石菖蒲挥发油和水溶性氮酮对鱼用麻醉剂的促皮渗透效果研究

文章研究了石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii)挥发油和水溶性氮酮2种常见透皮促进剂(PE)的4种不同质量分数(1%、4%、7%、10%和1%、3%、5%、10%)对中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼药浴吸收MS-222和丁香酚的促透效果。结果显示:1) 2种PE可显著减少入麻和复苏时间,并降低丁香酚或MS-222的使用剂量以达到相似的麻醉效果;2) 2种PE的促透效果随质量分数增加先增强后减弱;3)石菖蒲挥发油与水溶性氮酮对丁香酚或MS-222的最佳促透质量分数分别为7%和3%。分析鳃组织抗氧化指标发现:1)丁香酚和MS-222浸泡对中国花鲈鳃组织造成一定程度的氧化应激,表现为鳃组织中过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度显著(P0.05)升高;2)协同使用PE,可减少麻醉剂用量,进而降低鳃组织氧化应激,表现为麻醉协同组鳃中SOD、CAT活性和MDA、GSH浓度显著(P0.05)低于麻醉对照组。     

促渗剂-氮酮在水产中应用的可行性探讨

氮酮作为一种新型的渗透促进剂,由于能增加水或脂溶性化合物皮肤渗透作用,且无不良反应,发展成为较为理想的皮肤渗透促进剂。氮酮的这种独特优势成了近年来人医和兽医关注的课题之一。查阅国内外的资料,水产当中尚无氮酮研究和应用的报道。本文结合氮酮在人医和兽医中的研究和应用成果,分析鱼的生理组织结构,初步探讨其在水产中应用的可行性。目的是为透皮剂在水产中的开发和研究探索一个思路。     

左旋咪唑对罗氏沼虾免疫功能及抗病力的影响

以0(对照)、50、100和150 mg/kg饲料的剂量将左旋咪唑(LMS)添加于基础饲料中制成颗粒饲料投喂罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)14 d,采样测定了罗氏沼虾血细胞吞噬活性、血清酚氧化酶(PO)、溶菌酶(LSZ)及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性,并以6×105cells/mL浓度的致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aerom onas hydrophila)对罗氏沼虾进行肌肉注射(20μL/尾),记录接种7 d后罗氏沼虾的累积死亡率。结果表明,3个LMS处理组的罗氏沼虾血细胞吞噬百分比和吞噬指数、血清PO、LSZ及SOD活性均显著地高于对照组(P<0.05);LMS处理组的罗氏沼虾对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力明显增强。因此,饲喂适量的LMS能促进罗氏沼虾的免疫力和抗病力;在本试验条件下,100 mg/kg饲料的剂量为最适添加剂量。     

四种常用渔药对胃瘤线虫幼虫的杀灭试验

针对慈溪市饮用水水库底层鱼类相继发生胃瘤线虫危害鱼体生长发育、影响鱼产品质量的情况 ,笔者在调查、取样的基础上 ,选用了鱼苗鱼病防治中四种常用药物 :90 %晶体敌百虫、甲苯咪唑、盐酸左旋咪唑、肠虫清 (阿苯达唑 )等进行幼虫杀灭试验 ,试验方法采用等对数间距法 ,结果表明 :这四种药物对胃瘤线虫幼虫均有杀灭效果 ,其中甲苯咪唑毒性最强 ,90 %晶体敌百虫、盐酸左旋咪唑次之 ,肠虫清毒性最弱。     

中草药对小白鼠免疫功能的影响

为研究自制复方中草药免疫效果,以小白鼠为模型探讨其免疫的作用。设立空白对照组、左旋咪唑组、复方中药组,对小白鼠的吞噬指数,脾脏、胸腺指数进行测定。结果发现:复方中药组吞噬指数与空白对照组差异显著(P0.05),与左旋咪唑组差异不显著(P0.05);复方中药组脾脏指数与空白对照组差异显著(P0.05),与左旋咪唑差异显著(P0.05)。复方中药组的胸腺指数与空白对照组差异显著(P0.05),与左旋咪唑组差异不显著(P0.05)。试验说明该复方中草药有较好免疫增强作用。     

