Interferon production and action in mouse, hamster and somatic hybrid mouse-hamster cells

A hybrid mouse-hamster cell line was developed from a mouse cell line which produces a high titer of interferon and is sensitive to its action, and a hamster cell line which produces little interferon and is relatively insensitive to its action. Parental cell lines demonstrated complete species specificity with respect to interferon production and action. The hybrid cells produced interferon (or interferons) effective when tested on the mouse cell line and primary hamster cells; the hybrids were sensitive to the action of both mouse and hamster interferons. Hybrid cells produced ten times more hamster interferon than the parent hamster cell line and were eight times more sensitive to hamster interferon than the parent hamster cell line.     

簇毛麦染色体通过硬粒小麦—簇毛麦双二倍体与普通小麦杂种F1的雌雄配子传递的研究

利用“单株植物C－带技术”,对6x小簇麦与普通小麦的杂种F2和回交BC1世代的染色体结构进行观察，研究了簇毛麦染色体在杂种后代中 的传递行为。结果表明，在大多数杂种组合中，簇毛麦染色体通过雌配子的传递行为是随机的，并显著高于通过雄配子的概率，但在含有小麦亲本‘J－11‘的杂种组合中情况不同，簇毛麦染色体在这个杂种组合中通过雌、雄配子的传递率都是随机的。说明簇毛麦染色体的传递受杂种F1中小麦亲本的影响，推测在小麦亲本‘J－11‘中可能存在一个影响簇毛麦染色本通过雄配子传递的基因。单个簇毛麦染色体的传递与6x小簇麦作为父本或母本有关。通过雌雄配子传递中，以4V和7V染色体的传递频率最高，而3V的传递频率最低。本研究结果表明，在用6x小簇麦作为桥梁转移簇毛麦有利基因，创制杂种F1时，最好以普通小麦为父本，并且F3和BC1F2是关键的选择世代。     

Human serum albumin phenotype activation in mouse hepatoma--human leukocyte cell hybrids

Murine hepatoma cells that secreted mouse serum albumin were fused with human leukocytes that did not produce albumin. The resulting hybrids secreted both mouse and human serum albumin, as demonstrated by immuno-electrophoretic techniques. The activation of the human genome suggests that mapping genes governing specialized functions in somatic cell hybrids may be accomplished by using adifferentiated human cells as a parental line.     

Chromosome assignments in man of the genes for two hexosephosphate isomerases

Thirty-seven clones of somatic cell hybrids between human and mouse cells were examined for retention of human chromosomes and expression of human constitutive enzymes. Human glucosephosphate isomerase and chromosome F-19 were retained or lost concordantly, as were human mannosephosphate isomerase and chromosome C-7. The genes for the enzymes are thus assigned to these two chromosomes.     

Induction of cellular senescence in immortalized cells by human chromosome 1

The control of cellular senescence by specific human chromosomes was examined in interspecies cell hybrids between diploid human fibroblasts and an immortal, Syrian hamster cell line. Most such hybrids exhibited a limited life span comparable to that of the human fibroblasts, indicating that cellular senescence is dominant in these hybrids. Karyotypic analyses of the hybrid clones that did not senesce revealed that all these clones had lost both copies of human chromosome 1, whereas all other human chromosomes were observed in at least some of the immortal hybrids. The application of selective pressure for retention of human chromosome 1 to the cell hybrids resulted in an increased percentage of hybrids that senesced. Further, the introduction of a single copy of human chromosome 1 to the hamster cells by microcell fusion caused typical signs of cellular senescence. Transfer of chromosome 11 had no effect on the growth of the cells. These findings indicate that human chromosome 1 may participate in the control of cellular senescence and further support a genetic basis for cellular senescence.     

Human sickle hemoglobin in transgenic mice

DNA molecules that contain the human alpha- and beta s-globin genes inserted downstream of erythroid-specific, deoxyribonuclease I super-hypersensitive sites were coinjected into fertilized mouse eggs and a transgenic mouse line was established that synthesizes human sickle hemoglobin (Hb S). These animals were bred to beta-thalassemic mice to reduce endogenous mouse globin levels. When erythrocytes from these mice were deoxygenated, greater than 90 percent of the cells displayed the same characteristic sickled shapes as erythrocytes from humans with sickle cell disease. Compared to controls the mice have decreased hematocrits, elevated reticulocyte counts, lower hemoglobin concentrations, and splenomegaly, which are all indications of the anemia associated with human sickle cell disease.     

