60Co-γ射线诱导豇豆M2代群体变异分析及突变株筛选

为了获得豇豆诱变材料,用₆₀Co-γ射线诱变豇豆品种早生王和詹豇215的干种子,统计M₂代的育性,并对7个农艺性状变异程度进行相关分析和聚类分析,结果表明：M₂代群体中产生一些白化苗、纤弱苗或无花粉的不育株,正常结实植株的农艺性状变异系数增大,依次为：分枝数＞结荚数＞有效花梗数＞初花节位＞最大荚长＞平均荚长＞开花期,其中前三者之间呈极显著正相关;最大荚长与平均荚长,开花期与初花节位呈极显著正相关;开花期与结荚数呈极显著负相关。M₂代均可聚为6个类群,早生王的性状变异株率为27.49%,詹豇215为24.55%,并分别从中筛选出变异株33个和40个。以分枝数、结荚数、有效花梗数为重点考察性状,有利获得变异个体,其中结荚数对丰产型材料筛选具有更重要意义。     

不同播种期和插秧苗数对‘特优107’产量的影响

为了进一步研究杂交水稻新品种‘特优107’获得较高产量的理论依据,通过采用二因子随机区组设计,在早、晚两季探讨不同播期与苗数对产量构成因素的影响。结果表明：早播种生育期拉长,特别是早季更加明显;增加基本苗数,可以缩短生育期;播种期与苗数的变化主要引起穗粒数和穗数的变化,对产量的影响均达极显著水平;晚季播种期与基本苗两者的互作对产量的影响达极显著水平,而早季未达显著水平。通过适宜的播期和一定的苗数,在主攻穗数的前提下,增加穗粒数,可以提高生产潜力。‘特优107’在闽南做早、晚季栽培,在中肥水平条件下,早季2月中旬末,晚季7月中旬初播种,每公顷基本苗插56.7万苗左右,可以获得较高的产量。     

不同氮肥处理下水稻功能叶片的多样性分析

以52份来自水稻种质资源库的水稻品种为材料,设正常施氮和不施氮两个处理,对供试品种的功能型叶片性状进行分析。结果表明,功能叶片形态特征受到品种基因型和外部施氮水平的共同影响和调控。供试材料在不同氮肥处理下,功能型叶片形态特征上存在丰富的遗传多样性。相关性分析表明,在不同处理条件下,倒一叶长与倒二叶长和倒三叶长均呈显著或极显著正相关;倒一叶宽与倒二叶宽和倒三叶宽均呈极显著正相关。通过主成分分析,在正常施氮和不施氮条件下分别获得3个主成分,累积贡献率分别达到94.5%和90.6%,通过对各品种进行综合评价,正常施氮条件下,排前5名的水稻材料分别为滇屯502、玉米稻、雅恢2115、谷梅3号和水源258;在不施氮条件下,排前5名的水稻材料分别为玉米稻、滇屯502、巴西稻、CDR22和谷梅3号。在水稻株型育种中,应注意利用具有丰富遗传多样性的种质资源,并在亲本选配时选择遗传距离较远且综合性状表现差异较大的种质材料。     

Detection of RAPD markers linked to the everbearing gene in Japanese cultivated strawberry

To identify markers for the everbearing gene in strawberries, 199 F₁ progeny plants were produced from a cross between ‘Ever Berry’ (a Japanese everbearing strawberry) and ‘Toyonoka’ (a Japanese Junebearing strawberry) as the experimental population. The results of flowering tests produced 97 everbears and 102 Junebears. The chi‐square test gave a goodness of fit for the expected ratio of 1 : 1 for everbears to Junebears, suggesting the inheritance of the everbearing trait is controlled by a monogenic dominant gene. RAPD analyses on this trait were carried out using ‘Ever Berry’ and ‘Toyonoka’. Seventy‐one primers, which produced 89 polymorphic fragments between the two parents, were identified from a total of 175 primers. Five markers relating to the everbearing trait were selected from 26 of the 199 progeny plants. The remaining 173 seedlings were analysed with these five markers and a linkage map was constructed using all of the 199 F₁ progeny plants. The length of this linkage group is 39.7 cM. The closest markers found, OPE07‐1 and OPB05‐1, are respectively mapped at 11.8 and 15.8 cM on each side of the everbearing gene.     