左旋咪唑对中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫功能及抗病力的影响

为测定在饲料中添加左旋咪唑(LMS)对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的免疫调节作用,以0(对照)、100、200和300 mg·kg~(-1)干饲料的剂量将LMS添加于基础饲料中制成颗粒饲料,投喂中华绒螯蟹7 d,然后投喂不含LMS的对照组饲料。在投喂含LMS的饲料之前(0周)和投喂后2、4、6、8周,采样测定中华绒螯蟹的血细胞总量(THC)、不同血细胞数量(DHC)、吞噬活性、呼吸爆发(超氧阴离子的释放)、酚氧化酶(PO)活性和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性;并在投喂含LMS的饲料后的第4周,按1.2×10~7cfu·kg~(-1)体重的剂量,体腔注射接种中华绒螯蟹致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hyrophila)CL99920菌株,记录接种10d后中华绒螯蟹的累积死亡率。结果显示,各LMS处理组的血细胞总量(THC)、透明细胞(HC)数量、吞噬百分率、呼吸爆发、PO活性和LSZ活性均显著地高于对照组(P<0.05);颗粒细胞(GC)数量、血细胞吞噬指数与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);LMS处理组的蟹对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力明显增强。研究表明,饲喂适量的LMS可增强中华绒螯蟹的免疫力和抗病力;在本试验条件下,200 mg·kg~(-1)干饲料的剂量为最适添加剂量。     

阿维菌素对藏猪胃肠道寄生线虫的驱杀试验

将自然感染的藏仔猪12头随机分为2组,第一组用阿维菌系注射液治疗,第二组用盐酸左旋咪唑治疗作为对照。结果表明,注射阿维菌素试验藏仔猪用约5d后对线虫虫卵减少率为84.6%,10d后对线虫虫卵减少率为100%;注射左旋咪唑试验组用药5d后对线虫虫卵减少率为83.7%,10d后对线虫虫卵减少率为98.0%。二者差异不显著(P<0.05)。     

左旋咪唑在水产养殖中的应用

左旋咪唑(Levamisole,LMS)是动物生产中常用的广谱、高效、低毒、安全的咪唑骈噻唑类驱虫药.研究发现,它除了具有驱虫的功能外,还有免疫调节作用,在水产动物体内它主要通过提高吞噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞的活性、刺激淋巴细胞的产生或分泌淋巴因子,提高白细胞的代谢能力以及血清中溶菌酶活力,诱发抗体的产生及补体的生成等来增强机体的免疫力,可用于动物的抗菌消炎、抗病毒和促进生长等方面.     

盐酸左旋咪唑对鲫鱼洪湖碘泡虫的防治效果研究

<正>左旋咪唑为四咪唑的左旋体,对消化道、呼吸道的70多种寄生线虫的成虫和幼虫都有很高的驱除效果,且毒副作用则低,在临床上被作为广谱驱肠虫药物广泛使用。洪湖碘泡虫属黏体门、黏孢子纲、洪湖碘泡虫属,主要危害鲫鱼苗、鱼种及成鱼。被感染的病鱼眼球突出、咽部充血肿大,镜检可见咽部有白色包囊;感染后期病鱼因无法吞咽饵料,体形消瘦,导致死亡或因大量肉眼可见的孢囊而失去商品价值。目前,该病尚无较好的特效治疗药物及方法,养殖过程中以预防为主。本试验将洪湖碘泡虫置于不同浓度的盐酸左旋咪唑药液中培     