75K γ-黑麦碱基因的分子鉴定与转移

【目的】研究75K γ-黑麦碱基因的系统进化关系,并将秦岭黑麦75Kγ-黑麦碱基因导入普通小麦遗传背景中。【方法】利用75K γ-secalin亚基的特异引物secF/secR对5种黑麦进行扩增、克隆、测序及序列分析。以普通小麦(中国春)为母本,黑麦为父本,获得杂种。自杂种后代中,采SDS-PAGE技术分析杂交后代的75K γ-secalins蛋白亚基。用根尖制片进行体细胞染色体数目观察和原位杂交分析。【结果】序列分析结果表明,我国秦岭黑麦(AS156)与美国Wrens黑麦(CIse35)、土耳其4041黑麦(PI168199)、南非的Polko黑麦(PI412949)、智利278黑麦(PI436188)的栽培品系均具有75Kγ-黑麦碱典型的一级结构,但是在重复区中序列差异较大(包括缺失/插入和SNP)。聚类分析表明,我国的秦岭黑麦与同在北纬的土耳其和美国黑麦亲缘关系近,而与位于南纬的南非、智利的两种黑麦关系较远。以中国春为遗传背景,将位于秦岭黑麦2R染色体上的75Kγ-黑麦碱基因导入六倍体小麦,获得结实正常,农艺性状稳定的品系,编号WYQ122。通过SDS-PAGE技术和基因测序分析,已确认WYQ122中携带75Kγ-黑麦碱基因,同时原位杂交也验证黑麦染色体的存在。细胞学鉴定表明,WYQ122植株间染色体数目有41条和42条两种类型。【结论】黑麦的75Kγ-黑麦碱基因存在差异。以染色体代换系的方式将该基因转入普通小麦中。     

小菊品种‘钟山金桂’与亚菊属细裂亚菊F1 回交后代的性状遗传表现

【目的】对菊属栽培菊‘钟山金桂’与亚菊属细裂亚菊F1回交后代的性状遗传表现进行研究,获得观赏性和抗性改良的优异属间新种质。【方法】以‘钟山金桂’×细裂亚菊F1为父本,‘钟山金桂’为轮回亲本开展回交试验。对获得的回交后代进行细胞学鉴定,对BC1代的形态性状观测,对经过越冬期后田间苗脚芽萌发量进行统计分析,并对低温胁迫下植株体内生理指标进行测定。【结果】共获得17个回交后代株系。回交后代株系的形态出现分离,与亲本有显著差异,回交后代在花型上出现了托桂型、半托桂型和非托桂型的分离,大部分花型为托桂型,且部分植株花序直径大于‘钟山金桂’,回交后代所有株系的花色均为黄色。回交后代的抗寒性比‘钟山金桂’强,遗传了细裂亚菊的抗寒特性。【结论】通过回交不仅可提高远缘杂交后代的观赏品质,还从细裂亚菊获得的耐寒性也能够稳定遗传。     

Chromosomal localization of the human homolog (c-sis) of the simian sarcoma virus onc gene

Nonrandom chromosome rearrangements of chromosome 22 have been identified in different human malignancies. As a result of Southern blot hybridization of a c-sis probe to DNA's from mouse-human somatic cell hybrids, the human homolog (c-sis) of the transforming gene of simian sarcoma virus was assigned to chromosome 22. Hybrids between thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells and human fibroblasts carrying a translocation of the region q11-qter of chromosome 22 to chromosome 17 were also analyzed. These studies demonstrate that the human c-sis gene is on region 22q11 greater than qter.     