Triple Test Cross Analysis in F2 Populations of Four Promising Crosses of Field Pea

The components of genetic variation were studied in four F₂ crosses (PG₃× 5064, T₁₆₃× B.V., T₁₆₃× Arkel and 5064 × ED) for quantitative characters such as days to flowering, plant height, pod number, seed number, test weight and yield/plant. The overall epistasis (T type) was, in general, a major contributor for genetically controlling the expression of the characters in all the- four crosses except for the character seed number in crosses 1 and JV, where the j + l component at epistasis played a significant role in determining the expression of this attribute:. Though the ‘j + l’ component of the epistasis was significant, it was relatively less important than the ‘i’ type epistasis. Both the additive and dominance components of the genetic variation were highly significant for all the trans studied in all die four sets of crosses. The expression of the dominance was directional only for a few characters in certain crosses. The degree of dominance lies in the partial range, and heritability estimates obtained were high for most of the trails. The possible application of cross prediction in the isolation of superior recombinant inbred lines in pea is discussed.     

Phenotypic correlations between vegetative characters and yield components in strawberry

Summary Phenotypic correlations between 21 vegetative and fruiting characters recorded from clones representing 100 random strawberry genotypes were calculated and studied. Vegetative characters associated with yield were found to fall into two main categories: those associated with fruit number (e.g. the number of leaves during the preceding autumn and winter); and those associated with fruit size (e.g. plant size during the preceding seasons). Late flowering was found to be correlated with heavier yields. The possibility of using these correlations as an aid to increasing the proportion of high yielding types selected during a strawberry breeding programme was examined.     

Combining Ability in Almond

2483 almond seedlings developed from 42 crosses between 12 parents were studied for three years (1989, 1990 and 1991). General and specific combining ability was determined for six traits (all years) and eight traits (1989 only). Additive factors are largely responsible for the genetic control of all traits, non-additive factors being of importance for the density of flowering and particularly for the density of production, time and duration of maturation and double kernels. The results permit the correct choice of parents and crosses for future breeding programmes and provide a better insight into the genetic control of the traits studied.     

海棠无性系耐盐碱区试研究

为选育耐盐碱海棠良种,用2年生海棠优良无性系容器苗在分别在滨州、东营和潍坊进行耐盐碱区域试验,通过物候期和形态指标观测、生长量测定等进行抗逆性和适应性评价。结果表明,在3个试验点,7个海棠无性系（‘傲霜’、‘高川’、‘乃馨’、‘拿斯露’、‘奥运红’、‘艾瑞斯’、‘磊丽红’）物候期较为相似,只是随区试点位置不同略有差异,其中滨州经济开发区里则镇的物候期最早,其次是东营市孤岛镇,昌邑市围子镇最晚;开花较早的品系为‘乃馨’、‘拿斯露’、‘艾瑞斯’和西府海棠,除‘高川’和‘奥运红’外,其他海棠品系的花期都较长;除‘傲霜’和西府海棠外,其他海棠品系果实宿存。7个海棠无性系在生长量、生长适应性、抗逆性和抗病虫害方面明显优于对照（‘绚丽’海棠和西府海棠）,其中‘艾瑞斯’生长量最大,其次是‘高川’。参加区域性试验的7个海棠无性系,具有观赏效果好、耐盐碱能力强、生长快等优点,适宜在山东滨海盐碱地及条件相似区域推广应用。     

早果、矮化、抗逆苹果砧木Y系的选育研究

为选育具有本土适应性的苹果矮化砧木,以中国原生的种质资源——野生晋西北山定子为试材,通过田间观察和综合评价,以其实生苗为自根砧嫁接苹果品种,以早花、早果为筛选指标进行初选,以连续开花和结果性能、耐旱性、抗寒性、接穗品种果实品质为主次顺序筛选指标,进一步逐级筛选,进行复选,以八棱海棠为自根砧,复选出的植株自根砧萌蘖苗为中间砧嫁接苹果品种,以矮化性、植株生长势、连续开花和结果性能、耐旱性、抗寒性、接穗品种果实品质为主次顺序筛选指标逐级筛选,进行决选。结果表明,以初选出的砧木群体(定名为Y系)作为自根砧的嫁接植株,早花早果特性和连续开花结果能力极为突出,矮化性状明显,抗寒、抗旱性较强;以决选出的4个优系为中间砧的嫁接植株,除具有Y系嫁接植株基本特性外,果实品质较好。Y系是具有较强的矮化、开花结果、抗寒、抗旱性能的苹果砧木群体,具有很大的苹果矮化砧木选育潜力;4个优系的矮化、开花结果、耐旱、抗寒性能较强,其中,Y-1(原名Y-B030)为矮化砧木,Y-2(原名Y-B094)为极矮化砧木,Y-3(原名Y-B007)为半矮化砧木,均已通过区试及品种审定。     

