地下土壤渗滤法净化生活污水研究进展

水资源供需的矛盾和分散型生活污水造成的环境污染均迫切需求开发高效、低耗、简便并能有效脱N除P的原位污水处理技术。地下土壤渗滤法就是该类技术中的一种。本文对地下土壤渗滤系统的工艺类型及其应用进展作了综述,分析了其净化机理及影响工艺性能的因素,讨论了存在的问题,最后对其应用前景作了展望。     

植物-土壤渗滤系统处理农村生活污水

采用植物-土壤渗滤法对桃江县某农村生活污水进行处理研究,结果表明,该复合体系对BOD5、COD、TN、NH4+-N、TP的平均去除率分别为73.5%、76%、85%、89%、85%,出水均达到国家一级排放标准。通过实验证明了该工艺在对于农村生活污水处理中有广阔的应用前景。     

园林地慢速渗滤系统处理农村分散式生活污水

针对农村分散式生活污水处理设施缺乏而面源污染严重的问题,该研究从土壤自净功能出发,结合传统土地慢速渗滤处理系统和澳大利亚FILTER系统技术特点,提出了园林地慢速渗滤农村生活污水处理系统,优化了污水处理工艺中的布水和排水系统,提高了系统的污水接纳与处理能力。试验结果表明该系统对TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)、COD(化学需氧量)、TOC(总有机碳)、NH4+-N(铵态氮)均有较好去除效果,平均去除率分别为80.7%、89.2%、89.5%、60.2%、85.7%,出水水质达到一级A类标准。该系统对农村生活污水处理效果良好,具有技术可行、成本有效和管理方便等特点,为中国现阶段农村生态环境建设提供参考。     

农村生活污水分散处理设施的现状及影响因素研究

基于全国7个省大规模的村和农户的实地调研数据,本文系统深入地分析了我国农村生活污水分散处理设施的采用现状及影响因素。结果显示,农村生活污水分散处理设施的建设还相当落后,集中于几种基础的或初级的设施;而且投资主体是农户,政府投入十分有限。描述性统计分析和计量经济学模型的估计结果都表明,农户修建生活污水的分散处理设施受到卫生补贴政策、相关规章制度和项目工程的显著影响,另外,农户的人均纯收入越高,家庭规模越大,就越有可能修建生活污水的分散处理设施。在人口居住越密集、交通越发达的地区,农户修建生活污水分散处理设施的概率也越大。     

人工土层快速渗滤法处理城市污水的模拟试验效果初探

应用土壤过滤技术,进行配比不同的人工土层快速渗滤系统,处理城市污水,结果表明:加入适量的砂粒及吸附剂可使该系统具有较高的水力负荷及对污染物的去除效应。各处理的平均渗滤速率为0.027～0.60 cm/min:对污水中 BOD_5的去除率为86.0%～96.9%:对 N,P的去除率分别为88.6%～97.1%及87.2%～92.4%:溶解氧增加10mg/L 左右;透光率由原来的69.8%提高到85.9%～96.1%:电导率由0.463mV/cm 下降到0.406～0.418mV/cm;臭味由强烈变为极弱或无。合理的干湿交替有助于维持较高的渗滤速率.     

论机械分析中土壤处理的方法

土壤机械分析中的土样处理,通常是使用化学作用与机械作用底综合的方法。化学处理在于从土壤里除去吸着的盐基(钙与镁),而替代以钠(或铵)。先用0.05N 的 HCl 溶液洗尽土壤中所含有的钙,接着用水洗尽氯离子,然后加入苛性钠溶液或铵溶液。但是,这种方法还不能充分达到破坏土壤的聚结体,因此,为了更充分地分散土壤,除上法以外,还应进行机械处理,即加水煮沸。从以往许多工作里指出:在土壤呈稠糊状(土壤达到一定的湿润)的情况下,机械处理可发生高度的分散。全苏肥料农业技术与农业土壤科学研究所,В.Ф.斯科瓦尔诺1941年的工作     

沼液的园林地消解处理利用及其对土壤微生物碳、氮与酶活性的影响

近年来,沼气工程发展迅猛,产生的大量沼液处理和排放问题日益突出,成为水环境保护中亟待解决的关键问题。为研究沼液灌溉园林地土壤进行消解处理利用过程对土壤微生物碳、氮及酶活的影响,提出沼液安全排放处理的新途径,通过在江苏宜兴万石镇葡萄园基地进行大田试验,比较了不同处理下沼液消解利用过程对土壤微生物碳、氮以及土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳的关系,并测定了土壤几种常见酶的活性。结果表明,沼液园林地（葡萄园）消解利用过程不会降低土壤微生物碳、氮含量,地面间作黑麦草或地下安装排水管道时能显著提高土壤微生物碳、氮含量,分别提高8.70%和17.34%。沼液园林地消解利用能提高土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳比率,但未达到显著性水平。沼液在园林地消解利用中,只进行沼液灌溉的处理区土壤蔗糖酶活性略微下降,其他试验区土壤蔗糖酶含量较对照区显著性提高,试验区土壤脲酶也较对照区提高了数倍以上,但土壤酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶在该试验研究中未表现出较大变化。该试验仅为沼液消解处理利用的田间短期效应,沼液园林地消解利用处理对作物品质、土壤肥力和农业生产环境的综合影响仍需进行长期试验验证。     

