青海高原地区应用绵羊胚胎移植技术的效果分析

采用同期发情+超排对12只特克塞尔羊、无角陶赛特羊进行处理;同时采用自然发情+超排对12只德国肉用美利奴母羊进行处理。结果表明:采用同期发情+超排处理,每只特克塞尔母羊平均获卵胚8.7枚,获受精卵数7.1枚;陶赛特母羊平均获卵胚数1.8枚,获受精卵数1.8枚(P<0.01)。德国肉用美利奴供体母羊的平均获胚数13.5枚,可用胚8.7枚,可用胚率67.0%(P<0.01)。对85只受体绵羊进行同期发情处理,结果表明,处理后同期发情率达88.2%。将12枚可用胚胎移入11只受体,其中10只受体移入单胚,1只受体移入双胚,移植成功率达83.3%(P<0.01)。对62只自然发情的受体母羊进行胚胎移植,结果表明,移植2枚胚胎受体母羊的受胎率比移植1枚的要高34.0%(P<0.01)。     

绵羊胚胎移植生殖内分泌调控及其效果研究

初产供体母羊（14月龄）德国美利奴15只、波德代15只、无角陶赛特18只分别用孕酮(CIDR)+促性腺激素(PMSG)+促卵泡素(FSH)进行处理,受体小尾寒羊母羊（2胎）124只用CIDR+PMSG进行处理,处理期测定供、受体外周血液中生殖激素孕酮（p4）、雌二醇（E2）、促卵泡素（FSH）和促黄体素（LH）的动态变化。结果显示：3个供体品种和受体各自发情同期化水平和效果达到非常理想的状态,但供、受体发情同步差相距1 d。黄体数德国美利奴（7.71）显著高于陶赛特（5.19）（P<0.05）;冲卵数德国美利奴（5.50）显著高于陶赛特（3.44）（P<0.05）;可用胚胎率德国美利奴、波德代、陶赛特分别为70.13%、55.74%、78.18%,陶赛特显著高于波德代（P<0.05）;德国美利奴、波德代、陶赛特胚胎移植受胎率分别为55.26%、54.17%、42.31%,德国美利奴显著高于陶赛特（P<0.05）。处理期供体和受体生殖激素动态变化的幅度大,第13天供、受体血清中p4达到峰值,小尾寒羊分别高于德国美利奴（5.37 ng/mL）、波德代（6.14 ng/mL）和陶赛特（5.37 ng/mL）;供体血清中E2于第14天开始发情达到峰值,小尾寒羊于第15天开始发情达到峰值;供体血清中FSH于第13天达到峰值,小尾寒羊第14天达到峰值;供体血清中LH于第14天开始发情达到峰值,小尾寒羊血清中LH于第15天开始发情达到峰值。     

不同品种绵羊超排效果分析

采用常规超排方法 ,使用相同FSH剂量对德国肉毛兼用型美利奴羊和无角陶赛特羊进行处理 ,两组羊超排效果没有显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。其结果如下 :平均排卵数为 :15 4 6± 1 5 1个(德国肉毛兼用型美利奴羊 )、 14 6± 2 5 0个 (无角陶赛特羊 ) ;平均采集可用胚胎数为 :13 15±4 85枚 (德国肉毛兼用型美利奴羊 )、 12 4± 2 5 6枚 (无角陶赛特羊 )。     

青海高原地区应用绵羊胚胎移植技术的效果分析

采用同期发情+超排对12只特克塞尔羊、无角陶赛特羊,采用自然发情+超排对12只德国肉用美利奴母羊进行处理。结果表明:采用同期发情+超排处理,平均每只特克塞尔母羊获卵达8.7枚,平均获受精卵数7.1枚;陶赛特母羊平均1.8枚,受精卵数7枚,平均获受精卵数1.8枚(P<0.01)。德国肉用美利奴羊供体母羊的平均获胚数可达13.5枚,可用胚达8.7枚,可用胚率(%)迭67.0%(P<0.01)。对85只受体绵羊进行同期发情处理结果表明,处理后同期发情率达88.2%。将12枚可用胚胎移入10只受体,其中11只受体移入单胚,1只受体移入双胚,移植成功率达63.3%(P<0.01)。对62只自然发情的受体母羊进行胚胎移植,结果表明,移植2枚胚胎,受体母羊的受胎率比移植1枚的要高34%(P<0.01)。同期发情时间差异为±0d,妊娠率达100%,而时间差异为±0.5d的为66.67%(P<0.01)。对母羊发情时间与超排效果的关系分析结果表明,撤栓后24h内,或为注射FSH后第1天,标准时间内排卵(≤±4h)的母羊占64%,延时8 h以内排卵的占27%,提早或延时1.0h~1.5h排卵的占9%。     