孔雀草杂交组合遗传效应分析

【目的】孔雀草( Tagetes patula )是菊科万寿菊属一年生花卉,具有很高观赏价值和经济价值。优势育种是培育草花新品种的重要途径。本研究探究四倍体孔雀草优势育种后代是否具有杂种优势,并分析其遗传效应,为孔雀草的优势育种提供理论依据。【方法】对孔雀草6个母本（K2、K3、K4、K5、K15、K17）和3个父本（K6、K8、K13）采用NCII不完全双列杂交设计,并测量亲本和18个杂交组合的始花期、盛花期、株高、冠幅、分枝数、花朵数、花葶长、花径、花心径、舌状花数和管状花数等11个园艺性状。利用Excel软件对后代园艺性状进行杂种优势分析;利用DPS软件分析后代园艺性状的配合力和遗传力,选出优良亲本和杂交组合,并进一步分析其遗传表现。【结果】杂种优势分析表明,冠幅、花朵数、花径的超亲优势为正值;盛花期、株高、舌状花数的中亲优势为正值;始花期、分枝数、花葶长、花心径、管状花数的超亲优势和中亲优势均为负值。根据各亲本的一般配合力效应值表明：K6可用作培育低矮、紧凑、多花品种的父本;K13可用作培育早花、大花、复瓣和较长观赏期品种的父本;K3可用作选育株型紧凑、早花、复瓣和较长观赏期品种的母本;K5可用作培育低矮、紧凑、早花、多花和较长观赏期品种的母本;K17可用作培育低矮、大花和复瓣品种的母本。特殊配合力分析表明,同一亲本所配组合之间以及同一组合不同的园艺性状间的特殊配合力效应值差异很大。K2×K6和K3×K8在株高、花心径上特殊配合力表现出较强的负向效应,在花朵数、舌状花数上表现出较强正向效应,符合孔雀草低矮、多花和复瓣的育种目标;K4×K13在始花期、株高、冠幅、分枝数上特殊配合力表现出较强负向效应,在盛花期、花径、舌状花数上表现出较强正向效应,适合培育株型紧凑、早花、大花、复瓣和较长观赏期的品种。遗传力分析表明,始花期、盛花期、分枝数、花径、花心径、管状花数的一般配合力方差占主要因素,且其对应的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都在中等以上,而株高、花朵数、舌状花数一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差相差不大,且对应广义遗传力远大于狭义遗传力。【结论】孔雀草园艺性状的杂种优势明显,有利于培育早花、大花、多花、复瓣和较长观赏期的品种。K6、 K13、 K3、K5、K17为综合性状优良的亲本;K2×K6、K3×K8 和K4×K13为符合育种目标的优良组合。始花期、盛花期、分枝数、花径、花心径、管状花数主要受基因加性效应控制,株高、花朵数、舌状花数主要受基因非加性效应控制;除了始花期外,其它园艺性状在杂交育种中易受环境影响。     

鲤鲫杂交回交子代的染色体数目及倍性

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射,制备鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼(鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤鱼♂)的染色体,结果表明:鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体组由150条染色体组成,按着丝粒位置染色体组型可分为4组,每个染色体小组均由3条同源染色体组成。鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼的染色体数目为3n=150 条,染色体臂数NF=234,核型公式为:3n=60m 24sm 36st 30t。鲤鲫杂交回交子代的DNA相对含量是二倍体鲤鲫杂交肾细胞DNA相对含量的1.54倍,与细胞染色体试验结果一致,说明该鱼是以三倍体细胞为主的回交种。     

Identification of Intergeneric Hybrid Plants Between Oryza sativa and O. minuta via GISH and RAPD

To transfer desirable resistance traits from O. minuta to O. sativa, intergeneric hybrid plants between O. sativa (AA, 2n=2X=24) and O. minuta (BBCC, 2n=4X=48) were produced by embryo rescue after sexual cross. Morphological observation and chromosome counts indicated their hybrid status (ABC, 2n =3X=36). Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was further applied to confirm the parentage of the chromosomes of F1 hybrids. Chromosomes of O. minuta and O. sativa were distinguishable in the hybrids in different fluorescence colors. GISH indicated that A and BC chromosomes were not randomly assembled in a cell.RAPD profiles unequivocally revealed their hybrids with double parent patterns. The results of blast tests showed that the hybrids had obtained disease resistance from O. minuta, and had a level of susceptibility between the parents.     

Human-mouse cell hybrids: a suggestion of structural mutation for dipeptidase-2 deficiency in mouse cells

The dipeptidase-2 enzyme is inactive in certain cultured cell lines from the mouse. In somatic cell hybrids between such deficient cells and diploid human fibroblasts, the mouse deficiency was complemented when the homologous human peptidase-A was retained. The results suggested that the murine peptidase deficiency was the result of a structural mutation, rather than a regulatory one.     

小麦种间杂种优势研究:Ⅰ.普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦及密穗小麦种间杂种产量和品质优势

以6个普通小麦为母本,5个斯卑尔脱小麦和 5个密穗小麦为父本配制6×10种间 NCⅡ双列杂交组合,对其杂种F1的产量及品质性状进行了研究。结果发现:小麦种间杂种在产量上具有明显的杂种优势,其中斯卑尔脱小麦与普通小麦所配的30个种间杂交组合产量杂种优势平均为109.24%(43.14%~187.96%),单株穗数及千粒重平均优势较大且与产量优势的相关分别达极显著水平和显著水平;密穗小麦与普通小麦所配的30个种间杂种的杂种优势为77.19%(-2.18%~143.42%),单株穗数和主穗粒数优势较大且与产量优势的相关均达极显著水平。种间杂种的品质指标中籽粒硬度大多降低,但农大3226所配组合均具正向优势,密穗小麦所配种间杂种籽粒蛋白质含量及湿面筋含量低于普通小麦。但是种间杂种沉淀值的杂种优势比较普遍。认为,种间杂种的品质性状在一些组合中比普通小麦有所提高。     

