华东地区典型县域近20年土地利用动态变化分析 —以宜兴市为例

摘要：以1987年和2007年的TM遥感图像为主要数据源,利用人工解译和监督分类相结合的方法提取宜兴市土地利用类型数据,采用GIS空间分析方法和数理统计方法分析了土地利用的数量、比例和结构变化,得到宜兴市近20年来土地利用时空变化特征。结果表明,近20年来宜兴市的土地利用总体变化趋势是耕地面积急剧下降、建设用地和水域面积都有大幅度增加、林地和园地的面积变化不大;土地利用类型之间的转移主要是水田向建设用地和水域转移,林地向园地和建设用地转移,旱地和未利用地主要是向其它地类单向转出;宜兴市20年来耕地的平均年降幅为1.76%,建设用地增长幅度的平均年增幅为4.05%,变化幅度均远超过全国平均水平。     

基于改进MCR模型的重庆市江津区生态安全格局构建

三峡库区县域生态源地的识别和生态安全格局的构建对库区范围的生态保护具有重要的意义。以三峡库区范围的县域江津区为例,基于改进的最小累积阻力(MCR)模型和GIS空间分析技术,构建生态源地扩张最小累积阻力面和建设用地扩张最小累积阻力面,识别生态廊道、辐射通道以及生态战略节点等生态过程,构建生态安全格局。结果表明：确定了10个生态源地扩张阻力因子和9个城镇用地扩张阻力因子；江津区低水平生态安全格局面积较大,为994.71km₂,占江津区总面积的30.98%；高水平生态安全格局面积仅占江津区总面积的23.66%；识别出区域重要的生态廊道38条,生态战略节点14个；高中低三级生态安全格可以作为三峡库区县域的生态保护和城镇用地开发重要的参考依据。     

The Building and Roof Garden

The roof garden has great functioning of smoothing the shortage of land resource in the city and making use of the land resource diversity and efficiently. It is an efficient and reasonable way to exploit the open space the roof of the building. From the classic roof garden of the world, we can find out that roof garden has close relationship with the building. Roof garden is different with other kind landscape in the city, it needed cooperation of landscape architect and architect from at the stages of design, construction, upholding and management. We should attach importance to roof garden in the construction of building.     

三里洞煤矸石废弃地景观规划

煤矸石的大量堆放破坏环境与景观格局,带来了一系列的生态环境问题。本文探索了矸石废弃地景观规划设计的目标与原则,运用生态恢复、景观设计的理论方法指导矸石废弃地进行生态恢复与景观重建。以矸石堆尺度、废弃地尺度两种立地类型划分结果为依据,在此基础上进行了景观规划设计。从而引发对废弃地区域规划设计的思考,这对改善矿区生态环境面貌,恢复土地的生产能力,促进农业生产,提高城市地位和形象有着重要的意义,也可为其它地区矸石废弃地的景观规划提供借鉴。     

Space Structuring of the Northern Foot of the Qinling Mountains(Xi'an Section) based on Landscape City

Northern foot of the Qinling Mountains(Xi'an Section) is a transitional section between the Qinling Mountains and Xi'an City, so it has great ecological signifi cance. On the basis of sorting out landscape city, space structuring of the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains was studied within the theoretical framework of landscape city, it was disclosed that northern foot of the Qinling Mountains was a signifi cant ecological screen for the landscape city spatial pattern of Xi'an, and an important carrier for its "mountain, water and city" cultures. Then, fi ve infl uence factors for the space structuring of the study area were given, and basic contents of the space structuring analyzed from fi ve perspectives of spatial structure, spatial form, ecological environment, integration of regional spaces, historical and cultural context, so as to explore ecological conservation and moderate utilization of the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains from the perspective of space structuring.     