7种常用渔药对海水闭合循环系统生物滤器硝化作用的影响

在海水闭合循环系统中加入常用剂量的呋喃唑酮 (C8H7N3 O5)、甲苯咪唑 (C16H13 N3 O3 )、土霉素 (C2 2 H2 4N2 O5.2H2 O)、氯霉素 (C11H12 O5N2 Cl2 )、CuSO4 FeSO4合剂、强氯精 (C3 Cl3 N3 O3 ,有效氯 6 2 .5 % )、甲醛 (CH2 O)等 7种常用渔药 ,确定系统把 10mg/L总氨氮 (NH4 N)硝化至较低水平 (CNH4 N<0 .0 5mg/L ,CNO2 N<0 .0 1mg/L)所需的时间及氧化过程中各主要水质指标的变化 ,并以此作为判断生物滤器的硝化能力是否受到影响的依据。结果表明 ,分别加入甲苯咪唑至 1、2、3mg/L(全水体质量浓度 ,其他同此 )、CuSO4 FeSO4合剂 (0 .5 0 .2 )mg/L、土霉素 1mg/L、氯霉素 1、2、3mg/L均对生物滤器硝化作用无明显影响 ;土霉素 2、3mg/L、强氯精 1mg/L或甲醛 10、2 0、30、4 0mg/L影响生物滤器对亚硝酸氮的氧化 ;分别以呋喃唑酮 1、2、3mg/L、重复添加氯霉素至 3mg/L、重复或直接添加强氯精至 2mg/L都影响氨氮、亚硝酸氮的氧化     

The Effects of Osmolality, Cryoprotectant and Equilibration Time on Striped Bass Morone saxatilis Sperm Motility

Four experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of osmolality, cryoprotectant, and equilibration time on striped bass sperm motility. In the first experiment, solutions of NaCI or KCI with osmolalities ranging from 0 to 700 mmol/kg were tested on sperm activation. Over 60% of the sperm were activated by isotonic NaCI and KCI solutions with a treatment osmolality of 350 mmol/kg. Sperm remained motile until osmolality increased to 600 mmol/ kg. In the second and third experiments, Extenders 1, 2 and 3 with osmolalities of 350, 500, and 600 mmol/kg, respectively, were tested. Sperm samples stored in Extender 2 showed significantly higher ( P 0.01) sperm motility after 10 min of exposure as well as greater ( P < 0.01) post-thaw motility when compared to samples stored in Extenders 1 and 3. In the fourth experiment, two trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of cryoprotectant and equilibration time. In the first trial, methanol with a concentration of 5% and 10% yielded the highest ( P < 0.05) sperm motility prior to freezing at all equilibration times examined. However, 5% DMSO yielded the highest ( P < 0.01) post-thaw motility (38 ± 3.6%). DMSO with concentrations of 10% and 15% resulted in 17 ± 2.3% and 6 ± 1.0% post-thaw motility, respectively. Both methanol and DMA, at all concentrations tested, resulted in less than 10% post-thaw motility. In the second trial, four DMSO concentrations with three different equilibration times were examined. We observed a significant ( P < 0.001) interaction effect between DMSO concentration and equilibration time. Post-thaw motility was significantly greater ( P < 0.01) with a concentration of 5% DMSO at all equilibration times examined, compared to 1.25, 2.5, and 10% DMSO. An average post-thaw motility of 40 ± 2.9% was achieved after 10 min equilibration using 5% DMSO.     

Sperm cryopreservation of the noble Scallop Chlamys nobilis by a programmable freezing method: Effect of cryoprotectant

A study on Chlamys nobilis sperm cryopreservation by a programmable freezing method was conducted under laboratory condition. Four cryoprotectant agents (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], methanol [MET], propanediol[PG] and ethylene glycol [EG]) and four concentrations (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%) were evaluated for their ability to retain sperm motility, movement characteristics and fertility. Results showed that cryopreserved sperm total motility produced by DMSO and MET at 5%, 10% and 20% were higher than other cryoprotectant treatment groups (CPA groups), as well as rapid sperm percentage. The curvilinear (VCL) and straight line (VSL) velocity produced by DMSO at 5% significantly higher than other CPA groups (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were found for average path (VAP) velocity. The lateral head displacement (ALH) in all CPA groups was similar and without significant difference (p > 0.05), as well as the beat‐cross frequency (BCF). A significant higher fertilization rate was produced in DMSO than that in MET at same concentration (p < 0.05), and no significant differences were found for differing concentrations of the same cryoprotectant (p > 0.05). Overall, 5%‐20% DMSO was more suitable for Chlamys nobilis sperm programmable cryopreservation when the calcium‐free Hanks’ balanced salt solution was used as the extender, and 10°C/min from 0°C to ?80°C was used as freezing rate. The findings presented in this study will benefit conservation programs for Chlamys nobilis.     