A New Soil Infiltration Technology for Decentralized Sewage Treatment: Two-Stage Anaerobic Tank and Soil Trench System

The low removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) is one of the main disadvantages of traditional single stage subsurface infiltration system,which combines an anaerobic tank and a soil filter field.In this study,a full-scale,two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was designed and operated to evaluate the feasibility and performances in treating sewage from a school campus for over a one-year monitoring period.The raw sewage was prepared and fed into the first anaerobic tank and second tank by 60% and 40%,respectively.This novel process could decrease chemical oxygen demand with the dichromate method by 89%-96%,suspended solids by 91%-97%,and total phosphorus by 91%-97%.The denitrification was satisfactory in the second stage soil trench,so the removals of TN as well as ammonia nitrogen (NH 4-N) reached 68%-75% and 96%-99%,respectively.It appeared that the removal efficiency of TN in this two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was more effective than that in the single stage soil infiltration system.The effluent met the discharge standard for the sewage treatment plant (GB18918-2002) of China.     

地下滴灌夏玉米的初步试验研究

通过观测地下滴灌夏玉米全生育期不同生长阶段的土壤水分、根系的生长发育状况及其生物量、产量等,研究分析了地下滴灌不同的土壤水分处理条件下的土壤水分运移与分布规律,以及其对夏玉米的根系、产量和生物量的影响关系,建立了根系吸水模型,并研究其节水机理。阶段试验结果表明：地下滴灌可以高效地控制灌溉用水量,对作物的根系、产量及生物量产生直接影响;有可能通过土壤水分调控来影响作物能量的协调、平衡关系,达到最优根冠比,合理提高水的利用率和利用效率。     

A new method for measuring microbial biomass nitrogen in soils: Direct extraction after toluene treatment

Abstract

Phenolic compounds occurring naturally are reducing agents which react with hydrous Fe oxide and Mn oxides (Lehmann et al. 1987). Diphenols such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol were oxidatively darkened by the presence of hydrous Fe oxide though the degree of darkening was much less pronounced than that by Mn oxides (Shindo and Huang 1984). Okazaki et al. (1976) suggested that polyphenols are one of the materials responsible for the dissolution of Mn in a paddy soil under reducing conditions.     

地下灌竖管灌水器直径压力对土壤水入渗特性的影响

研究竖管灌水器地下灌溉条件下,土壤质地、压力水头和竖管直径对土壤水分入渗特性的影响。选用粉质壤土和砂质壤土2种土壤,在0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0 m压力水头,以及竖管直径为4、8、12和16 mm条件下,测定5 h内土壤水分累计入渗量,并应用Philip公式对入渗过程进行拟合,计算入渗流量。结果表明,不同土壤质地下,累计入渗量均随压力水头增加而增加,但质地越重,累计入渗量越小,压力水头在入渗初期对累计入渗量影响较大,随入渗时间延长,其影响程度减弱。入渗流量开始较大,逐渐减小,入渗流量趋于稳定的时间过程较长。当压力水头为0.5~3 m,灌水器稳定入渗流量为0.53~1.25 L/h。土壤水分累计入渗量变化随竖管直径增大而减小,逐渐趋于稳定。基于竖管直径构建了累计入渗量估算模型,经验证,模型决定系数大于0.99,表明模型的可行性。研究可为竖管地下灌溉管网系统设计及应用提供参考。     

生物炭对土壤可持续健康的影响：探索和热点综述

Biochar as a soil amendment is confronted with the challenge that it must benefit soil health as it can be by no means separated from soils once it is added. The available literature even though sparse and mostly based on short-term studies has been encouraging and the trend obtained so far has raised many hopes. Biochar has been reported to positively impact an array of soil processes ranging from benefiting soil biology, controlling soil-borne pathogens, enhancing nitrogen fixation, improving soil physical and chemical properties, decreasing nitrate (NO₃^-) leaching and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission to remediation of contaminated soils. However, very little biochar is still utilized as soil amendment mainly because these benefits are yet to be quantified, and also the mechanisms by which the soil health is improved are poorly understood. Due to the infancy of research regarding this subject, there are still more questions than answers. The future research efforts must focus on carrying out long-term experiments and uncover the mechanisms underlying these processes so that key concerns surrounding the use of biochar are addressed before its large scale application is recommended.     

