期,1～2龄体小,3～4龄体长迅速增加,整个幼虫期蛀食生存于药材中。蛹被蛹室,长5～10 mm,发育过程中伴随颜色变化。成虫体长2～6 mm,羽化后2～3 d交配产卵,单雌卵量(55.78±3.01)粒,寿命(22.22±1.39)d。1年发生3～4代,世代重叠明显,多以当年第4代幼虫越冬。     

喜旱莲子草次生代谢物对莲草直胸跳甲谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

为明确喜旱莲子草的次生代谢物对其专食性天敌-莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫解毒酶和消化酶的影响,利用不同浓度的橙花叔醇、齐墩果酸和甜菜碱浸叶处理喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides,连续饲喂莲草直胸跳甲1~3 d后,测定莲草直胸跳甲谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和淀粉酶(AMS)的活性变化。结果表明,橙花叔醇、齐墩果酸和甜菜碱均能抑制莲草直胸跳甲的GSTs活性,0.1%橙花叔醇和20%甜菜碱处理24 h时的GSTs活性最低,分别为45.67 U/mg和53.95 U/mg,0.2%齐墩果处理72 h时的GSTs活性最低,为98.77 U/mg,且莲草直胸跳甲对橙花叔醇的刺激存在着一种适应机制;0.5%橙花叔醇和0.1%齐墩果酸处理24 h后的GSTs活性最高,分别为243.10 U/mg和250.22 U/mg,是对照的1.55倍和1.59倍,存在诱导激活现象。甜菜碱对莲草直胸跳甲的AMS活性有明显的抑制作用,20%甜菜碱处理72 h后AMS活性最低,为1.01 U/mg,是对照的55.92%。表明喜旱莲子草3种次生代谢物均能抑制谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性,其中橙花叔醇和齐墩果酸对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶有诱导激活作用,而甜菜碱对淀粉酶抑制作用较强。     

典型光活化毒素α-三噻吩对棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的影响

研究了典型光活化毒素α-三噻吩(简称α-T)对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的影响。结果表明:近紫外光照(300~400 nm)对棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟幼虫GSTs活性无显著影响,但两种昆虫GSTs对α-T的反应不同。无光照条件下,α-T对亚洲玉米螟离体GSTs活性没有影响,而高浓度α-T能抑制棉铃虫离体GSTs活性;高剂量α-T可使两种昆虫活体GSTs活性升高。光照条件下,高浓度和高剂量α-T抑制棉铃虫GSTs活性,而不影响亚洲玉米螟离体GSTs活性,但低剂量α-T抑制其活体活性,而高剂量α-T则诱导其活性增加。棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟GSTs对α-T反应的差异,可能与它们对药剂的敏感性以及药剂在两者体内的穿透、运转、贮藏、代谢等生理特性上的差异有关。     

甲氧虫酰肼对棉铃虫解毒酶活力的亚致死效应研究

采用亚致死剂量(LC40浓度)的甲氧虫酰肼处理棉铃虫抗甲氧虫酰肼种群(R)和同源敏感种群(S)3龄初幼虫48 h,测定了3～6龄期幼虫体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、酯酶(EST)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的比活力变化。结果发现:经亚致死剂量甲氧虫酰肼处理后,S种群EST比活力除4龄幼虫外均有所升高,且仅在3龄期升高明显;GSTs比活力在5龄幼虫体内显著升高,其他龄期无明显变化;MFO比活力在6龄幼虫体内表现为降低,其他龄期无显著变化。对于R种群,3龄和6龄幼虫体内EST比活力显著降低,各龄期的GSTs和MFO比活力均显著降低。空白对照R种群3～6龄期幼虫的GSTs比活力均高于S种群;EST比活力仅3龄幼虫显著高于S种群;MFO的比活力仅5龄幼虫显著高于S种群。研究表明:棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼的抗性与GSTs比活力增大关系较为密切;LC40浓度的甲氧虫酰肼可诱导敏感种群EST和GSTs活力升高,而使抗性种群3种酶的活力受到抑制。     

溴氰菊酯对麦穗鱼谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的影响

研究了溴氰菊酯不同浓度、不同处理时间对麦穗鱼体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的影响,同时测定了麦穗鱼不同组织中谷胱甘肽S-转移酶对低浓度溴氰菊酯处理的反应特点。结果表明,处理48 h后,高浓度(0.009 mg/L)组对肝中GSTs活性的抑制率达到43.7％,对鳃中GSTs活性的抑制率达54.3％;而低浓度组(0.001 mg/L)对鳃中GSTs活性有一定的诱导作用。亚致死剂量的溴氰菊酯(3.0×10-4mg/L)处理96 h后,对卵巢的诱导活性最高,其GSTs活性是对照的2.43倍,但对肝、鳃、肾、肠的诱导作用均较低。溴氰菊酯对麦穗鱼不同组织GSTs活性诱导的时间效应和强度不同。     

嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱体内磷酸酯酶的生化与毒理学特性比较研究

采用药膜法对嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱进行生物测定,从5种杀虫剂对两种书虱的LC50可以看出,嗜卷书虱对两种拟除虫菊酯类药剂较嗜虫书虱敏感,嗜虫书虱对丁硫克百威较为敏感,而对有机磷类药剂的作用两种书虱的敏感性相似。两种书虱体内酸性磷酸酯酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酯酶（ALP）的活力比较结果表明：嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱体内ACP的比活力为分别14 μmol/mg&#8226;30 min和2.2 μmol/mg&#8226;30 min,ALP的比活力分别为0.092 μmol/mg&#8226;30 min和0.046 μmol/mg&#8226;30 min。经方差分析,两种书虱ACP和ALP的比活力之间均存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。动力学参数比较结果显示,两种书虱ACP的V _max值之间的差异达到显著水平,而ALP的K _m值之间存在显著性差异。离体试验结果表明,5种药剂对磷酸酯酶的作用各不相同,个别药剂在低浓度下表现诱导作用,说明磷酸酯酶在不同外源毒物的解毒代谢过程中所起的作用有所不同。     

象虫金小蜂中国新记录

本文首次报道了象虫金小蜂在中国的分布,并用图文简要地描述其特征。该蜂是四纹豆象、米象、谷象、玉米象、烟草甲和药材甲等重要贮藏物害虫的天敌。     

Activity of spinosad on stored-tobacco insects and persistence on cured tobacco stripst

Every year raw tobacco and manufactured tobacco products are lost to two major storage pests, the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F) and the tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella (Hiibner). Post-harvest management of both insects is achieved through sanitation, insect monitoring and fumigation with phosphine. However, insect resistance to phosphine and control failures have been reported, and fumigants are under constant regulatory pressure. Here we report the evaluation of spinosad, a bioinsecticide derived from the fermentation of the soil micro-organism Saccharopolyspora spinosa Mertz & Yao. Spinosad was first registered in 1997 and is now widely used as a field pest control agent on many crops, including tobacco. The insecticidal activity of the fermentation product (technical spinosad, TS) was measured by diet incorporation assays against L serricorne and E elutella larvae. Mortality levels were determined on newly hatched larvae and over the whole insect life cycle. For both species, no emergence of adult insects was observed in cured tobacco sprayed with 50mg TS kg(-1) and inoculated with eggs or newly hatched larvae. These results indicated that spinosad has potential for the control of both species in stored tobacco, since 100% control of both pests could be achieved at 50 mg TS kg(-1), and with almost full control (90-95%) at 10 mg kg(-1). We also monitored the stability of the product on cured tobacco. The original concentration of the main active component of TS, spinosyn A, did not change significantly over 18 months, indicating no loss of spinosad during a typical leaf storage period of time. Bioassays against larvae confirmed that the bioinsecticidal activity of spinosad was retained.     

Increased toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa against Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata,Phaedon brassicae and Colaphellus bowringi by a Tenebrio molitor cadherin fragment

BACKGROUND: Biopesticides containing Cry insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are effective against many lepidopteran pests, but there is a lack of Bt‐based pesticides for efficient control of important coleopteran pests. Based on the reported increase in Bt toxin oligomerization by a polypeptide from the Cry3Aa receptor cadherin in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), it was hypothesized that this cadherin peptide, rTmCad1p, would enhance Cry3Aa toxicity towards coleopteran larvae. To test this hypothesis, the relative toxicity of Cry3Aa, with or without rTmCad1p, against damaging chrysomelid vegetable pests of China was evaluated. RESULTS: Cry3Aa toxicity was evaluated in the spotted asparagus beetle (Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata), cabbage leaf beetle (Colaphellus bowringi) and daikon leaf beetle (Phaedon brassicae). To assess the effect of rTmCad1p on Cry3Aa toxicity, neonate larvae were fed Cry3Aa toxin alone or in combination with increasing amounts of rTmCad1p. The data demonstrated that Cry3Aa toxicity was significantly increased in all three vegetable pests, resulting in as much as a 15.3‐fold increase in larval mortality. CONCLUSION: The application of rTmCad1p to enhance Cry3Aa insecticidal activity has potential for use in increasing range and activity levels against coleopteran pests displaying low susceptibility to Bt‐based biopesticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

斜纹夜蛾SlGSTO2对拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂体外代谢及其抗氧化活性

拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂常用来防治包括斜纹夜蛾在内的多种鳞翅目害虫,目前斜纹夜蛾已对这两类杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶 (glutathione S-transferases,GSTs) 广泛参与害虫对杀虫剂抗性的形成。前期通过转录组技术筛选到斜纹夜蛾SlGSTO2基因在拟除虫菊酯高抗种群中显著上调表达,为进一步探究该基因的功能,将其在大肠杆菌中异源表达,并测定重组蛋白对拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂的代谢活性,同时采用抑菌圈试验测定了其抗氧化活性 。 结果表明:重组蛋白SlGSTO2仅对三氟氯氰菊酯有微弱的体外代谢活性,而对氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和毒死蜱均无代谢活性;抑菌圈试验结果表明,表达pET-26b(+)/SlGSTO2的大肠杆菌可以显著降低不同浓度过氧化氢异丙苯的抑菌圈直径,说明SlGSTO2具有抗氧化活性。研究结果丰富了对斜纹夜蛾GSTs Omega家族基因的功能认知。     

