大豆秸秆作为粗饲料的营养价值评定

试验旨在测定大豆秸秆作为饲料的营养价值,以及氨化和微生物处理对豆秸营养价值的影响。试验采用化学分析和动物试验方法,测定豆秸与氨化、微生物处理豆秸的养分含量、动物采食量、干物质瘤胃降解率和日粮养分消化率。结果表明:豆秸饲料质地坚硬,酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量比玉米秸秆高66.74%,绵羊对豆秸的采食量比玉米秸秆低20.06%(P0.05),豆秸干物质(DM)绵羊瘤胃有效降解率比玉米秸秆低43.26%(P0.05)。豆秸经过微生物处理后,仅采食量得到一定程度提高(P0.05)。豆秸经过氨化后,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和ADL含量分别降低6.75%和21.48%,采食量和干物质瘤胃有效降解率分别提高22.7%和32.09%(P0.05),但仍显著低于玉米秸秆(P0.05)。豆秸直接作为饲料,营养价值较低,经过氨化处理后其营养价值得到一定程度提高。     

尿素和氢氧化钙处理作物秸秆提高营养价值的研究

秸秆经尿素氨化处理后干物质瘤胃降解率和尿素残留量明显受秸秆含水量、尿素用量、处理温度和时间的影响。用尿素处理作物秸秆含水量以40％最佳,尿素用量在40—60克/公斤干物质之间为宜,在0℃、15℃和25℃的环境下,处理时间分别在90天,60天和40天以上的处理效果较好。单独用Ca(OH)_2处理秸秆虽然可明显提高秸秆干物质在瘤胃中的降解率,但秸秆发霉严重,加入20克/公斤干物质以上的尿素便可防止发霉,并大幅度继续提高秸秆干物质降解率(P<0.01)。用尿素和Ca(OH)_2同时处理秸秆明显优于单独处理的效果。     

复合氨化处理对我国南方水稻秸秆营养成分和瘤胃降解特性的影响

本试验旨在研究复合氨化处理对我国南方水稻秸秆营养成分和瘤胃降解特性的影响。试验设置1个对照处理和4个复合氨化处理,这4个处理分别添加5%尿素(5U)、9%玉米浆+5%尿素(9C5U)、 9%玉米浆+2. 5%尿素(9C2.5U)、 9%玉米浆+2. 5%尿素+3%糖蜜(9C2.5U3M),在氨化0、3、7、14、30与60 d后采集样品,测定氨化处理和氨化时间对水稻秸秆营养成分的影响。然后采用尼龙袋法测定对照处理和复合氨化处理的水稻秸秆的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃有效降解率。结果表明:1)复合氨化处理可以显著降低水稻秸秆NDF和ADF含量(P0.05),显著增加CP含量(P0.05);随着氨化时间的延长,DM含量基本保持不变,NDF和CP含量显著降低(P0.05),ADF含量显著增加(P0.05)。2)与对照处理相比,复合氨化处理的NDF、ADF和CP瘤胃有效降解率均显著提高(P0.05),其中5U处理的DM、NDF和ADF瘤胃有效降解率最高,9C5U处理的CP瘤胃有效降解率最高。综合得出,复合氨化处理能降低水稻秸秆NDF和ADF含量,提高CP含量,能显著提高水稻秸秆DM、CP、NDF和ADF瘤胃有效降解率;氨化30 d时各营养成分基本趋于稳定。9%玉米浆和5%尿素组合的处理效果最佳。     