Application of UAV Image in Quantitative Analysis of Landscape Pattern of Railway

Taking Beijing–Shanghai High-speed Railway(the section of Zhenjiangnan Station) for example,this paper applied UAV remote sensing data and GIS spatial analysis to analyze current land use types in this section,on this basis used landscape pattern indices that showed high correlation with land use changes for the quantitative analysis and evaluation of ecosystem structure in the study area and also landscape pattern after the construction of high-speed railway.The results showed that UAV images performed well in the evaluation of railway landscape ecological environment,landscape structure and features represented by the selected landscape pattern indices in this paper were applicable,and capable of ensuring scientific evaluation of ecological environmental impact;the overall landscape pattern of the Zhenjiangnan Station section(Beijing–Shanghai High-speed Railway) after completion was moderate,and local ecosystem was damaged,thus scientific and reasonable ecological planning was required to design and change landscape structure.     

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.     

基于景观类型的北京市生态风险时空特征分析

生态风险评价作为一种综合评估区域内各类型生态系统的生态风险值的重要方法,如何定性定量地对其进行客观研究,一直是生态学研究的热点。笔者以北京为研究对象,通过构建生态风险指数,借助空间自相关模型和地统计学方法,对北京生态风险的空间分布特征、变异规律以及空间关联格局进行探讨。结果表明：在2000—2010年北京市快速发展的11年间,北京各景观类型面积变化幅度为水域＞人工＞农田＞草地＞未利用地＞森林;研究区内土地利用生态风险水平存在一定的空间正相关性,并随粒级增大而下降;2000—2010年,北京市生态风险呈现先下降后上升趋势,生态风险强度以城区为中心向郊区、远郊区呈放射状逐渐增加。     

成都市“十二五”现代农业科技发展战略研究Ⅱ

科学谋划重点任务是推进成都“十二五”现代农业科技发展的关键。采用文献调查与实地调查、定性与定量相结合的方法,提出了成都“十二五”现代农业科技发展的重点任务。主要有六大重点任务-构建现代农业技术链、培育壮大优势特色产业、建设农业科研总部并辐射农业“二带三圈”、搭建农业科技服务平台、强化农业高新技术应用、建设世界现代田园城市示范线。通过工程模式、集成推进,为把成都打造成为全国领先的现代农业示范区提供科技支撑。     

The Coupling of Landscape Pattern and Landscape Esthetics of Urban Traditional Cultural Tourism Destination: A Case Study of Confucius Temple-Qinhuai River Scenic Area in Nanjing City

Study on the relationship between landscape beauty and ecological beauty is an important scientifi c problem that refl ects the nature of man-land relation, and current academic researches on this topic are most based on a single perspective. Therefore, this paper took the Confucius Temple–Qinhuai River Scenic Area in Nanjing City as a typical case of urban traditional cultural tourism destination, adopted landscape pattern indexes and balanced incomplete block comparison and evaluation method as the evaluation standards of ecological beauty and landscape beauty, and analyzed the coupling characteristics and rules of landscape pattern and landscape aesthetics. The results showed that(a) The overall landscape of the study area had higher fragmentation degree, but different landscape groups were infl uenced by different human interventions, landscape patches showed moderate diversity and heterogeneity, patch area, spatial distribution and spatial aggregation degree showed structural differences.(b) The locals and visitors had aesthetic perception of the study area, but preferred the beautiful natural scenery of the Qinhuai River, as well as the historical buildings and cultural landscapes that contain rich memories of the city.(c) Landscape pattern and landscape aesthetics showed coupled complementation and harmonious coexistence. The Confucius Temple–Qinhuai River Scenic Area has profound historical and cultural background, but it has witnessed gradual loss of cultural characteristics and fast "delocalization" against the background of rapid urbanization. As an urban traditional cultural tourism destination, it carries the responsibility of protecting city memories and inheriting regional cultures.     

Exploration on Design of Waterfront Landscape and Building in Xianghu Lake Park of Nanchang City

Wa terfront park is an important composition of current urban ecological tourism in China,which sufficiently reveals the economic development situation of the city and the leisure culture life of the masses,and embodies rich regional cultural characteristics.Taking Xianghu Lake Park of Nanchang City as the example,design features of its water landscape and building are analyzed and explored.The design fol ows the principle of utilization function combining with artistry,pa ys attention to plane layout and spatial organization,and retains classical architectural style of the building.     