Evaluation of Commercial‐scale Approaches for Cryopreservation of White Crappie,Pomoxis annularis,Sperm

Crappie, Pomoxis spp., are popular game fish throughout North America and are produced by public and private hatcheries. However, production is limited by a lack of information on tank culture and induced spawning methods. Development of techniques for storage of sperm and in vitro fertilization would increase flexibility in spawning. Therefore, techniques for sperm cryopreservation were examined in white crappie, Pomoxis annularis. Sperm from adult wild white crappie were used to evaluate sperm extender, cryoprotectant agent and concentration, and cooling technique based on post‐thaw sperm motility. Percent egg fertilization was also compared between sperm stored in the two best cryopreservation protocols and two different osmotic activator solutions. Sperm were cryopreserved using treatment combinations of two extenders (350 mOsmol/kg Hanks' balanced salt solution [HBSS] and 350 mOsmol/kg Ca²⁺free HBSS) and two cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] and methanol) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% that were cooled at four different rates: 5, 10, 20, and 40 C/min. Post‐thaw sperm motility and fertilization rates indicated white crappie sperm can be cryopreserved using either extender, cryoprotectants of either 5% DMSO or 10% methanol, and cooling at 40 C/min. A follow‐up experiment demonstrated sperm in suspensions on ice retained viability after overnight transport.     

三种助溶剂对氟苯尼考水溶液助溶效果的比较研究

氟苯尼考是一种新型动物专用氯霉素类广谱抗菌药,在畜禽及水产动物细菌性疾病的防治中应用较广。而其在水中溶解度小,所配药液浓度低,长时间贮存稳定性差,使用极其不便。本实验摸索了常用的二甲基亚砜、甲醇、乙醇三种助溶剂在不超过70%添加量下促进氟苯尼考水溶液所能达到的最大浓度,观察了在低温（4℃）、常温（20℃）和高温（30℃）下药物的稳定性,通过抑菌实验检测了助溶剂对药物抑菌效果的影响。结果表明：二甲基亚砜助溶效果最好,对药效影响最小,可作为氟苯尼考水溶制剂的首选助溶剂。甲醇最大可促进氟苯尼考溶液达到2%,乙醇仅为0.7%,两者对药物抑菌效果影响较大,但可增强药液在低温下的稳定性,长时间放置（7d）无药物析出。     

Cryopreservation of spermatozoa of the barramundi,Lates calcarifer (Teleostei: Centropomidae)

Three cryoprotectants, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), glycerol and methanol, were tested for their ability to cryopreserve viable sperm from Lates calcarifer. The dilution ratio of milt to diluent was 1:4 (v:v) and the initial freezing rate was 31°C/min. DMSO at a concentration of 5% with either 15% milk powder or 20% egg yolk gave the best results (post-thaw motility of spermatozoa: 70–100% for 7 min). Glycerol gave acceptable results when used at high concentration (20%) with 15% milk poweder. Methanol provided little protection against freezing damage.     

