5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the lumbar fluid: a specific indicator of spinal cord injury

In cats, 19 days after the lower thoracic cord was injllred, the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the lumbosacral cord and that of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the lumbar fluid decreased. At the same time the concentrations of these substances in the cord above the lesion and that of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cisternal fluid was not significantly altered. Since high concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid are present in the human lumbosacral cord, it appears that the concentration of 5-hydroxyincdoleacetic acid in the lumbar fluid of animals and man reflects the biochemical changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the spinal cord.     

Origin of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the spinl fluid

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid applied intracisternally in cats does not appear in spinal fluid. Changes of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration in the spinal cord are clearly reflected in the perfusate of the spinal subarachnoid space. Thus, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the spinal fluid originates from the spinal cord and reflects metabolic changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the spinal tissue, but not those in the brain.     

Lysergic acid diethylamide: role in conversion of plasma tryptophan to brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

Injections of D-lysergic acid diethylamide decrease the turnover rate of 5-hydroxytryptamine of rat brain, as measured from the conversion of (14)C-tryptophan into (14)C-5-hydroxytryptamine. The 2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide given in doses fivefold greater than those of lysergic acid diethylamide fails to change the rate of (14)C-tryptophan conversion into (14)C-5-hydroxytryptamine. The effect of D-lysergic acid diethylamide is discussed with regard to its action on brain serotonergic neurons and its psychotomimetic effects.     

Micelle formation between 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine triphosphate in platelet storage organelles

As judged by analytical ultracentrifugation, 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine-5'-triphosphate form micelles in artificial mixtures and also in storage organelles containing 5-hydroxytryptamine of blood platelets of rabbits. Their average apparent molecular weights depend on the concentration and on the molar ratio of the two constituents. The 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine triphosphate of these 5-hydroxytryptamine organelles may be stored in vivo together as micelles with apparent molecular weights of several hundred thousands or more.     

Depression of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain by benzoquinolizine derivatives

The effects of two benzoquinolizine derivatives on the 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine content of the brain of mice, and some pharmacological actions, are described. Certain central effects (such as sedation and narcosis potentiation) of benzoquinolizine derivatives and possibly of Rauwolfia alkaloids may be due to changes of norepinephrine metabolism rather than to changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the brain.     

Identification and assay of 5-hydroxytryptamine in molluscan tissues by fluorescence method

The fluorescence assay method has been used in the identification and quantitative estimation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in mollusks. Ganglia of a representative pelecypod contain more 5-HT than those of a gastropod. Most non-nerve tissues have low levels of 5-HT, which, except in "kidneys," may derive from nerve endings.     

Morphine tolerance, physical dependence, and synthesis of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine

Tolerance and physical dependence development to morphine in mice can be prevented by concomitant administration of cycloheximide. The fact that the rate of synthesis of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) increases with tolerance to morphine suggests that the protein involved may be associated with 5HT synthesis. Inhibition of this synthesis with p-chlorophenylalanine markedly decreases tolerance and physical dependence development to morphine.     

哺乳仔猪外周血5-羟色胺的合成与代谢研究

[目的]探讨哺乳仔猪外周血5-羟色胺的合成与代谢随日龄变化的规律。[方法]选用15只0、5和15日龄的英系大白猪为试验动物,采用反相高效液相色谱——紫外检测法对其外周血血清中L-Trp、5-HT和5-HIAA的含量进行测定。[结果]仔猪初生时L-Trp的含量为（16.92±1.74）μmol/L,5日龄时为（59.94±10.88）μmol/L,15日龄时为（70.42±6.48）μmol/L;仔猪初生时5-HT的含量为（12.85±1.79）μmol/L,5日龄时为（4.81±2.05）μmol/L,15日龄时为（5.49±1.09）μmol/L;代谢产物5-HIAA在各日龄仔猪血清中均未检出。[结论]随日龄增加,哺乳仔猪外周血L-Trp的含量显著增加（P〈0.05）,而5-HT的含量与L-Trp-5-HT通路转化率在初生时最高（P〈0.05）,此后趋于稳定（P〉0.05）。     

