饲用益生菌制剂的选择与应用

饲用益生菌制剂是一种通过改善肠道菌群平衡而对动物施加有利影响的活的微生物饲料添加剂．其主要通过调节动物体内消化道pH值和肠道菌群平衡．以及增强非特异性免疫功能来预防疾病,促进动物生长。益生菌制剂的功效与益生菌制剂的种类、活菌数、使用剂量、动物类型、使用条件等密切相关,因此必须掌握饲用益生菌的筛选与使用技术。     

我国益生菌的研究及在动物中的应用现状

益生菌又称微生态制剂、促生素、生菌素、活菌剂等,是由一种或多种有益微生物及代谢产物组成的,可供人类或动物直接使用和喂食的活菌制剂。有研究表明：益生菌可改善动物肠道菌群的平衡;增强动物机体免疫能力;促进动物生长发育,提高动物生产性能;降低肠道内有害物质的产生。是目前人们普遍认为有前途的抗生素的替代品,具有无残留、不产生耐药性,是动物的绿色饲料添加剂,愈来愈受到人们的青睐。     

粪肠球菌微胶囊的制备及稳定性研究

近年来,随着人们对益生菌保健作用的逐渐认识,对其活菌制剂的研究也日渐增多。活菌制剂是能够调节动物肠道菌群的生态平衡,对宿主起到有益作用的活的微生物制剂,由于它不仅具有与抗生素饲料添加剂相似的有益作用,而且还有具有无毒、无副作用、无残留、无抗药性、无污染等优点,已逐步发展成为最具有应用前景的抗生素替代品。粪肠球菌(E.faecalis)又叫粪链球菌,普遍存在于自然界,一般栖居在动物的肠腔,也是     

益生菌在断奶仔猪中应用的研究进展

益生菌作为抗生素的替代品之一,可以维持和调整动物肠道内正常微生物菌群,促进营养物质的吸收,提高动物机体的免疫力,利于动物生长。益生菌制剂在提高断奶仔猪的生产性能、调节肠道的微生态平衡、改善免疫指标与抗氧化等方面起重要作用。文章综述了益生菌在断奶仔猪中应用的研究进展,以期为进一步开发和利用益生菌制剂提供依据。     

浅谈益生素的应用

<正>益生素(probiotics)亦称益生菌、活菌制剂、微生态制剂,是一种天然的活性微生物制剂,具有无毒、无抗药性、无残留、无副作用的新型饲料添加剂。益生素被作为抗生素和生长激素的替代品之一,对调节畜禽肠道微生物群落,增强动物免疫力,提高生产性能方面具有良     

乳酸杆菌对仔猪肠道健康及生长性能的影响

人们对抗生素在猪肉中耐药性和残留等问题日益关注,同时国内外消费者对我国畜产品的安全要求更高,抗生素替代品益生素、酶制剂和酸制剂等绿色饲料添加剂的研究与开发成为近几年的研究热点,其中益生素备受关注。乳酸杆菌作为仔猪肠道内益生菌的一种可有效的改善肠道内环境,抑制有害菌的生长,为动物健康生长提供保证。从乳酸杆菌对仔猪肠道菌群、仔猪免疫和生长性能3个方面的影响展开综述。     

微生态制剂与肠粘膜免疫关系的研究进展

微生态制剂即一类以活菌为主的新型饲料添加剂,无毒、无害、无残留,是目前理想的抗生素替代品,在增强动物免疫力上作用很大。其活菌能在动物肠道内定植,维护肠道菌群平衡,并刺激肠粘膜免疫系统,引起体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,从而增强机体抗病力。     

寡聚糖研究与应用

为了克服抗生素类生长促进剂的弱点,营养学家开发了第一代抗生素替代品益生素。益生素是指对动物有益的微生物活菌制剂,能竞争性地抑制有害微生物的生长,维持肠道正常的微生物平衡区系,发挥类似抗生素的作用。然而益生素的使用目前仍受到许多限制,主要表现在3个方面:1)动物消化道中原生菌的优生作用使活菌制剂很难在短时间内定植、完成续生或大量繁殖。2)活菌制剂均有其特定的微生态环境,如果动物肠道中无法长久供应这些外源活菌制剂的营养素,它也将死亡而失效。3)活菌制剂必需耐受饲料制粒过程中的高温以及胃肠道中消化酶、酸、碱环境。因…     

微生态制剂增强畜禽免疫力的研究进展

微生态制剂无毒、无害、无残留,是目前理想的抗生素替代品,在增强动物免疫力上作用很大。它可以调节动物肠道菌群平衡,竞争性排斥有害菌,刺激机体特异性和非特异性免疫应答,促进免疫器官发育,从而提高机体抗病能力。本文综述了几种微生态制剂在常规动物养殖中的应用效果,以期为畜牧生产者提供理论依据。     

微生态制剂与肠粘膜免疫关系的研究进展

微生态制剂即一类以活菌为主的新型饲料添加剂，无毒、无害、无残留．是目前理想的抗生素替代品。在增强动物免疫力上作用很大。其活菌能在动物肠道内定植，维护肠道菌群平衡，并刺激肠粘膜免疫系统，引起体液免疫和细胞免疫应答。从而增强机体抗病力。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.