Study on Regional Culture Inheritance in the Construction of Modern City Parks: A Case Study of Fule Mountain Park in Mianyang City,Sichuan Province

City park, as an everlasting cultural carrier, is an important place for the expression of regional culture. The concept and characteristics of regional culture are summarized, and regional culture inheritance carrier mainly includes land, garden style, garden building, etc. There are generally six methods: reservation, restoration, inheritance and development, extraction, reappearance, and creation. Taking Fule mountain Park in Mianyang City for example, combination of regional culture and landscape is analyzed.     

基于遥感数据的喀什市生态因子特征分析

分析城市生态敏感性因子及其分布特征,在进行城市环境管理,制定区域社会经济发展政策等方面具有重要作用。以喀什市为研究对象,选取坡度、高程、植被覆盖指数(NDVI)、土地利用类型及水体等5个生态敏感性因子,ArcGIS空间分析与单因子分析法相结合,对喀什市生态因子特征进行系统分析。结果表明：高敏感区和中敏感区主要分布在植被覆盖率较高、地势和坡度低、绿化面积较大的区域,而低敏感区和不敏感区分布于地势和坡度较高的丘陵、荒地、未利用地等区域,其中因子敏感区面积最大的是水体因子,最小的为坡度因子,面积占75.46%和0.33%;从生态因子敏感性程度来看,坡度大的区域敏感性程度低,坡度小的区域则敏感性程度高,地势高的区域敏感性程度低,地势低的区域敏感性程度高;从生态因子敏感区特征来看,高度敏感区的自我恢复能力差,敏感性总体程度高;中度生态敏感区生态功能较弱、生态系统不太稳定;低度生态敏感区和不敏感区的生态系统较稳定,敏感性程度低,能承受外界因素的破坏和干扰能力强。     

西南典型喀斯特洼地风景园林规划设计探析

基于风景园林多学科交叉的性质,以毕节撒拉溪示范区风景园林规划为例,探讨喀斯特洼地景观规划设计与水土保持措施。通过文献法、实地调查法、多学科综合研究法,分析喀斯特洼地在空间、视觉、文化等方面的特征,从自然条件、环境容量与规模预测、区位交通、资源分析、使用人群以及SWOT分析等方面,对喀斯特洼地进行功能分区、景观空间布局、道路布局、植物配植以及园林建筑营造研究,将景观营造与石漠化治理相结合,探索一种适宜喀斯特洼地的风景园林规划设计方法。     

成都市区典型园林植物群落冠层结构的量化研究

为定量评价成都市城市园林植物群落的冠层结构,采用WinScanopy冠层分析仪和分析软件WinScanopy For Hemispherical Image Analysis对成都市区30个典型园林植物群落的冠层结构进行了定量化研究。结果表明,各样地植物群落冠层结构有显著差异。表征植物群落冠层结构的指数LAI、总空隙度、总开度、郁闭度变化范围分别在0.07~2.61、13.61%~95.81%、14.32%~88.3%、11.71%~85.68%;平均叶倾角从锐角(14.76°)到近直角(82.44°)分布。以上冠层结构指标数据的取得有助于城市园林植物群落空间结构的定量化评价和奠定城市园林植物群落冠层结构量化研究的基础,同时为园林植物群落的配置与造景设计提供科学依据。     

Design of Landscape Ecological Restoration for “Five Mining Areas” of the Laoqing Mountain in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Through analyzing basic conditions of the "five mining areas" in the Laoqing Mountain of the Dianchi Lake Basin, in Kunming City, South China, the ecological restoration design of "integrating engineering protection and biological restoration, building the landscape ecological security pattern of the Laoqing Mountain" was proposed. Considering the different ecological functional areas, varying engineering measures, greening patterns, and irrigation means were selected for the ecological restoration, including site management, vegetation restoration, management and utilization etc.. These ecological restoration measures will produce favorable ecological benefits, and also take landscape effect and sustainable development into consideration, which will contribute to the ecological restoration of the "five mining areas", and provide a scientific and feasible reference for the ecological restoration in China.     