Effects of Competition upon the Productivity of White Clover-Perennial Ryegrass Mixtures. Genetic Analysis

A diallel cross amongst four contrasting white clover varieties was used to provide genetic information on those characters which affect the productivity of white clover-perennial ryegrass mixtures when grown under a cutting-only management regime. Generally speaking those characters recorded on the clover families and in mixtures exhibited highly significant additive and non-ad dative genetic effects, though for1 sortie characters the latter could not be ascribed solely to dominance effects. For two of the clover characters, stolon and leaf number, the genetic picture was radically altered in mixtures by the effects of inter-specific competition Pseudo-genetic effects were also detected for the grass characters, bur it was suggested that the two ryegrass varieties used here were exhibiting phenotypic plasticity. As a group the four intra-varietal crosses performed significantly better than the six intra-varietal crosses for all clover and mixture characters. Only one of the inter-varietal crosses had significantly positive specific combining ability effects for most characters and that was between the two long established varieties ‘S. 184’ and ‘S. 100’. The implications of these results for the breeding of white clover varieties for use in mixtures are briefly discussed.     

淀粉型甘薯‘川薯231’的选育和优势特性鉴定

为加快选育优质、高产淀粉型甘薯新品种,以优质淀粉型甘薯品种‘西成007’为母本,通过开放授粉的方法获得实生种子。在田间,经过实生苗初筛和高代鉴定获得稳产的候选材料,再结合西南联合试验和抗病鉴定筛选,最终选育出优质高产的淀粉型甘薯新品种,定名为‘川薯231’。对‘川薯231’的形态特征、开花习性、产量、抗病性、品质以及优势特征进行了研究。在2017和2018年的西南联合试验中‘川薯231’平均鲜薯产量为33.84 t/hm²,平均干率为35.62%,薯干产量为11.87 t/hm²,淀粉率为23.01%,均超出对照‘徐薯22’。‘川薯231’在大田抗病中表现为抗蔓割病,中抗黑斑病和根腐病。在生长特性上‘川薯231’薯块表现为萌芽性好,幼苗生长势强。‘川薯231’属于优质、高产淀粉型新品种,其具备的萌芽性好和生长速度快的特征,能够减少种薯消耗,提早栽插,延长大田生长期,增加经济效益。此外,‘川薯231’在田间生长速度快,有利于增强其抗逆性,具有较大的市场潜力,可为改良具有较强抗逆性的优质、高产淀粉型甘薯新品种提供重要的育种材料。在2021年‘川薯...     

Development of semidwarf breeding line with shattering resistance and preharvest-sprouting resistant in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)

An important breeding issue in buckwheat is to increase its resistance to lodging, which can result in the loss of yield and quality of buckwheat foods. We developed the semidwarf buckwheat ‘Kyukei 50’, which has a short plant height and a strong lodging resistance. The internode length of ‘Kyukei 50’ was shorter than that of the summer-sown standard variety ‘HITACHIAKISOBA’. Progeny analysis revealed that the semidwarf trait was dominated by at least one recessive gene. Compared with ‘HITACHIAKISOBA’, in ‘Kyukei 50’, the time of maturation was earlier, and the pre-harvest sprouting resistance was the same, indicating that ‘Kyukei 50’ is suitable for sowing in both spring and summer. ‘Kyukei 50’ exhibits the ‘green flower type’ shattering resistance trait and, therefore, has a thick pedicel; breaking tensile strength is approximately two-fold stronger than that of ‘HITACHIAKISOBA’. The yield of ‘Kyukei 50’ is the same as that of ‘HITACHIAKISOBA’. In addition, the lowest seed height of ‘Kyukei 50’ was >17 cm. These results indicate that the ‘Kyukei 50’ is a promising breeding line for lodging resistance and loss of harvesting machinery.     