Management of five stored-product insects in wheat with pirimiphos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl plus synergized pyrethrins

Hard red winter wheat was treated with pirimiphos-methyl at 4, 6 and 8 mg kg(-1), synergized pyrethrins at 0.38, 0.75, 1.13 and 1.5 mg kg(-1), and combinations of the two insecticides, to conduct laboratory bioassays against four beetle pests of stored grain, red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F), and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L), and one moth pest, Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hubner). Beetle adults and P interpunctella larvae survived well on control wheat, producing a large number of progeny (65-1037 insects per container). Kernel damage in control wheat among the insect species ranged from 9 to 99%. On pirimiphos-methyl-treated wheat, mortality of R dominica adults was > or =72%, but that of the other beetle species and P interpunctella larvae was 100%. Progeny were not produced on pirimiphos-methyl-treated wheat, and the kernel damage was negligible (< or =1%). Synergized pyrethrins were ineffective against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins was not superior to pirimiphos-methyl alone against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos-methyl is not registered in the USA for use on wheat, but our results suggest that it could be a viable grain protectant at rates of 4-8 mg kg(-1).     

Fumigant bioactivity of five Citrus essential oils against Tribolium confusum

During the past decades, the huge use of pesticides caused several environmental problems, so research investigations moved to find a series of compounds with selective toxicity, of a biodegradable and environment-friendly nature, maintaining a positive action in crop and stored products protection. In this perspective, interesting results in the control of pests and fungal pathogens were obtained using essential oils, which are compounds produced by many species of plants as secondary metabolites. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the fumigant activity of five Citrus essential oils against the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum Du Val, planning a possible employment in the mill industry. The fumigant effectiveness was evaluated 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days after the start of exposure and each essential oil was analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. Further evaluations about the toxicity of these compounds were made by partially filling the glass vials with food matrix, in order to assess the possible interference of this matter on the active compounds. The data obtained indicated that, at a low level of fumigant concentration, essential oils can effectively control stored product pests; in the presence of debris, like flour, the efficacy decreased. Plant extracts caused also increased mortality levels after the end of fumigation. The results obtained from this experimentation confirm the efficacy of essential oils in pest control and, in particular, against stored product pests.     

A review of investigations to improve pest managemet of stored maize in smallholder farms in Kenya

A 4-year project in Kenya to develop management strategies for the larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) in smallholder maize stores is described. The entomological investigations included behavioural and ecological studies of pest activity in experimental and farmers' maize stores and the natural environment, the use of insecticides to protect maize stored as grain and cobs and the release of a biological control agent. The latter was a predatory beetle; this marks the first release of a biological control agent against a storage pest in East Africa. The operation of a national trapping network to assess the extent and future spread of the pest and predator and target control campaigns is outlined. Recommendations for the control of the stored product pests, resulting from these investigations, were tested for likely adoption and modification in the light of socioeconomic surveys and a cost-benefit analysis. A decision tree approach to managing stored product pests is suggested which allows extension workers and farmers to decide the necessity of pesticide application when assessing how best to protect stored maize.     

Experiences in controlling resistant pollen beetle by type I ether pyrethroid Trebon 30 EC in Germany

Oil seed rape (OSR) is an important crop in Germany with a long growing history. Due to the prevalence of various springtime pests an average of two pyrethroid applications are made. Pyrethroid resistance in Germany was found locally in 2003, widespread distribution of resistance was observed in 2006, a year of very strong pest pressure. Field trials in 2005 and the following years and laboratory analysis showed good control of resistant pollen beetle ( Meligethes aeneus ) by type I ether pyrethroid etofenprox, the active substance of Trebon 30 EC. Etofenprox differs significantly from common pyrethroids, which are usually ester pyrethroids including an α-amino-group and halogen substitutions. Trebon 30 EC has comparable efficacy on all important OSR pests but it has superior efficacy on resistant pollen beetle compared to common pyrethroids. To cope with pyrethroid resistance of pollen beetle, three different modes of action (MOA)s are postulated, which may be type I pyrethroids, neonicotinoids and organophosphates (OPs). Because type I pyrethroids, such as Trebon 30 EC, perform well at low temperatures, have a broad spectrum of activity, are considered as not to be toxic to bees, and give a high level of control of resistant pollen beetle, they will have an important role in the insecticide spraying regime of OSR.     

Synthesis and juvenile hormone activities of some new ether derivatives of hydroquinone

A new class of compounds, derived from hydroquinones, has been synthesised and bioassayed for juvenile hormone activity on yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum), and mediterranean flour moth (Anagasta kuehniella). Structure-biological activity relationships of the most significant products are tabulated and discussed. Two of the new compounds, 1, 4-bis(5-chloropent-4-ynyloxy) benzene (I) and 1-(5-chloropent-4-ynyloxy)-4-phenoxybenzene (II), showed outstanding activity in morphogenetic assay with T. molitor, and good field persistence. Product II is of particular interest for the control of various Homopteran species, mosquitoes, stored product pests and fire ants.