氨化对油菜秸秆营养成分及山羊瘤胃降解特性的影响

本试验旨在研究氨化对油菜秸秆营养成分及山羊瘤胃降解特性的影响。将粉碎的油菜秸秆用30%水和不同比例(10%、15%、20%)碳酸氢铵进行氨化处理,并于处理后7、14和21 d采集样品,与未氨化处理的油菜秸秆(对照)同时进行营养成分分析。然后采用尼龙袋法测定氨化和未氨化处理油菜秸秆的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解率。结果表明:氨化后油菜秸秆CP含量增加,粗脂肪(EE)、NDF和ADF含量下降,DM、粗灰分含量基本保持不变。氨化组油菜秸秆DM和CP有效降解率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);15%、20%碳酸氢铵氨化处理油菜秸秆ADF有效降解率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综合得出,添加15%和20%碳酸氢铵氨化能显著提高油菜秸秆DM、CP和ADF的山羊瘤胃降解率,油菜秸秆经15%碳酸氢铵、30%水分条件下氨化处理效果最好、最经济。     

不同处理方法对玉米秸干物质和粗纤维瘤胃降解率的影响

用尼龙袋法测定了氨化和微贮玉米秸瘤胃 4 8h降解率 ,并与未作任何处理的玉米秸 (对照 )进行了比较。试验结果表明 ,自然风干后未经任何处理、氨化和微贮玉米秸干物质和粗纤维降解率分别为 2 5 .4 %、35 .5 %、2 8.1%和30 4 %、4 7.8%、36 .1%。氨化处理与对照组相比差异显著 ;微贮处理与对照组相比 ,虽然差异不显著 ,但干物质和粗纤维降解率均有不同程度的提高。氨化处理不仅能提高粗纤维瘤胃降解率 ,而且能增加秸秆含氮量 ,是比较理想的秸秆处理方法     

不同加工处理的玉米干物质和淀粉在绵羊瘤胃内降解规律的研究

以4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊为试验动物,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,在1.3M饲养水平上利用尼龙袋法测定了不同加工处理(制粒、烘烤、蒸汽处理)的玉米在绵羊瘤胃中干物质和淀粉的降解率。结果表明:制粒处理能明显提高干物质和淀粉在瘤胃中的降解率(P<0.01),烘烤处理能明显降低干物质和淀粉在瘤胃中的降解率(P<0.05),蒸汽处理对干物质在瘤胃中降解率无明显影响(P>0.05),但能够显著提高淀粉在瘤胃中的降解率(P<0.05)。     

几种处理柠条DM在滩羊瘤胃内的降解

用3头瘘管羊,以尼龙袋法测定黄贮柠条、氨化柠条和4种生化处理柠条等在瘤胃发酵6h、12h、24h、36h、48h和72hDM的降解率。结果表明:①随着柠条在瘤胃内降解时间的延长,柠条DM降解率在提高(P<0.05);②几个处理组与对照组DM降解率差异显著(P<0.05),其中,在36h时,生化处理柠条ⅠDM的降解率最高,其值为27.52%,比对照组提高了11.1%,差异显著(P<0.05);在48h时,氨化柠条DM的降解率最高,其值为29.36%,比对照组提高了18.1%,差异显著(P<0.05);在72h时,生化处理柠条ⅡDM的降解率最高,其值为32.64%,比对照组提高了25.5%,差异极显著(P<0.01);③粗蛋白含量与干物质降解率之间呈正相关,与其它营养成分之间呈负相关。     

玉米秸秆整秸处理技术及营养价值

试验旨在研究玉米秸秆整秸氨化技术及其营养价值。采用化学分析和动物试验方法,测定揉碎氨化、整秸压扁和整秸氨化玉米秸秆的养分含量、养分瘤胃消失率和日粮养分消化率。结果表明,压扁和整秸氨化秸秆的粗蛋白质(CP)含量分别提高(P0.01)127.96%和121.03%,与揉碎氨化秸秆接近,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量分别降低8.17%和2.52%,略高于揉碎氨化秸秆;压扁和整秸氨化秸秆干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)及酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃48h消失率显著高于对照组(P0.01),但略低于揉碎氨化秸秆;压扁和整秸氨化秸秆组绵羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度和纤维素酶活性极显著高于对照组(P0.01),二者与揉碎氨化组没有显著差异。整秸压扁和整秸氨化秸秆的营养价值显著高于对照,但略低于揉碎氨化秸秆,整秸压扁氨化技术略优于玉米秸秆整秸氨化技术。     

精料水平与秸秆氨化对绵羊瘤胃纤维降解的影响

采用6×6拉丁方设计方法,研究了日粮精料水平与秸秆氨化对绵羊瘤胃纤维降解的影响。以氨化与未氨化小麦秸样本瘤胃培养48小时的尼龙袋干物质消失率(ISDMD)作为瘤胃纤维降解程度的度量指标。对瘤胃 PH、VFA 与 NH_3—N浓度等瘤胃参数进行了测定。结果表明,随日粮精料水平的提高,绵羊瘤胃纤维降解程度下降。其中,精料水平由30％提高到50％没有明显下降(P>0.05),而精料水平由50％提高到70％显著下降(P<0.05)。在同一瘤胃环境中培养的氨化麦秸样本 ISDMD 总是明显高于未氨化麦秸样本。在相同精料水平下,饲喂氨化麦秸日粮的绵羊瘤胃纤维降解程度低于饲喂未氨化麦秸粮的动物。对瘤胃纤维降解与瘤胃参数变化的关系进行了讨论。     

不同尿素水平对氨化秸秆消化率的影响

为了探索不同尿素水平对氨化秸秆品质的影响,试验采用尼龙袋法测定尿素浓度分别为2.0%、4.5%、7.0%DM 的氨化秸秆及未氨化秸秆在山羊瘤胃48 h 的养分消失率。试验结果表明,氨化稻草秸秆在瘤胃48 h的干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的降解率比未氨化稻草均有不同程度的增加,尤以尿素浓度为4.5%DM 的降解率为最高(p<0.05)。     

云南省反刍家畜主要饲料营养价值评价

通过对云南省 9个牛羊饲养基地县饲料样品的常规营养成份、范氏纤维及干物质体外消化率 ( IVDMD)的测定发现 :1 )用营养成份和 IVDMD等指标进行评定 ,所有牧草以白三叶、红三叶和青苕子的营养价值最高 ;秸秆类粗饲料营养价值由高到低依次为 :蚕豆秆、黄豆秆、玉米秆、稻草和小麦秆 ;2 )饲料中 ADF、NDF含量与 CP、EE含量呈极显著负相关 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;各结构碳水化合物成份含量与 CF含量都呈正相关 ,其中 ADF、 NDF含量和 C (纤维素 )含量相关极显著 ( P<0 .0 1 )。粗饲料中 ADF、NDF、HC(半纤维素 )、C及 AIA含量与常规成份都有显著的回归关系 ;3)饲料 IVDMD与 CP含量呈极显著正相关 ,与 NDF含量呈极显著负相关 ( | r| >0 .8) ( P<0 .0 1 )。各饲料的 IVDMD与 CP、 EE、 ASH、 NFE、 NDF和 ADL含量之间存在着显著的回归关系 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,利用回归方程可以用饲料营养成份含量来预测饲料的IVDMD。     

饮用磁化水对饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊消化代谢的影响

为研究饮用磁化水对饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊消化代谢的影响,本研究设计了2个试验:试验1:选取4只约1.5岁、体重(44.7±1.8)kg的小尾寒羊公羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计,每期每只羊分别饲喂粉碎日粮(处理1)、粉碎日粮+磁化水(处理2)、颗粒日粮(处理3)及颗粒日粮+磁化水(处理4),研究饲喂粉碎、颗粒两种日粮条件下饮用磁化水对绵羊自由采食和消化代谢的影响;试验2:选取6只约1.5岁、体重(46.3±2.1)kg的小尾寒羊空怀母羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计,每期每组饲喂相同的颗粒日粮,处理1:自由采食;处理2:在自由采食条件下饮用磁化水;处理3:在限饲(相当于处理1的喂量)条件下饮用磁化水,研究饮用磁化水时限饲对绵羊消化代谢的影响。结果显示:(1)在试验1中,饮用磁化水组绵羊的干物质自由采食量,干物质、粗蛋白质和总能表观消化率及氮保留量较饲喂粉碎日粮时分别提高14.7%(P<0.05)、2.6%(P>0.05)、2.2%(P>0.05)、2.2%(P>0.05)和22.7%(P<0.01);在饲喂颗粒日粮时分别提高14.3%(P<0.05)、4.2%(P<0.05)、4.8%(P<0.05)、6.0%(P<0.01)和14.2%(P<0.05)。(2)在试验2中,饮用磁化水时限饲母羊的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素、半纤维素、不可酶解纤维素和半纤维素、总能表观消化率及氮保留量较自由采食时分别提高19.1%、19.0%、9.7%、18.4%、16.2%、341.5%、226.7%、17.4%和14.8%,均差异极显著(P<0.01)。综上所述,在饲喂颗粒日粮的基础上饮用磁化水时,绵羊干物质自由采食量可进一步提高;自由采食条件下饮用磁化水不影响饲喂粉碎日粮绵羊日粮消化率,但可提高饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的表观消化率,且氮保留量显著增加;限饲条件下饮用磁化水可显著提高饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊日粮营养物质消化率。     

豆秸加工方式和用量对辽宁绒山羊日粮营养物质消化代谢的影响

试验选用24只2.5岁,体况良好,体重相近(36.02±1.62)kg的辽宁绒山羊公羊,采用2×3因子设计,研究了豆秸加工方式(揉搓5~7 cm,揉搓1~3 cm)和添加量(豆秸占粗饲料比例为30%、50%、70%)对辽宁绒山羊日粮营养物质消化和氮代谢的影响。结果表明:随着豆秸添加量的增加,粗饲料干物质采食量(P<0.05),NDF摄入量显著降低(P<0.01),NDF消化率(P<0.01),食入氮(P<0.01),可消化氮(P<0.01)和沉积氮显著降低(P<0.01);揉碎豆秸组氮表观消化率、氮的总利用率显著高于揉切豆秸组(P<0.05),不同加工方式的可消化氮、氮沉积和NDF消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。加工方式和豆秸添加量对食入氮、可消化氮的互作效应显著(P<0.01),表现为30%揉碎豆秸组的食入氮和可消化氮低于50%揉碎豆秸组。豆秸添加量的增加,降低了粗饲料干物质采食量、纤维消化率、氮沉积;揉搓粒度1~3 cm提高了氮表观消化率和氮的总利用率,但倾向于降低食入氮,对可消化氮、沉积氮和纤维物质消化率无显著影响。     

Use of sugar cane harvest residues in cattle fattening in the Republic of Cuba. 1. The physical and chemical composition of the residues and the effect of NaOH treatment on their in vitro and in vivo digestibility

The harvesting remains of sugar cane (crowns, leaves, sheaths, parts of stalks), which are rich in crude fibre, were investigated. The content of crude nutrients, their digestibility and the energy concentration of the harvesting remains largely correspond to the values of cereal straw. After the treatment with growing amounts of NaOH (0, 4, 6, 8, 10 g/ 100 g DM) a significantly increasing digestibility of the dry matter (31.9, 47.0, 56.1, 61.9, 67.6%) was ascertained in in-vitro experiments. In digestibility experiments with wethers an increased digestibility of the dry matter from 36.6 to 57.6% and of the energy from 39.3 to 56.2% after the treatment with 4 g NaOH/100 g DM could be ascertained in comparison with untreated harvesting remains. Energy concentration increased from 324 to 445 EFU cattle/kg DM and thus approached that of the hay of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), one of the most important fodder grasses of Cuba. After the feeding of harvesting remains treated with NaOH significant changes in the water and mineral metabolism could be ascertained.     

Nutritional evaluation of wheat straw treated with Crinipellis sp. in Sahiwal calves

Wheat straw was subjected to solid-state fermentation (SSF) with lignolytic white-rot fungus (WRF) Crinipellis sp. for 5 days to improve the nutritive value and digestibility. The fungal treatment caused a significant (P?<?0.05) decrease in cell wall constituents viz., neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose to the extent of 10.4, 11.2, 8.7, 8.7, and 12.1 %, respectively, with increase (P?<?0.05) in crude protein (CP) (51.6%) and ash (25.8%) contents in fungal treated wheat straw (FT-WS) than untreated wheat straw (UT-WS). Further, in vitro gas production, in vitro true dry matter digestibility and in vitro true organic matter digestibility at 48 h, metabolizable energy (ME) content, microbial biomass production, and short-chain fatty acids synthesis were significantly (P?<?0.05) higher in FT-WS. In vivo feeding trial in 10 Sahiwal calves (8–12 months) comprised of (1) control group (T1) fed with ad libitum chopped UT-WS and (2) treatment group (T2) offered with ad libitum chopped FT-WS, in addition to supplementation of groundnut cake and green berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) forage to both groups. Digestibility of nutrients for dry matter (DM), organic matter, CP, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, and total carbohydrates were significantly (P?<?0.05) higher in T2 compared to T1. Moreover, daily DM (P?<?0.05), digestible crude protein (P?<?0.01), and ME intakes were also higher (P?<?0.05) in group T2 with higher (P?<?0.05) nitrogen (N) retention, which resulted in significantly (P?<?0.05) higher average daily gain in body weight (135 vs. 102 g/day). It was concluded that SSF with WRF Crinipellis sp. holds potential in upgrading the nutritional worth of wheat straw for feeding growing calves.     

Investigation of the feed value of straw

Two groups of four pigs each were fed ad libitum with rations containing 70.7% barley, 7.7% fish meal, 0.7% Sussopan, 0.9% mixed minerals and 20% straw meal. Group 1 received partly hydrolysed straw meal, group 2 untreated straw meal. When those rations were given, weight increase performances of 767 g per animal and day in group 1 and 537 g per animal and day in group 2 were achieved in a preliminary 30-day feeding period. On the basis ofthe weight of the feed remnants, a consumption of 19.7% dry matter of the straw meal (group 1) resp. 18,5% (group 2) of the total intake of dry matter could be ascertained. At an average live weight of 93 kg (group 1) resp. 87.5 kg (group 2) the digestibility of both rations was examined. A significant difference was only found for the crude protein fraction with an apparent digestibility of 74.6% in group 1 and of 79.1% in group 2. Those pigs which received partly hydrolysed straw meal consumed 71.4 g N per animal and day, of which 25,4% were excreted in feces and 32.4% in urine. Those animals which were fed with untreated straw meal consumed 62.9 g N per animals and day of which 20.8% were excreted in feces and 49.7% in urine. The higher N-excretion in feces could also be proved for most amino acids the feeding with partly hydrolysed straw meal. For arginine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, isoleucine and Leucine these differences were significant. Differences concerning N-retention could not be found between the groups. 25% of the organic matter of the partly hydrolysed straw meal, 9.4% of the crude fibre and 44.2% of the N-free extractives were digestible. Of the untreated straw, 12.9% of the organic matter, 5.5% ofthe crude fibres and 21.7% of the N-free extractives were digestible. 193 EFpig were calculated for partly hydrolysed and 105 EFpig for untreated straw meal per kg dry matter. The result of substracting the CaCl2 of the partly hydrolysed straw meal is 205 EFpig per kg dry matter of the straw.     

准备配种期雌性蓝狐对不同蛋白质水平日粮营养物质消化率及氮代谢的比较研究

试验旨在研究准备配种期母狐对不同蛋白质水平日粮的消化代谢规律。选择健康母狐180只,随机分成4组,每组45个重复,每个重复1只。各组母狐分别饲喂蛋白质水平为21.64%（Ⅰ组）、26.21%（Ⅱ组）、30.43%（Ⅲ组）和35.10%（Ⅳ组）的日粮。预试期7 d,正试期45 d。结果表明,蛋白质消化率、干物质排出量、粪氮代谢的影响差异不显著,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的干物质采食量显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组（P<0.05或P<0.01）,Ⅲ组的脂肪消化率显著或极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ组（P<0.05或P<0.01）,Ⅳ组氮沉积极显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组（P<0.01）。随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加,食入氮和尿氮随之提高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,净蛋白利用率、蛋白质生物学价值逐渐降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）。由此得知,当蛋白质水平为30.43%时,各种营养物质消化率最为理想,但21.64%的蛋白质水平足以满足准备配种期雌性蓝狐的蛋白质需要,且蛋白质的利用率达到最高。     

不同品种苜蓿营养成分及体外消化率动态研究

用两级离体消化法测定了3个苜蓿Medicago sativa品种4个不同生育期的体外干物质(DM)和有机物质(OM)消化率.结果表明,DM和OM消化率随着生育期的推移极显著(P<0.01)下降.营养期最高,分别为63.56%和59.77%;盛花期仅为47.64%和45.37%.DM和OM消化率与ADF含量均呈强负相关,r分别为-0.800(P<0.01)和-0.814(P<0.01);与CP含量均呈强正相关,r分别为0.706(P=0.05)和0.743(P<0.01).品种对DM和OM消化率无显著影响(P＞0.05).     

Effects of straw treatment and nitrogen supplementation on digestibility,intake and physiological responses of water intake as well as urine and faecal characteristics

This study investigates the effects of feeding diet based on untreated (UT) or ensiled alkali‐treated (ET) barley straw with either urea or casein supplementation, on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal pH, water intake and faecal and urinary characteristics. Four sheep fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Barley straw was treated by the dry (spraying) method in pH adjusted of hydrogen peroxide (pH 11.5), ensiled for 6 weeks and included at 65% of the diet dry matter (DM). The results showed that straw pH reduced from 11.58 to 8.60 after 6 weeks of ensilage. The ET diet increased average DM digestibility and intake by 19% and 43% respectively. Total water intake was similar across treatments, while the water/DM intake ratio was 23% higher with the UT diet than with the ET one. Ruminal (6.73 vs. 6.84) and faecal (8.67 vs. 9.05) pH decreased but urinary pH (6.14 vs. 8.13) increased as a result of feeding animals on the ET diet compared with the UT diet. Compared with the UT diet, the ET one decreased faecal fibre (12%), moisture (32%) and water holding capacity, while it increased faecal ash (10%) and density (20%). The volume of urine excreted by the sheep fed with the ET diet increased by 67%, but their urine specific gravity (SG) decreased. No significant effects were observed for the dietary N supplementation and interactions between straw type × N supplementation with regard to any of the measured characteristics except for DM intake, which reduced due to the casein supplementation in the ET diet. These results indicate that the alkali treatment and ensilage of barley straw increased digestibility, intake, faecal consistency and urinary pH and dilution but decreased straw alkalinity as well as ruminal and faecal pH.     

小麦中的戊聚糖含量及添加木聚糖复酶对鸡表观代谢能值和养分消化率的影响

本研究包括两个试验 :试验1测定了河南省9个主栽小麦品种豫麦49、豫麦47、高优503、郑州9023、豫麦34、皖麦38、内乡188、孟12和河北8901的戊聚糖含量 ,结果表明 ,9个品种的戊聚糖含量在6.25 %～8.23 %之间。试验2选取两个有代表性的品种内乡188和豫麦49 ,用64只小公鸡进行代谢试验 ,评定添加0.12 %木聚糖酶对鸡表观代谢能 (AME)值和养分消化率的影响。结果显示 ,木聚糖酶使鸡的表观代谢能 (干物质基础 )分别提高7.07 %(P<0.05)和6.53 %(P<0.01) ;干物质消化率分别提高7.10 %(P<0.05)和7.67 %(P<0.01) ;有机物消化率分别提高6.07 %(P<0.05)和7.23 %(P<0.01)。