18个中国古老月季杂交结实性分析

中国古老月季是培育月季新品种重要的基因资源。分析其杂交亲和性,有助于中国古老月季品种在月季新品种选育中的应用。本研究历时4年以18个中国古老月季为亲本之一,与现代月季及少数野生蔷薇进行人工杂交授粉,统计结实及发芽率,分析其杂交结实特性。结果表明,散粉量多的品种有6个,分别为‘大富贵’、‘思春’、‘一品朱衣’、‘月月粉’、‘紫红香’、‘紫香绒’;离体花粉萌发率偏低,20%以上的品种有‘玉玲珑’、‘一品朱衣’、‘月月粉’、‘紫香绒’、‘大富贵’、‘思春’、‘葡萄红’。共配置杂交组合285个,杂交1190朵花,结实271朵,结实率为22.77%,获得4744粒种子,1833粒发芽,发芽率为38.64%。综合分析发现,‘大富贵’、‘葡萄红’、‘软香红’、‘思春’、‘一品朱衣’、‘云蒸霞蔚’、‘紫红香’、‘紫香绒’8个品种结实性较高,易获得杂交后代。     

The inheritance of resistance to the blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi, in the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa

The objective of this research was to determine which strawberry germplasm could be used to combine late flowering with reduced susceptibility to the strawberry blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi. Seven cultivars and three breeding lines were compared for their susceptibility to A. rubi, by introducing adult weevils onto detached inflorescences. No consistent differences were detected but this contradicted observations from field trials. Five late‐flowering strawberry genotypes were crossed in a half‐diallel programme and progeny were tested for their susceptibility to A. rubi by using detached inflorescences and in a field trial where plants were exposed to a natural infestation. There was good correspondence between the results from the two methods and heritable differences were detected in both experiments, with the additive genetic variance being the more important. The cultivars ‘Idea’ and ‘Alice’ were identified as promising parents for reduced susceptibility while progeny from ‘Sophie’ were most likely to be susceptible.     

甘蓝型油菜早熟性状QTL定位及候选基因筛选

目前对于油菜早熟的研究主要围绕开花期性状进行,虽然开花期与生育期呈显著正相关,但却并不完全一致。对于油菜开花后一系列生长发育进程相关性状的遗传研究和QTL定位鲜有报道。本研究以成熟期差异较大的2个油菜品种‘花前早’和‘Global’构建的DH群体为材料,对影响油菜全生育期的各个发育阶段(开花期、花期持续时间、角果期持续时间和全生育期等)进行表型调查和QTL定位分析。共检测到30个早熟相关性状QTL位点,其中开花期、花期持续时间、角果期持续时间和全生育期等分别检测到12、5、4和9个QTL位点,解释了5.8%~22.4%的表型方差。发现4、2和1个全生育期QTL置信区间分别与开花期、花期持续时间、角果期持续时间位点置信区间完全或部分重叠。筛选到29个可能与油菜早熟性状相关的候选基因,它们通过调控花期或籽粒发育等生长发育进程影响油菜早熟。因此,在早熟性状的研究中,可以同时从开花期和籽粒发育过程入手,不但有利于使熟期进一步提前,也可减缓早熟油菜品种过早开花导致的冬前低温寒潮天气的不利影响。     

Earliness of flowering and fruiting of forty strawberry varieties; A statistical study

Summary For the purpose of strawberry breeding the earliness of flowering and the rate of fruit development of strawberries should be considered two independent properties. This is the main conclusion from a statistical study of the dates of flowering and harvest of 40 varieties in one-year-old plants grown in the open.Further it was found that in a number of varieties the date of first flowers is influenced by the temperature in November, that is, a warm November delays flowering.The vigour of the plant appeared not to be correlated with the date of flowering.Certain high temperatures appeared to depress the rate of fruit development.     

皇冠贝母与波斯贝母的引种适应性研究

皇冠贝母和波斯贝母作为重要的园林花卉应用材料,不仅具有较高的观赏价值,而且种球较大,生长强健,栽培管理简便。为筛选出适应北京露地栽培的观赏贝母品种,本试验对从荷兰引进的6个贝母品种进行了引种适应性研究,评价指标包括物候期、生长指标、形态特征和开花特性等。结果表明：‘极点露波拉’、‘总理’、‘象牙钟’可以直接在北京推广应用,而‘极点鲁特’和‘阿德亚曼’栽培不太稳定,有待进一步的驯化,‘北极光’虽然出苗率很高,但其开花率不高,只进行了营养生长,可能对当地的气候条件还不适应,也有待进一步的驯化栽培。     

Genotype-environment relationships for repening time in blackberries and prospects for breeding an early ripening cultivar for Scotland

Summary When grown in Scotland, eight blackberry cultivars of diverse origin showed considerable variation in the dates when their first fruits ripened. These dates were determined in part by variation in the date of their first open flower and in part by variation in the number of days required from flowering to ripening. Genotype x environment interactions were important for both components, but especially for the second, where they could be attributed to heterogeneity of regressions against the environmental means. Temperature was considered the important environmental factor determining the number of days required from flowering to repening, and accumulated heat units successfully quantified the differences between cultivars for this component: cultivars required similar numbers of heat units in each season and there were no interaction effects. Heat units were not useful for study of flowering dates, however.The implications for breeding early ripening cultivars for Scotland are discussed.     

保水剂施用方式对杨树苗根系特性和土壤酶活性及生长的影响

为探讨在减量灌溉条件下保水剂不同施用方式对杨树根系特性与生长的作用效果,以一年生杨树苗为试材,通过盆栽试验研究了在仅有常规灌溉量60%的条件下不施肥和保水剂(CK)、单施尿素(U)、单施保水剂(S)、保水剂-尿素混施(SUM)与保水剂-尿素凝胶(SUG)等处理对杨树苗根系特性、根际土壤酶活性及生长的影响。结果表明：同U处理相比,SUG处理显著提高了杨树苗的根系活力、根系总吸收面积与活跃吸收面积及根系分泌物含量,其中根系总吸收面积分别比CK、U、S与SUM处理显著高出189.73%、26.44%、34.97%与15.56%;同时,SUG处理亦明显增强了根际土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性。此外,SUG处理还显著促进了杨树苗株高与地径的生长,其中株高相比CK、U、S与SUM处理分别提高42.96%、14.67%、26.42%与7.72%,地径分别提高41.86%、17.88%、24.31%与10.37%。与SUG处理相比,S、SUM处理对杨树苗根系特性与生长的影响作用较小。综上,在减量灌溉条件下(60%常规灌溉量)施用保水剂的3种不同方式中,保水剂-尿素凝胶方式更利于改善杨树苗根系特性和增强土壤酶活性,并促进生长。这对于干旱、半干旱地区杨树人工林的节水高产栽培具有重要参考价值。     

滨海盐碱胁迫下白蜡无性系生长及生理特性的响应

为筛选白蜡耐盐速生优良无性系,在滨海盐碱环境胁迫下,以国内收集的42个白蜡种质资源无性系为研究对象,利用相关性和主成分分析法对42个无性系干鲜比、株高、地径以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、细胞膜透性、叶绿素、过氧化物酶(POD) 、丙二醛(MDA)生理代谢等指标进行遗传变异分析和综合评价。结果表明：42个无性系8个指标之间存在一定程度的差异,其中过氧化物酶(POD)变异系数最大,为64.33%,变异幅度25.00~458.30 U/(g·min);其次为丙二醛(MDA),变异系数为49.52%,变幅为0.50~7.08 umol/kg;再次为叶绿素和地径,变异系数分别为18.92%和18.56%,变幅分别为1.46~4.26 mg/g和1.15~2.78 cm;相关性分析结果表明,滨海盐碱胁迫下苗木干鲜比、株高和地径与各生理指标之间的相关性均达显著或极显著相关,说明利用生长指标和生理指标对无性系耐盐性进行综合评价,能反映滨海盐碱胁迫后的响应;利用主成分分析法对42份白蜡种质资源无性系综合得分及排名得知,各无性系耐盐碱性由强到弱前10位依次为‘盐3’>‘LC13’>‘济20’>‘R7-2’>‘盐2’>‘环翠3号’>‘胶南11’>‘白蜡4-2’>‘白蜡2’>‘DT21’。因此,初步认为上述10个无性系具有显著速生性和耐盐碱性,可作为盐渍立地造林或抗逆育种的重要应用材料。