Neurosecretory cells: daily rhythmicity in Leiobunum longipes

A fluorometric-analysis procedure, used to quantitate indoles, confirmed the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in an arachnid; there was unimodal cyclic production of 5-HT in brain and intestinal tissues over a 24-hour period. The same tissues produced 5-HT after 80-day culture; bimodal cyclic output was indicated during continuous 24-hour study. One peak occurred at 0200 hours, at the same time as the peak in vivo, suggesting an endogenously controlled mechanism of secretion. The second peak occurred at midmorning, a time when production in vivo was lowest, suggesting that there is a possible feedback-control mechanism in the organism that inhibits the endogenous output of 5-HT.     

Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and iproniazid on pregnancy

The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and iproniazid on pregnancy in mice and rabbits were investigated. 5-Hydroxytryptamine can interrupt pregnancy at all stages in mice but is particularly effective early and late in pregnancy. Iproniazid exerts its action essentially in the first half of pregnancy. 5-Hydroxytryptamine produces striking hemorrhage in the placenta.     

5-hydroxytryptamine in the carotid body of the cat

Glomus cells, at least in the carotid body of cats, contain catechol and indolamines. Cells containing adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine were identified.     

Cortical 5-HT2A receptor signaling modulates anxiety-like behaviors in mice

Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurotransmission in the central nervous system modulates depression and anxiety-related behaviors in humans and rodents, but the responsible downstream receptors remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that global disruption of 5-HT2A receptor (5HT2AR) signaling in mice reduces inhibition in conflict anxiety paradigms without affecting fear-conditioned and depression-related behaviors. Selective restoration of 5HT2AR signaling to the cortex normalized conflict anxiety behaviors. These findings indicate a specific role for cortical 5HT2AR function in the modulation of conflict anxiety, consistent with models of cortical, "top-down" influences on risk assessment.     

Teratogenic effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine in mice

The subcutaneous injection of a single dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine into pregnant mice produced a large number of fetal abnormalities, mostly of the eyes, limbs, and tail; the skull and central nervous system were also sometimes affected. These effects could result from the action of the drug on placental function and blood supply.     

红花籽粕中5-羟色胺衍生物的提取工艺

[目的]探究红花籽粕中5-羟色胺衍生物的回流提取工艺。[方法]经过单因素试验,确定乙醇为最适合提取溶剂,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定提取过程中3个主要因素的最佳值。[结果]结果表明:原料粒度在20目以上可以有较好的提取效果;提取过程中3个主要因素的最佳值:提取温度为80℃,提取时间为3 h,液料比为3∶1。在此条件下,5-羟色胺衍生物的提取得率达到了2.592mmol/g。[结论]液料比对试验结果影响最大,其次为提取温度和提取时间。     

水牛消化道五羟色胺免疫反应细胞的分布和形态学研究

PAP方法显示水牛消化道五羟色胺(5-HT)免疫反应细胞(EC细胞),以十二指肠最多(251/mm_2),直肠次之(217/mm_2),由十二指肠至结肠EC细胞密度逐渐减少,胃部EC细胞多为圆形或不规则形,颗粒均匀分布于核周围,细胞顶端一般不达腺腔。肠部EC细胞为长形或锥形,颗粒集中分布于细胞的基部,向顶端逐渐稀疏,顶端有明显的达到腺腔现象。     

Alterations in 5-HT1B receptor function by p11 in depression-like states

The pathophysiology of depression remains enigmatic, although abnormalities in serotonin signaling have been implicated. We have found that the serotonin 1B receptor [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1B) receptor] interacts with p11. p11 increases localization of 5-HT1B receptors at the cell surface. p11 is increased in rodent brains by antidepressants or electroconvulsive therapy, but decreased in an animal model of depression and in brain tissue from depressed patients. Overexpression of p11 increases 5-HT1B receptor function in cells and recapitulates certain behaviors seen after antidepressant treatment in mice. p11 knockout mice exhibit a depression-like phenotype and have reduced responsiveness to 5-HT1B receptor agonists and reduced behavioral reactions to an antidepressant.     

诃子及其炮制品对小鼠小肠5-羟色胺分泌的影响

为探究诃子的2种藏医特殊炮制品(茜草制诃子和白狼毒制诃子)对小鼠小肠5-羟色胺(5-hydrox-ytryptamine,5-HT)免疫反应(immunoreactive,IR)细胞分泌活动的影响,采用免疫组织化学方法对小肠内5-HT的细胞定位及蛋白表达进行研究。结果表明,5-HT在小肠各段均有分布,其蛋白表达量从十二指肠到回肠逐渐降低。给药28 d后,茜草制诃子(1.0、4.0 g·kg^-1)、白狼毒制诃子(1.0、4.0 g·kg^-1)和原药诃子(4.0 g·kg^-1)处理组小鼠小肠各段5-HT蛋白表达量均显著减少。药效表现为茜草制诃子>白狼毒制诃子>原药诃子,且4.0 g·kg^-1剂量的效果优于1.0 g·kg^-1。5-HT-IR细胞形态多样,主要呈锥体形、椭圆形、梭形等。对照组5-HT-IR细胞主要分布在肠腺上皮和肠固有膜,而试验组在肠黏膜上皮细胞之间和肠腺上皮分布多一些。由此可知,诃子及其白狼毒制、茜草制炮制品能不同程度地抑制小肠5-HT的分泌,其中以4.0 g·kg^-1的茜草制诃子效果最好。     

miR-99a-5p inhibits target gene FZD5 expression and steroid hormone secretion from goat ovarian granulosa cells

MicroRNA (miRNA) has vital regulatory effects on the proliferation, differentiation and secretion of ovarian granulosa cells, but the role of miR-99a-5p in goat ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is unclear. Both miR-99a-5p and Frizzled-5 (FZD5) were found to be expressed in GCs in goat ovaries via fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and FZD5 was verified (P<0.001) as a target gene of miR-99a-5p by double luciferase reporter gene experiments. Furthermore, FZD5 mRNA and protein expression were both found to be regulated (P<0.05) by miR-99a-5p in GCs. Moreover, the overexpression of miR-99a-5p or knockdown of FZD5 suppressed (P<0.05) estradiol and progesterone secretion from the GCs, as determined by ELISA. In summary, miR-99a-5p inhibits target gene FZD5 expression and estradiol and progesterone synthesis in GCs. Our study thus provides seminal data and new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of follicular development in the goat and other animals.     

Stink of Stinkpot Turtle Identified: ohgr-Phenylalkanoic Acids

The exocrine secretion of the "stinkpot turtle," Sternotherus odoratus, discharged by the animals in response to disturbance, contains four omega-phenylalkanoic acids (phenylacetic, 3-phenylpropionic, 5-phenylpentanoic, and 7-phenylheptanoic). The last two of these are new natural products. The first two are powerfully malodorous and responsible for the stench of the fluid. Lesser components, including several aliphatic acids, are also present. Only a few milligrams of secretion are discharged by a turtle at any one time. Although bioassays with fish suggest that the secretion has the potential to serve as a feeding deterrent to predators, it is argued that Sternotherus does not ordinarily discharge enough fluid to effect this action and may employ its secretion only as an aposematic signal that warns predators of its more generalized undesirability.     

Crypts are the site of intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion

The site of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-mediated fluid and electrolyte secretion across mammalian large intestine was found to be the crypts of Lieberkühn by means of two techniques. First, the formation of fluid droplets was visualized on the oil-covered mucosal surface directly over crypt duct openings when secretion was stimulated. Second, microelectrode impalement of individual surface and crypt cells revealed that only crypts cells produced a pattern of secretagogue induced alterations in membrane potential and resistance that was characteristic of secretory epithelia.