基于云原生技术的土壤墒情监测系统设计与应用

该研究针对全中国尺度的土壤墒情监测需求,构建基于自动监测站原位监测与多源专题数据的土壤墒情数据获取感知技术体系,提出数据质量控制清洗策略并建立数据校正插补模型。系统基于云原生技术设计,将模块以微服务形式灵活开发部署,通过容器技术打包运行独立实例,布设了墒情数据上报采集、可视化分析和数据挖掘应用等核心模块。依托空间分析和WebGL技术开发3D WebGIS数据分析功能模块,实现协同土壤墒情、土地利用、海拔高程等多源数据可视化分析与制图,深入挖掘数据价值,实现墒情估算和基于水量平衡的灌溉决策应用服务。系统已在中国21个省份得到应用,建立自动监测站970个,采集监测数据6 000余万条,为用户掌握土壤墒情现状、指导农业节水灌溉、获取可靠科研数据等应用提供数据与技术服务。     

用土壤全氮与有机质建立油菜测土施氮指标体系的研究

本文在汇总近年来浙江省多点油菜氮肥效应试验、氮肥用量试验的基础上,比较氮肥效应、经济施氮量与土壤全氮、土壤有机质之间的回归函数模型,筛选建立油菜测土施氮指标体系的可靠测定指标。回归分析结果表明,土壤有机质、土壤全氮与缺氮处理相对产量回归指数函数分别为Y=20.157e0.4413X（R2=0.5887**）和Y=10.882e0.045X（R2=0.3365**）,土壤有机质、土壤全氮与油菜经济施氮量对数函数分别为Y=-314.25LnX +1392.9（R2=0.6896**）和Y=-191.77LnX+427.81（R2=0.314**）。比较曲线函数的回归决定系数R2,土壤有机质与缺氮处理相对产量、经济施氮量的回归决定系数大于预测精度要求,可成为油菜种植田土壤供氮能力丰缺和推荐经济施氮量的指标,而全氮由于回归决定系数R2低于0.35,不适合成为土壤供氮能力和推荐经济施氮量的指标。通过回归方程划定不同土壤供氮水平下土壤有机质含量范围和相对应的推荐经济施氮量,构建浙江省油菜测土施氮指标体系。     

红壤地区农业发展区划中土壤信息系统与交互式自组织数据的集成

Element contents of tree rings and soils near tree roots collected from Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don) and Masson pine(Pinus massoniana lamb).were determined to study the relationship between the angular distribution of element contents in tree rings and the environmental information.The chemical composition and properties of soil are very much cmoplicated,which leads to the non-uniform distribution of the element contents in tree rings.The statistical multi-varialbe regression method was used to get the information of the tree-centered distribution of element contents in the environment(soil),(C‘),C‘(Z,θj),from the distribtuion of element contents in tree rings(C),C(Z,θi),which depends on the plane azimuth angle(θi),i.e.,C=C(Z,θi),where Z is the atomic number of the element,with a satisfactory result though this study is only a primary one.     

Priming effect and its regulating factors for fast and slow soil organic carbon pools: A meta-analysis

The priming effect (PE) plays a critical role in the control of soil carbon (C) cycling and influences the alteration of soil organic C (SOC) decomposition by fresh C input.However,drivers of PE for the fast and slow SOC pools remain unclear because of the varying results from individual studies.Using meta-analysis in combination with boosted regression tree (BRT) analysis,we evaluated the relative contribution of multiple drivers of PE with substrate and their patterns across each driver gradient.The results showed that the variability of PE was larger for the fast SOC pool than for the slow SOC pool.Based on the BRT analysis,67%and 34%of the variation in PE were explained for the fast and slow SOC pools,respectively.There were seven determinants of PE for the fast SOC pool,with soil total nitrogen (N) content being the most important,followed by,in a descending order,substrate C:N ratio,soil moisture,soil clay content,soil pH,substrate addition rate,and SOC content.The directions of PE were negative when soil total N content and substrate C:N ratio were below 2 g kg~(-1)and 20,respectively,but the directions changed from negative to positive with increasing levels of this two factors.Soils with optimal water content (50%–70%of the water-holding capacity) or moderately low pH (5–6) were prone to producing a greater PE.For the slow SOC pool,soil p H and soil total N content substantially explained the variation in PE.The magnitude of PE was likely to decrease with increasing soil pH for the slow SOC pool.In addition,the magnitude of PE slightly fluctuated with soil N content for the slow SOC pool.Overall,this meta-analysis provided new insights into the distinctive PEs for different SOC pools and indicated knowledge gaps between PE and its regulating factors for the slow SOC pool.     

长期施氮对土壤肥力及土壤微生物的影响

氮肥是农业生态系统活性氮素的主要来源,长期施用氮肥对土壤pH值、有机质含量和氮含量等理化特征产生较大的影响,进而影响土壤微生物的生化反应过程及其生态功能。近年来氮肥对土壤微生物区系及功能菌群的研究已逐渐成为生态学上的一个前沿性研究热点。本文论述了长期施氮对土壤特征的影响,以及其导致的微生物的丰度和菌群结构的变化;同时,土壤中氮循环(固氮、硝化、反硝化)、碳循环(甲烷氧化)相关的功能菌群的丰度和结构也受到影响,进而导致土壤生态系统失衡和障碍农业可持续发展。本文从土壤微生物的角度为我国建立合理施肥制度,实现减施氮肥、提高氮肥效率提供技术依据。