基于自然生态约束评价的县域生态安全格局构建

自然生态条件的空间差异是导致不同地区生态功能差异的重要原因,直接影响区域生态安全。本文以GIS技术为支撑,通过选择地形地貌、特殊生态保护区、区域环境容量等方面的评价指标, 进行自然生态约束的空间分异综合评价,依据评价结果划定生态功能属性不同的地域单元,为建构区域生态安全格局提供方法和理论支撑。文章以安徽无为县为案例进行实证分析,以县域内的23个乡镇为基本评价单元,选择山地、水网密度、湿地、自然保护区、水环境容量、地质灾害等因子,评价自然生态约束的空间差异,结合安徽无为县区域开发的方向,在县域内构建由3个生态源区、5个生态廊道和众多的生态楔构成的县域生态安全格局,最后对县域生态安全格局的建设提出讨论和建议。     

空间开发适宜性分析与管制分区——以铜陵市为例

在市域空间利用规划过程中进行开发适宜性分区评价,明确市域开发适宜程度及空间分布,为市域空间利用规划中土地开发利用方向的确定和空间布局的划分提供科学依据,以更好地协调开发建设和生态环境保护的关系。借鉴国内外城市区域空间开发与管制的研究理论,以空间开发适宜性分析为基础,以高分辨率航空影像、统计年鉴、实地考察为数据源,从自然生态约束条件、经济发展支撑能力2个系统层面建立了包括9个要素、20个因子的评价指标体系;利用组合赋权法确定各评价因子的权重值,以栅格为评价单元,通过GIS空间分析技术构建一整套完整的市域空间管制分区技术体系。从而确定市域各评价单元的工业和城市开发适宜程度,进而划定各类管制区。以铜陵市为例进行实证研究,根据其自然生态约束及经济开发需求与支撑能力的综合空间分析,拟将铜陵市市域空间分为适宜建设区、较适宜建设区、限制建设区与禁止建设区,制定了分区管制措施,提出了空间利用建议,旨在促进铜陵形成经济发展与人口资源环境相协调的空间均衡格局,为铜陵市空间利用规划提供指导。     

基于三生空间的乡村土地利用空间布局优化研究——以黑龙江省明水县永兴镇为例

在乡村振兴战略背景下,从三生空间视角出发对黑龙江省乡村土地利用空间的布局优化进行研究,有利于推进生态宜居的美丽乡村建设。以黑龙江省明水县永兴镇为研究区,结合明水县永兴镇的实际情况和收集资料的情况,构建明水县永兴镇三生空间的分类体系,运用GIS空间地理分析法和景观指数法对明水县永兴镇三生空间的现状进行分析,提出明水县永兴镇土地利用空间布局优化对策,以期为黑龙江省其它地区乡村土地利用空间的布局优化提供参考。     

洛阳市绿地景观格局分析及综合评判

绿地景观是城市生态系统的生态基础,人类赖以生存的基质与环境,城市生物多样性的载体,以洛阳市绿地景观为研究对象,利用遥感(RS)技术获取绿地的景观信息,建立了洛阳市绿地信息专题数据库,在景观生态学理论指导下,从绿地量、绿地规模、连接程度、空间布局等方面进行了洛阳市绿地景观格局分析,并通过主成分分析法,利用主成分与贡献率乘积的累积值,对不同区域绿地进行景观格局综合评价,将评价指标综合为景观格局、分离度和廊道密度3项指标,由于涧西区的人均绿地面积、绿化覆盖率、斑块平均面积、景观优势度、多样性指数均为最大;得出涧西区最优,西工区次之,老城区第三,洛龙区第四,瀍河区最差。该方法为绿地景观格局的综合评价提供了一定的参考,为洛阳市绿地系统的景观结构优化提供依据。