利用分子标记辅助选择技术改良水稻恢复系N175的稻瘟病抗性

以水稻恢复系N175为轮回亲本,与携有稻瘟病抗病基因Pi-1/Pi-9/Pi-kh的恢复系金恢1059进行杂交和3次回交,并利用SSR标记对抗病基因进行跟踪选择,最终得到了16个N175的抗病近等基因系,其遗传背景恢复比例均达96.50%以上。室内接菌和田间自然诱发鉴定表明,N175的抗病近等基因系及其与不育系龙特浦A组配的杂交种的抗性表现均为抗(R),与供体亲本金恢1059相当,而N175和杂种特优175(龙特浦A/N175)分别表现为感(S)和高感(HS)。多数近等基因系与龙特浦A配制的杂种的主要农艺性状与特优175相近,其中8个杂种单株粒重高于特优175,2个杂种比特优175增产10%以上,说明这些新育成的抗病杂种基本上保留了特优175的优良特点,个别杂种的综合性状还明显优于特优175。     

Evidence for the recessive nature of cellular immortality

Fusion of immortal cell lines with normal human fibroblasts or certain other immortal cell lines yields hybrids having limited division potential. Cellular immortality was found to be a recessive phenotype in hybrids. It was also found that at least two separate events in the normal cell genome can result in immortality. In fusions involving certain immortal parent cells, these events can be complemented to result in hybrids with finite division capacity.     

甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜属间杂种高世代材料形态学和细胞学分析(英文)

[目的]进一步揭示甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜属间远缘杂种高世代(F8～F10)材料的遗传变异规律。[方法]以甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜属间杂种高世代群体为材料,对甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜远缘杂交后代表型偏白菜型油菜变异群体进行形态、细胞学方面的研究。[结果]形态学分析表明,杂种后代叶型、叶色、株型、早花性状偏向白菜型油菜,而二级分枝数、角果长度和千粒重与甘蓝型油菜Oro更为接近;细胞学研究表明,这些杂种高世代材料细胞中已不含诸葛菜染色体,多数植株都为少于38条染色体的亚倍体;与白菜型油菜杂种的减数分裂配对结果显示,这些亚倍体后代细胞中丢失的可能是来自C基因组的染色体,随着世代的增加,体细胞染色体数目都有向甘蓝型油菜2n=38升高和回归的趋势。[结论]该研究为揭示杂种后代亚倍体中丢失染色体的来源及形态学改变的原因奠定基础。     

甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜属间杂种高世代材料形态学和细胞学分析

[目的]进一步揭示甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜属间远缘杂种高世代(F8～F10)材料的遗传变异规律。[方法]以甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜属间杂种高世代群体为材料,对甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜远缘杂交后代表型偏白菜型油菜变异群体进行形态、细胞学方面的研究。[结果]形态学分析表明,杂种后代叶型、叶色、株型、早花性状偏向白菜型油菜,而二级分枝数、角果长度和千粒重与甘蓝型油菜Oro更为接近;细胞学研究表明,这些杂种高世代材料细胞中已不含诸葛菜染色体,多数植株都为少于38条染色体的亚倍体;与白菜型油菜杂种的减数分裂配对结果显示,这些亚倍体后代细胞中丢失的可能是来自C基因组的染色体,随着世代的增加,体细胞染色体数目都有向甘蓝型油菜2n=38升高和回归的趋势。[结论]该研究为揭示杂种后代亚倍体中丢失染色体的来源及形态学改变的原因奠定基础。     

优良玉米杂交种植株性状杂种优势及其与亲本自交系的相关分析

以7个优良玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系为材料,研究了株高、穗位高、顶高、顶高/株高、穗上叶片数、雄穗长、雄穗分枝数、叶夹角、叶向值、叶面积、气生根层数、气生根数目、茎粗13个植株性状的表现、杂种优势及杂交种与双亲的相关性。结果表明:杂交种和自交系间各性状均存在显著差异;不同杂交种及不同性状的中亲优势(MH)和超高亲优势(HH)均存在差异,株高、穗位高、顶高、叶面积、雄穗长、茎粗、夹角、穗上叶片数、雄穗分枝数等杂种优势较大,顶高/株高、叶向值、气生根层数、气生根数等杂种优势较小;顶高、顶高/株高和穗上叶片数表现为杂交种与父本呈显著或极显著正相关;雄穗长和叶面积表现为杂交种与母本呈显著正相关;顶高、雄穗分枝数、叶夹角和叶面积表现为杂交种与中亲值呈显著或极显著正相关。