高盐环境下Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系氧化降解效能研究

鉴于亚硫酸盐处理含Cr(VI)废水时会产生氧化性极强的硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基，使得亚硫酸盐的消耗量增加，为提高亚硫酸盐的利用率并将产生的活性自由基加以利用，选取了常见的偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)作为目标有机污染物用以捕获产生的活性自由基，以达到含Cr(VI)废水和有机污染废水协同处理的目的。通过紫外可见吸收光谱法和显色法测定AO7、Cr(VI)和亚硫酸盐等各反应物的浓度变化，采用自由基捕获方法鉴定反应中的活性氧化物种。结果表明，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系能够在降解AO7的同时，将Cr(VI)转化为Cr(III), S(IV)氧化为硫酸根离子。在[Na2SO3]0=0.5 mM、[Cr6+]0=0.1 mM、pH=3.0条件下，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系对AO7的降解效果最好，反应60 min后，AO7降解率和Cr(VI)的还原率分别为86.1%和82.0%，且氯离子的加入几乎无影响。在反应体系中加入0.1 mM乙醇或叔丁醇后，AO7的降解受到不同程度影响，在Cl?= 0/300 mM条件下，AO7的降解率分别变为56.6%/71.7%和80.7%/81.5%，证明该体系中的主要氧化物为SO4?? 和?OH，且起主要作用的是SO4??。AO7降解实验、可吸附卤代物(AOX)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)结果表明，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系在高盐环境下能保持较高的降解效率，且不会增加氯代二次产物的生成，这种新型的氧化降解体系有望在高盐工业废水处理中得到应用。     

Cryopreservation of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), semen in various extenders and in three sizes of straw

Cryopreservation of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) semen was investigated using three diluents, three cryoprotectants [10% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), 10% dimethylacetamide (DMA) or 20% glycerol] and three sizes of straw. The three diluents and three cryoprotectants were combined, resulting in nine extenders. One part semen was added to three parts extender, and motility was evaluated to assess the toxicity of six of the extenders. Semen in nine extenders was frozen in 0.5‐mL straws using liquid nitrogen vapour. Semen extended in 0.3 m glucose and each of the cryoprotectants was also frozen in 0.5‐mL, 1.7‐mL (flat) or 2.5‐mL straws. The freezing rate in each size of straw was measured. Fertility trials were conducted to determine the post‐thaw viability of the frozen semen. The motility of activated spermatozoa was higher in the DMA and DMSO extenders than in the glycerol extender. For the trial using 0.5‐mL straws, post‐thaw fertility results were higher for all extenders containing DMSO, or 0.3 m glucose and DMA, than for all other combinations of diluent and cryoprotectant. For the straw size comparison, the highest fertility was obtained for the 1.7‐mL straw using either DMSO or DMA and for the 2.5‐mL straw using DMSO. For all cryopreservation trials, fertility was low for extenders containing glycerol.     

Cryopreservation diluents for spermatozoa of Sakhalin taimen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hucho perryi</Emphasis>

To develop a suitable cryopreservation diluent for spermatozoa of the endangered Sakhalin taimen Hucho perryi, all possible combinations of cryoprotectants (glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], methanol) and extenders (fetal bovine serum [FBS], 300 mM glucose solution [GS], artificial seminal plasma for masu salmon) were examined by observing sperm motility 10 s after thawing. Spermatozoa cryopreserved with diluents such as mixtures of 10% glycerol plus 90% FBS, 10% DMSO plus 90% FBS, and 10% methanol plus 90% GS showed the highest motility. The maximal post-thaw motility was observed at 10% among all concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) of these three cryoprotectants. No significant difference among three diluents was observed in motility at 10 s. Mixtures of 10% glycerol plus 90% FBS, 10% DMSO plus 90% FBS, and 10% methanol plus 90% GS are suitable cryopreservation diluents for Sakhalin taimen spermatozoa.     

High fry production rates using post-thaw silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) spermatozoa under farming conditions

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is not endemic to Cuba, and egg fertilization is totally artificial; males produce spermatozoa only between March and October. Cryopreservation of silver carp spermatozoa would reduce the number of males needed, minimize handling stress through less frequent stripping, and facilitate artificial propagation when eggs are available. The effects on motility and fry production from eggs fertilized with thawed sperm under farm-conditions were examined in this study. Five, seven and ten percent of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol and methanol were tested as cryoprotectants. DMSO was a more suitable cryoprotectant than methanol or glycerol. The effect of equilibration time on the motility rate at 10% DMSO was evaluated. Hatching rates equal to the control (P>0.01) were obtained under farm conditions with frozen spermatozoa, stored even for a year in liquid nitrogen, with a final DMSO concentration of 10%. Cryopreservation offers a useful routine method for sperm storage and silver carp handling. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of fry from post-thaw silver carp spermatozoa under farming conditions.