波德代和无角陶赛特羊生化指标测定及相关性分析

为了研究不同月龄波德代和无角陶赛特羊生化指标差异及相关性,试验测定了3,8月龄两品种羊的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性及白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)含量6项生化指标,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明:相同月龄波德代公、母羔的AST活性分别显著、极显著高于无角陶赛特(P0.05、P0.01)。无角陶赛特公羔3月龄的LDH和AST活性分别极显著、显著高于8月龄(P0.01、P0.05);波德代公羔3月龄的ALT活性显著高于8月龄(P0.05)。波德代和无角陶赛特母羔3月龄的血清AKP、LDH、AST活性极显著高于8月龄(P0.01);波德代母羔3月龄的TP含量极显著高于8月龄(P0.01)。3月龄波德代羊AKP活性与AST活性、ALB含量,AST活性与ALB含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),LDH活性和TP含量呈显著正相关(P0.05);8月龄波德代羊AKP活性和ALT活性呈显著正相关(P0.05),ALB含量与AKP、LDH活性呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。3月龄无角陶赛特羊LDH活性与TP含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),8月龄无角陶赛特羊ALB含量与TP含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。说明相同月龄两个品种羊间除AST活性和TP含量外其他生化指标无显著差异,但LDH、ALT、AST和TP在相同品种的不同月龄间差异较明显。     

青海省黄南地区肉羊胚胎移植试验

2005年在青海省黄南地区开展了无角陶赛特肉羊胚胎移植试验。对100只土种藏羊受体进行了同期处理,同期发情率69%;移植胚胎40枚,移植率为57.97%;产羔13只,移植受胎率32.5%,其中陶赛特公羊8只,母羊5只。成活率100%。     

无角陶赛特和波德代改良蒙古羊生长发育性状效果分析

为了对引进的肉羊品种无角陶赛特羊及波德代羊与蒙古羊杂种F1、F2、F3在不同月龄进行体重体尺指标的测定,以综合评价引进的肉羊品种无角陶赛特羊和波德代羊对当地蒙古羊的杂交改良效果,试验以引进的无角陶赛特羊及波德代羊与蒙古羊不同杂交组合的后代(F1、F2及F3)为研究对象,采用随机抽样的方法对已培育出的西北肉用绵羊新品种群部分杂交组合生长发育性状在不同月龄通过测定体重、体尺指标进行研究,探讨最佳杂交组合模式.结果表明:杂种F3生长发育速度快于对应杂种F2,杂种F2生长发育速度优于对应杂种F1;陶波蒙杂交组合改良蒙古羊效果较好于陶蒙杂交组合,尤其是高代或三元杂交经济效果更为显著.     

受体绵羊人工授精后移植胚胎的试验

试验通过使用人工授精后绵羊作为受体进行胚胎移植,以寻找一种更加有效的方法提高绵羊胚胎移植的经济效益。试验中使用FSH对10只无角道赛特绵羊进行超数排卵处理,同时对60只受体小尾寒羊进行同期发情。供体羊在发情配种后4.5～5.0d从子宫角收集胚胎。同时,将胚胎移植到同期发情并进行人工授精的受体羊子宫内。总共有57枚可用胚移植给44只受体小尾寒羊,32只怀孕到分娩,共产下羔羊51只(无角道赛特羔28只,道赛特与小尾寒羊杂种羔23只)。此外,经人工授精但未进行手术移植的7只小尾寒羊产下15只杂种羔羊。移胚植受体妊娠率72.7%(32/44),移胚受体繁殖率118%(51/44),受体利用率88.3%(53/60)。移胚受体总妊娠率和受体利用率均显著高于常规ET组(P<0.01)。与常规胚胎移植相比,受体羊人工授精后移植胚胎不仅提高了无角道赛特母羊的繁殖率,而且提高了受体羊的利用率。     

不同超排时间对母羊冲胚数的影响研究

超数排卵是胚胎移植的重要环节,经辽宁省朝阳市10个肉羊场,夏洛莱、萨福克、德美、无角陶赛特和波尔山羊等484只超排羊只的超排试验,回收胚胎4752枚,其中可用胚3140枚,未受精卵1446枚,退化细胞166枚。经统计分析,9月中旬至11月上旬为超排最佳时间,主要表现为冲胎数多(平均冲胚数7.8枚/只~12.1枚/只),可用胚率高(平均达53.2%~77.7%)。     

波德代与无角陶赛特公羊繁殖性能的比较

本文以从新西兰引入无角陶赛特公羊和波德代公羊为研究对象 ,通过比较它们之间的繁殖性能指标 (射精量、原精密度、原精活率、冻精解冻活率、畸形率、性反应时间和精清睾酮含量 )的月变化和季节变化异同 ,从而使我们更加清楚的认识这两品种 ;①两品种除原精密度的季节变化规律相反外 ,其它方面的变化规律基本相似 ;②波德代羊在射精量和原精密度方面显著高于无角陶赛特 ,其它方面差异不显著 ;从上述几方面看 ,波德代羊的繁殖性能较无角陶赛特羊好一些 ;③两品种在射精量、原精密度、原精活率、冻精解冻活率、畸形率、性反应时间和精清睾酮含量方面都较为优良 ,能够最大限度满足需要。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -