半胱胺两种添加方式对育肥猪生产性能的影响

动物的生长发育受神经内分泌系统的调节，其中最重要的是由下丘脑-垂体-靶腺构成的神经内分泌生长轴（the somatotmpic axis）。生长激素（Growth Hormone，GH）是该调控的核心，它能够促进肌肉组织蛋白质的合成，抑制脂肪组织葡萄糖的摄入和脂肪的合成。生长抑素（Somatostatin，sS）是由神经系统和胃肠道产生的，它对单胃动物的生长激素（GH）、     

半胱胺不同添加方式对育肥猪胴体品质及血液生化指标的影响

动物体内几乎所有的激素都直接或间接参与生长的调节．而其中最重要的是由下丘脑-垂体-靶腺构成的神经内分泌生长轴，生长激素是该调控的核心它能够促进肌肉组织蛋白质的合成．抑制脂肪组织葡萄糖的摄入和脂肪的合成．生长抑素（SS）是由神经系统和胃肠道产生的它对单胃动物的生长激素(GH)、甲状腺素（T3、T4），胰岛素等代谢激素起抑制性调节作用。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌在动物医学领域中的研究进展

杀虫晶体蛋白（ICP）是Bt制剂的主要杀虫活性成分，相对分子质量在27-150kD，各种ICP（Cry3A除外）是在细胞生长的稳定期开始合成并逐渐包装形成，伴孢晶体的量可达到整个细胞干重的20％-30％。长期以来，人们总是将Bt作为一类能合成杀虫晶体蛋白的微生物进行研究和利用。现已知的杀虫晶体蛋白包含2个蛋白家族——Cry蛋白和Cyt蛋白。目前，约有180多种由Bt不同亚种、菌属合成杀虫晶体蛋白。     

奶牛血清和乳中β-羟丁酸的高效液相色谱法的建立

酮体是由3种物质组成：即β-羟丁酸（Beta—hydroxybutyric acid，BHBA）是酮体的主要成分，约占酮体的70％，在肝脏内合成，经肝外组织利用。由于β-羟丁酸在酮体中所占比例最大，可以代表酮体的含量。因此β-羟丁酸被认为是人糖尿病和奶牛酮病的重要诊断指标之一。     

饲料中添加鱼油的研究

深水鱼类的鱼油中富含具有特殊作用的长链多不饱和脂肪酸即长链ｎ -３族脂肪酸ＥＰＡ（二十碳五烯酸）和ＤＨＡ（二十二碳六烯酸） ,ｎ -３族脂肪酸是一类特殊的不饱和脂肪酸 ,由长碳链（Ｃ２０ -２２）和多个不饱和键（５个～６个）构成 ,其第一个双键位于从碳链甲基端数起第三个碳原子上 ,该类脂肪的前体物α -亚麻酸在动物体内不能合成且长链ｎ -３脂肪酸在体内合成的量不能满足机体的最大需要 ,必须由外源途径供给。大量研究表明 ,ｎ -３脂肪酸ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ具有抑制心血管疾病的作用并对动物的免疫功能、正常脑发育等具有影响。因鱼油…     

合成抗氧化剂对尼罗罗非鱼免疫系统的影响

乙氧基喹啉（6-乙氧基-1，2-二氢化-2，2，4-三甲基喹啉，EQ）是合成抗氧化剂的一种，能避免脂类氧化过程中自由基的生成，广泛应用于动物商业饲料，如鱼类、畜禽、宠物等。在鱼粉运输过程中也用干预防变质。日本对动物饲料合成抗氧化剂的使用规定与欧洲联盟（EU）一致，单独使用或者与其它抗氧化剂（二丁基羟基甲苯，BHT；丁基羟基茴香醚，BHA）混合使用时最大量为150mg／kg。     

反刍动物瘤胃微生物蛋白质制定方法的研究进展

进入反刍动物小肠的蛋白质的评定体系，主要是日粮的非降解蛋白（UDP）和由瘤胃微生物合成的微生物蛋白（MCP），以及微量内源蛋白。其中MCP是反刍家畜的重要蛋白质来源，占小肠中蛋白质的40％-80％。可见，正确估测MCP的产量是各种新体系的重要参数之一。了解MCP的测定方法的利弊，有利于估测瘤胃微生物蛋白质方法的正确选用。     

促性腺激素释放激素及其类似物的功能与应用

促性腺激素释放激素（gonadotropin releasing hormone，GnRH）是主要由下丘脑合成的直链十肽激素，以脉冲形式分泌进入丘脑下部垂体门脉系统到达垂体前叶，或进入神经分泌轴突末端，调控垂体促卵泡激素（follicle-stimulating hormone，FSH）、促黄体素（1uteinizing hormone，LH）的合成与分泌。它是神经、免疫和内分泌调节系统相互联系的重要信号分子，与性腺和胎盘及生殖功能密切相关。     

头孢噻呋的合成

头孢噻呋（ceftiofur）是美国法玛西亚──普强公司开发的畜禽专用头孢类抗生素，主要用于治疗畜禽的细菌性呼吸道感染等疾病。上海三维制药有限公司三维药物研究中心朱阳和许峰对头孢噻呋的合成进行了研究［中国医药工业杂志.2001，32（6）：241～242］，他们采用的合成路线如下：€ 方法对文献报导作了改进，简化了反应步骤，特别是最后一步反应由20小时（EP36812，1981－09－30）减至3小时，收率由34％提高到64．6％。头孢噻呋的合成     

不同形式的蛋氨酸对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

蛋氨酸是奶牛的第一限制性氨基酸。过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸可以添加到颗粒精料中。该试验的目的是验证2种形式的颗粒型蛋氨酸水解类似物（大约10g可吸收的蛋氨酸）：D，L-2-羟基-4-甲基硫丁酸（HMB）和HMB的异丙基酯（HMBi）与对照组和Smartamine M（SmM）比较，为奶牛合成乳蛋白提供蛋氨酸的效果。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.